1 psyc 3290 psycholinguistics when the hardware/software fails… (language disorders) march 24,...
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PSYC 3290Psycholinguistics
When the hardware/software fails…(Language Disorders)
March 24, 2008
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Today’s outline
• Research paper
• Course evaluation
• Altmann Chapters 12 & 14– Aphasia– Dyslexia
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Research paper• This week: bringing together all the pieces
from your long outline.• Review paper should have a thesis
statement too!• Add in comments and your thoughts about
the findings. Have you noticed something wrong with the methodology or argument? Be critical (constructively).
• Focus on your thesis and talk about it, not around it and branch off too far…
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Causes of Brain Damage• Head injury
• Stroke– Hemorrhagic stroke - Ischemic stroke
http://www.massgeneral.org/vascularcenter/page.asp?id=stroke
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Left vs. Right Hemisphere
• Damage to the LH generally impairs language• Damage to the RH does not necessarily
impair language. Patients may show emotional deficit instead.
• But recall Hickok & Poppel’s (2007) proposal on the dual-route to language processing Language may not be processed in one hemisphere!
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Symptoms ≠ Diagnosis
• Symptom is not a direct reflection of distinct disorder
• Failure to produce the word “tiger” could be because:– Failure to recognize the animal (conceptual)– Failure to utter the word (motoric)
• Classify symptoms according to components of language
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Spoken vs. Written deficits
• Aphasia: deficits in spoken language
• Dyslexia: deficits in written language
Could affect both reception and expression Often act as co-morbidity Both forms are syndromes, i.e., they
compose of distinct symptoms that can be formed into subtypes
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Failure to understand• Pure word deafness (spoken language)
Auditory perception intact
Failure to connect sound to meaning
• Pure word blindness (written language)
Visual perception intact
Failure to connect symbol to meaning
Sound
Meaning
Symbol
Meaning
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Aphasia: The Brain (Revisit)
http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_10/i_10_cr/i_10_cr_lan/i_10_cr_lan.html
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Types of Aphasia (Lichtheim, 1885)
• Broca’s aphasia• Wernicke’s aphasia• Transcortical motor
aphasia• Transcortical sensory
aphasia• Conduction aphasia• Global aphasia• Isolation of the
language zonehttp://www.medscape.com/content/2000/00/41/08/410865/art-sin2004.01.saff.fig2.gif
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Characteristics of SubtypesSubtypes Fluency Repetition Comprehension
Normal
Broca’s
Wernicke’s
Trans. Motor
Trans. Sensory
Conduction
Global
Isolation of language
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Dyslexia
• First described in British Medical Journal by Pringle-Morgan in 1896
• Current definition from National Child Health and Human Development:– Language-based learning disability– Insufficient phonological processing at word-
decoding level– Not related to general developmental disabilities or
sensory impairment– Show problems in spelling and writing
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Types of Dyslexia
• Types
Deep: problems with function words, but not nouns
Phonological: fail GPC
Surface: can’t say irregular words• Etiology
Acquired: Originated in the brain
Developmental: Originated in childhood (brain + genetics??)
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Symptoms in reading
• Use small sight vocabulary • Made visual errors
– Read saucer as supper– Read thirsty as twenty
• Fail to sound out letter sounds fail to recognize the grapheme-phoneme-correspondence (GPC)
• Successful reading relies on context, substituting semantically acceptable words
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Symptoms in Spelling
Target Age 8 Age 10 Age 12
UmbrellaAdventureCigaretteMembershipUnderstandInstructedrefreshment
UnenprlAfveorlSikeolegMeaofeUnenstandInthderrefent
UnbrlAddfchCigeraggMembshipUnderstandIntrmureafrestmint
UnberllerVenterCitterlitMenbershipUndtandInterdierefeashment
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How do they read?
• Through wholistic visual approach• Caik Cake• Klown Clown• But cannot read kaik or kloun• Semantic priming:
– Tomato sawce– Cough snease
• Build up visual memory of words along with semantic context
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Etiology: Genetics
• Orton (1925) first proposed language problems run in families
• 1950’s Halgen found 88% of 300 learning disabled children had similar problems in the families
• Recently, heritability of dyslexia is found to be around 50% (Colorado twin studies)
• Short arm in chromosome 6 and 15
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Etiology: Neurological basis
• Planum temporale• Left fusiform gyrus• Temporo-parietal
junction• Magnocellular
pathway for early visual system
Temple, E. (2002). Brain mechanism in normal and dyslexic readers. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 12, 178-183.
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Planum Temporale • Close to the Wernicke’s
area• Believed to be involved
in pitch processing• Normal readers have a
bigger left PT• Dyslexic Ss have
symmetrical left and right PT
http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_10/i_10_cr/i_10_cr_lan/i_10_cr_lan.html#3
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Temporo-ParietalJunction
• Dyslexia as a syndrome caused by deficits in a neurological network
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What is language?