1 running title: hormone and nutrients regulate …...2016/04/25 · flower opening requires...

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Running title: Hormone and nutrients regulate flower opening 1

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Corresponding authors 4

Xiaolan Zhang 5

Department of Vegetable Sciences 6

Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected 7

Vegetable Crops 8

China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China 9

Email: [email protected] 10

Phone: (86) 10-62732102 11

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Research Area: Genes, Development and Evolution 14

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Plant Physiology Preview. Published on April 25, 2016, as DOI:10.1104/pp.16.00209

Copyright 2016 by the American Society of Plant Biologists

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Integration of hormonal and nutritional cues orchestrates 16

progressive corolla opening in the female flower in cucumber 17

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Chengzhen Suna,2, Yanqiang Lib,2, Wensheng Zhaoc,2, Xiaofei Songd, Man Lua, Xiaoli 19

Lia, Xuexian Lie, Renyi Liub,3, Liying Yan,a,3 and Xiaolan Zhangc,3 20

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a College of Horticulture Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of 22

Science& Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China 23

b Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological 24

Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China 25

c Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and 26

Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural 27

University, Beijing 100193, China 28

d Analysis and Testing Centre, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, 29

Qinhuangdao 066004, China 30

e Department of Plant Nutrition, The Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, China 31

Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China. 32

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One sentence summary: 35

Four-stage corolla opening in cucumber female flower is controlled by hormone and 36

nutritional cues, and genes related to cell wall, photosynthesis, protein degradation, 37

and signaling kinases. 38

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1 This study was supported by grants from Hebei Vegetable Innovation Projects of 41

Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System to LY, National Basic Research of 42

China 973 program [2012CB113900] and Chinese Universities Scientific Fund 43

[2015NX004] to XZ, the 100-Talent Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences to 44

RL, and Natural Science Foundation of Hebei [C2015407051] to CS. 45

2 These authors contributed equally to this work. 46

3 Corresponding authors 47

Xiaolan Zhang 48


Phone: (86) 10-62732102 50

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Renyi Liu 52


Phone: (86) 21-57078228 54

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Liying Yan 56


Phone: (86) 335-8076381 58

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Abstract 60

Flower opening is essential for pollination and thus successful sexual 61

reproduction; however, the underlying mechanisms of its timing control remain 62

largely elusive. We identify a unique cucumber line ‘6457’ that produces normal 63

ovaries when nutrients are under-supplied and super ovaries (87%) with delayed 64

corolla opening when nutrients are over-supplied. Corolla opening in both normal and 65

super ovaries is divided into four distinct phases, namely green bud, green yellow bud, 66

yellow bud, and flowering stages, along with progressive color transition, cytological 67

tuning, and differential expression of 14282 genes. In the super ovary, cell division 68

and cell expansion persisted for a significantly longer period of time; the expressions 69

of genes related to photosynthesis, protein degradation, signaling kinases were 70

dramatically upregulated, whereas the activities of most transcription factors and 71

stress related genes were significantly downregulated; concentrations of cytokinins 72

and gibberellins were higher in accordance with reduced cytokinin conjugation and 73

degradation and increased expression of gibberellin biosynthesis genes. Exogenous 74

cytokinin application was sufficient for the genesis of super ovaries, suggesting a 75

decisive role of cytokinins in controlling the timing of corolla opening. Furthermore, 76

194 out of 11127 differentially expressed genes identified in pairwise comparisons, 77

including critical developmental, signaling and cytological regulators, contained all 78

three types of cis-elements for cytokinin, nitrate and phosphorus responses in their 79

promoter regions, indicating that the integration of hormone modulation and 80

nutritional regulation orchestrated the precise control of corolla opening in cucumber. 81

Our findings provide a valuable framework for dissecting the regulatory pathways for 82

flower opening in plants. 83

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Keywords: Cucumber, flower opening, nutrition, transcriptome, physiology 85

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INTRODUCTION 87

Flower is the most distinguishing organ in higher plants and artists and scientists 88

have been attracted to explore the mystery of flower structure and origin for decades. 89

The evolution of flowering plants was greatly accelerated ~100 million years ago with 90

the development of flowers, which were essential for recruiting animals to help 91

distribute pollen and seeds (Danielson and Frommer, 2013). Flowers are produced 92

from a specialized structure in the shoot tip called the shoot apical meristem (SAM), 93

which consists of a pool of stem cells that continuously divide and replenish 94

themselves (Fletcher et al., 1999). Morphologically, flowers are comprised of four 95

basic structures arranged in concentric whorls: sepals in the outermost whorl 1, petals 96

in whorl 2, stamens in whorl 3 and carpels in the innermost whorl 4. Bisexual flowers 97

possess all four basic structures, while unisexual flowers lack one or more structures, 98

usually the male organ stamen or the female organ carpel (Dellaporta and 99

Calderon-Urrea, 1993). In flowering plants, approximately 90% species produce 100

bisexual flowers, 6% species are dioecious with male and female flowers on separate 101

plants, and 4% species are monoecious with male and female flowers on the same 102

plant (Yampolsky H and Yampolsky C, 1922; Renner and Ricklefs, 1995). 103

Arabidopsis thaliana is a model species for bisexual plant, in which the patterning of 104

floral organs is controlled by the combinatorial actions of three classes of homeotic 105

genes i.e. A, B, and C class of genes (Bowman et al., 1991; Coen and Meyerowitz, 106

1991). In contrast, cucumber is a monoecious vegetable that has served as a model 107

species for sex determination and differentiation (Malepszy and Niemirowicz-Szczytt, 108

1991). The unisexual flowers of cucumber are formed by selective arrestment of 109

carpel or stamen development (Malepszy and Niemirowicz-Szczytt, 1991; Hao et al., 110

2003; Bai et al., 2004). Three ethylene synthesis enzymes, i.e. F (CsACS1G), M 111

(CsACS2) and A (CsACS11), have been shown to regulate the development of 112

unisexual flowers in cucurbits (Galun, 1962; Kamachi et al., 1997; Trebitsh et al., 113

1997; Mibus and Tatlioglu, 2004; Li et al., 2009; Boualem et al., 2015). 114

Flower opening is essential for pollination and thus successful sexual 115

reproduction. Although intensive studies have been performed on flowering and five 116



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pathways (photoperiod, vernalization, autonomous, gibberellin and aging pathways) 117

have been identified to be involved in the regulation of flowering in model plants 118

(Komeda, 2004), little is known about the mechanisms of flower opening. Depending 119

on species, flower opening may be either nocturnal or diurnal, and either single or 120

repetitive. Flower opening requires differential elongation growth or osmotic 121

oscillations, followed by influx of water into cells (Van Doorn and Van Meeteren, 122

2003; Yamada et al., 2009b). Prior to opening, osmotic solute levels are rapidly 123

increased by breaking down polysaccharides (starch or fructan) into monosaccharides, 124

combining with sugar uptake from the apoplast (Hammond, 1982; Yamane et al., 125

1991; Van Doorn and Van Meeteren, 2003; Yamada et al., 2009a). Increased osmotic 126

pressure contributes to the reduction of petal water potential, which facilitates water 127

influx into the cells, and thus results in cell enlargement (Shinozaki et al., 2014). Cell 128

wall extensibility is believed to be a limiting factor for petal expansion (Yamada et al., 129

2009b). The expression of genes related to cell wall function such as those that 130

encode xyloglucan endotransglucosylase / hydrolase and expansins are positively 131

correlated with the petal growth during flower opening (Harada et al., 2011; Dai et al., 132

2012; Shinozaki et al., 2014). Hormones, including ethylene, gibberellins and auxin, 133

regulate petal growth and flower opening. Ethylene promotes flower opening in 134

carnation, orchids, petunia and some rare rose cultivars, but inhibits flower opening in 135

other rose cultivars (Tang and Woodson, 1996; Jones and Woodson, 1997b; Bui and 136

O'Neill, 1998; Macnish et al., 2010). Ethylene inhibits rose opening via promoting the 137

expression of DELLA genes, whose products repress cell expansion by binding to the 138

promoters of cell wall synthesis genes (Luo et al., 2013). Exogenous gibberellin 139

application promotes flower opening in plants such as Ipomoea nil (Raab and Koning, 140

1987), Gaillardia grandiflora (Koning, 1984) and statice (Steinitz and Cohen, 1982). 141

Gibberellic acid promotes cell elongation by opposing the function of DELLA 142

proteins, and consistently gibberellic acid-deficient Arabidopsis mutant plants display 143

reduced petal growth (Cheng et al., 2004). Auxin has been reported to inhibit flower 144

opening in Ipomoea (Kaihara and Takimoto, 1983). Mutation in the auxin signaling 145

gene AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR8 (ARF8) resulted in significantly larger petals 146



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with increased cell number and cell expansion (Varaud et al., 2011). Loss-of-function 147

of genes implicated in auxin effects such as PETAL LOSS (PTL) and miRNA319a 148

resulted in reduced petal growth in Arabidopsis (Nag et al., 2009; Koyama et al., 2010; 149

Varaud et al., 2011; Sauret-Gueto et al., 2013). In addition, light, temperature and 150

circadian clock are also involved in the regulation of flower opening (McClung and 151

Gutierrez, 2010; Ruelland and Zachowski, 2010; Van Doorn and Kamdee, 2014). 152

Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism of timing control of flower opening remains 153

largely unknown, mainly due to lack of mutants or lines that display appreciable 154

changes in the timing of flower opening. 155

In this study, we introduce a unique cucumber line '6547' that produces super 156

ovaries with 4-5 days delay of corolla opening when nutrient supply is abundant. A 157

super ovary refers to an ovary that is larger than normal at anthesis. It was first 158

defined by Rudich and colleagues (Rudich et al., 1977) based on the phenotype of a 159

parthenocarpic monoecious cucumber line (Nitsch, 1952; Nitsch et al., 1952). The 160

main difference in the formation of normal and super ovaries in line ‘6547’ is the 161

delayed corolla growth and opening of the super ovary. The resulted commercially 162

mature cucumber fruits from the two types of ovaries are indistinguishable in length, 163

but the fruits from super ovaries are straight and have flowers remaining on the tip, 164

which are regarded as more attractive and preferred in the fresh market. In order to 165

understand the underlying mechanisms for corolla opening in cucumber, we 166

conducted detailed comparisons of the physiological, cytological, nutritional and 167

transcriptomic features of the super and normal ovaries across four stages of corolla 168

development, and found that cell division and cell expansion, nutrient availability, 169

photosynthesis, protein degradation, signaling kinases and hormones were implicated 170

in the timing control of corolla opening, and that cytokinin and nutritional cues acted 171

as the predominant factors orchestrating the progression of female flower opening in 172

cucumber. 173

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Results 175

Resource dependent genesis and morphological and cytological characterization 176

of super ovaries 177

The '6457' line belongs to the Southern China type of cucumbers, producing light 178

green fruits covered by sparse spines and warts (Figure 1). It was first identified in 179

2002 to have a unique feature of spontaneously producing super ovaries with delayed 180

corolla opening. It was then stabilized through selfing for over 10 generations. Under 181

standard growth condition, the ratio of super ovaries produced by the '6457' line was 182

29.1%. In order to dissect the developmental mechanism of the super ovary in 183

cucumber, the '6457' line was subjected to two distinct cultivation conditions, the 184

super ovary induction treatment and the normal ovary induction treatment. Under the 185

super ovary induction treatment, in which fertilizer and water were over-supplied (130% 186

of standard) and only one fruit per plant was kept to eliminate inter-fruit competition, 187

87.4% of plants (n=322) produced super ovaries. Under the normal ovary induction 188

treatment, in which fertilizer and water were under-supplied (50% of standard) and 189

two fruits per plant were kept, 100% of plants (n=300) produced normal ovaries. 190

Super and normal ovaries produced under above two growth conditions were used for 191

further characterization hereafter. 192

The normal ovaries mostly bloomed at 5 days after labeling (DAL, labeling was 193

done when an ovary became visible), while most super ovaries bloomed at 9 DAL 194

(Figure 1A-1B). The average fruit length at anthesis from the normal and super ovary 195

producing plants was 5.8 cm and 14.4 cm, respectively (Figure 1C). Accordingly, the 196

corolla at anthesis was much larger in the super ovary, although corollas from both 197

ovaries accelerated their growth one day before anthesis (Figure 1D). However, fruits 198

resulted from super and normal ovaries displayed no significant difference in their 199

growth rates, and the fruits at the commercially mature stage showed no appreciable 200

difference in length (Figure 1E). As for seed production, although both normal and 201

super ovaries had a high percentage of seeded fruit if hand pollination was carried out 202

at DAL 5 (when the normal ovary was at anthesis). The average number of seeds per 203



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fruit was significantly reduced in the super ovary (45.8) as compared to that in the 204

normal ovary (166.2) (Table S1). No seeds were produced if pollination was 205

performed at DAL 9 (when the super ovary was at anthesis) (Table S1). Therefore, 206

super ovaries have two major advantages over normal ovaries in cucumber production. 207

First, super ovaries produce straight fruits with higher market values due to delayed 208



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corolla opening, inability to be fertilized at anthesis, and no seed production in the 209

open field. Normal ovaries sequentially undergo fertilization and seed development, 210

thus frequently giving rise to fruits with a “big belly” shape in the open field. Second, 211

fruits from the super ovaries have flowers remaining on the tip and appear freshly 212

harvested, which is a favorable feature for customers in the Asian vegetable market. 213

As seen from above characterization, one fundamental difference between super 214

and normal ovaries was temporally differential growth and opening of corolla. Based 215

on the color and shape, corolla development can be divided into four stages: green 216

bud, green yellow bud, yellow bud, and flowering. In the normal ovary, 1 DAL (N1), 217

3 DAL (N3), 4 DAL (N4), and 5 DAL (N5) indicated the green bud, green yellow bud, 218

yellow bud, and flowering stage, respectively, whereas in the super ovary, these four 219

stages typically corresponded to 1 DAL (S1), 3-5 DAL (S3, S4, S5), 7-8 DAL (S7, 220

S8), and 9 DAL (S9), respectively (Figure 2A). Thus, the corolla progression between 221

stages was much delayed in the super ovary, especially during the green yellow bud 222

and yellow bud stages. 223

To explore cytological differences in the corolla development between normal 224

and super ovaries, scan electron microscope (SEM) was used to examine the adaxial 225

side of petals at each stage. In the normal ovary, there was no notable change in the 226

cell size from green bud to green yellow bud (Figure 2B-2C), but there was dramatic 227

cell expansion from yellow bud to flowering (Figure 2D-2E). Considering that the 228

corolla length was progressively increasing (Figure 1D), these data suggested that the 229

cells were mostly in cell division during the green yellow bud stage and were in cell 230

expansion since the yellow bud stage. In the super ovary, on the other hand, although 231

the cell sizes in the initial stage (S1, green bud) and the final stage (S9, flowering) 232

were the same as those in the normal ovary, cell size remained generally unchanged 233

from S1-S5, followed by gradual cell expansion from S5-S9 (Figure 2F-2L), 234

suggesting that both cell division and cell expansion persisted for a longer period of 235

time in the corolla of the super ovary, resulting in enlarged size of corolla (Figure 236

1D). 237

Since the genesis of the super ovary is closely linked to nutrient supplies, the 238



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contents of total nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sugars and water in the 239

corolla of normal and super ovaries were analyzed across all four stages (Figure 3). 240

The concentrations of N and P decreased with corolla opening, but the reduction was 241



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significantly greater in the super ovary during the green yellow bud (N3; S3, S4, S5) 242

and yellow bud (N4; S7, S8) stages (Figure 3). The concentration of K showed no 243

difference between normal and super ovaries. Soluble sugars, on the other hand, were 244

significantly increased in the super ovary during all four stages (Figure 3). In both 245

normal and super ovaries, water content increased with the development of corolla 246

(Figure 3), which is consistent with previous findings that water potential was higher 247

in petals than leaves at anthesis (Trolinder et al., 1993). Although super ovaries were 248

supplied with abundant water (130% standard), the increase of water content was 249

smaller than normal ovaries during the green yellow bud stage (Figure 3), implying 250

that the hastened flower opening in normal ovaries may be a stress adaption in 251



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cucumber (Figure 1A). 252

Distinct transcriptomic signatures during the progression of corolla opening in 253

normal and super ovaries 254

To identify genes and gene networks regulating corolla opening, we performed 255

time-course RNA-seq analysis of the corollas in female flowers of super and normal 256

ovaries, including samples from the green bud (N1; S1), green yellow bud (N3; S3, 257

S4, S5), yellow bud (N4; S7, S8), and flowering stages (N5; S9) (Figure 2A), and 258

three biological replicates for each time point. High-throughput RNA sequencing 259

generated 40.15 to 57.04 million pair-ended reads for each sample, with a total of 260

1.548 billion paired-end reads (193 Gb sequences) for all 33 libraries (Table S2). 261

Clean reads (32.52-47.75 million) were mapped to the cucumber genome using 262

TopHat (Huang et al., 2009; Trapnell et al., 2009). The expression level of each gene 263

was analyzed with the Python package HT-seq (Anders et al., 2015) and 23247 genes 264

with at least 1 TPM (transcripts per million) among three replicates were considered 265

expressed. 266

The correlation clustering (Figure 4A) and principal component analyses (PCA) 267

(Figure 4B) of the 33 RNA-seq datasets showed four distinct groups corresponding to 268

the sequential stages of corolla development: green bud (N1; S1), green yellow bud 269

(N3; S3, S4 and S5), yellow bud (N4; S7), and flowering (N5; S9). Although S8 is 270

phenotypically the yellow bud stage, PCA analyses showed that it had an expression 271

pattern resembling that of the flowering stage, which may be because gene expression 272

generally progressed prior to phenotypic transformation. The wider area occupied by 273

groups 2 (green yellow circle) and 3 (yellow circle) than groups 1 (green circle) and 4 274

(orange circle) in the PCA analysis indicated that normal and super ovaries had larger 275

differences in gene expression profiles during the green yellow bud and yellow bud 276

stages (Figure 4B), which underlay the delayed corolla opening in the super ovary. 277

A total of 14282 unique differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified 278

through the R package edgeR with a false discovery rate (FDR) ＜0.05 and the fold 279

change ＞2 (Robinson et al., 2010) (Table S3). To verify DEGs identified by 280

RNA-seq, 10 DEGs representing the green bud, yellow bud, and flowering stages 281



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(Figure S1) were chosen for quantitative real time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis using 282

independently collected samples. The qRT-PCR data showed the same expression 283

patterns as those in the RNA-seq analysis (Figure S1), and the Pearson’s correlation 284

was 0.89 between qRT-PCR and RNA-seq data, indicating high reliability of the 285

RNA-seq results. 286

Using the K-means clustering method, 11875 DEGs expressed in the normal 287

ovary and 12728 DEGs expressed in the super ovary were classified into 15 288



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coexpression modules, respectively (Figure 5A, 5B, Table S4). In the normal ovary, 289

sequential gene expression featured the four developmental stages of corolla opening. 290

Cell division related genes were specifically expressed in the green bud stage (N1). 291

Genes encoding transcription factors (TFs) and genes related to DNA and protein 292

synthesis were highly expressed in the green bud stage and weakly expressed in the 293

green yellow bud stage (N3). Genes encoding cell wall proteins and YABBY family 294

TFs were highly expressed in the first two stages, and weakly expressed in the yellow 295

bud stage (N4). Major CHO metabolism and bZIP TF genes were specifically 296

upregulated in N3 and N4, while genes related to protein degradation were 297

specifically expressed in N4 and flowering stage (N5). Stress related genes including 298

genes encoding WRKY TFs and signaling kinases were highly upregulated in the N5 299

(Figure 5A). Gene expression patterns in the super ovary were generally similar to 300

those in the normal ovary when S3, S4, S5 were considered as the green yellow bud 301

stage, and S7, S8 as the yellow bud stage. However, there were three key distinctions 302

in the super ovary: 1) Genes encoding receptor kinases were expressed much earlier. 303

Signaling kinase genes were significantly overrepresented in cluster 9 (highly 304

expressed in the green bud stage and green yellow stages) and cluster 1 (highly 305



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expressed in the yellow bud and flowering stages) (triangles in Figure 5B). 2) Genes 306

encoding TFs such as YABBY, bZIP and WRKY family members were not enriched 307

in any of the 15 clusters (stars in Figure 5A). 3) Stress related genes were not 308

overrepresented in the super ovary (diamond in Figure 5A). 309

Next, transcriptomic data were subject to three types of pairwise comparisons 310

(Figure S2). Type 1 DEGs were genes with differential expression at two adjacent 311

time points (Figure S2A). In the normal ovary, 1929 DEGs were upregulated and 312

1937 DEGs were downregulated from N1 to N3, and the number of DEGs was 313

progressively increased along with the progression of corolla opening. In the super 314

ovary, the numbers of type 1 DEGs were generally reduced as compared to those in 315

the normal ovary, implying reduced molecular changes between time points, 316

consistent with the morphological and cytological data of retarded transitions between 317

stages in the super ovary (Figure 1 and Figure 2). Specifically, 1243, 531, and 501 318

genes were differentially expressed in S3/S1, S4/S3, and S5/S4, respectively, followed 319

by a sharp increase in the number of DEGs (2628-3570 DEGs) occurred from S5 to 320

S9 (Figure S2A). Type 2 DEGs were identified by comparisons of the transcriptome 321

at a later time point with that at N1 or S1 (Figure S2B). In both normal and super 322

ovaries, the numbers of type 2 DEGs increased along with corolla development from 323

the green bud stage to blooming, with more dramatic increase in the super ovary 324

(Figure S2B). Type 3 DEGs were derived from comparisons of transcriptomes 325

between super and normal ovaries at the same time point or the same developmental 326

stage (Figure S2C). Compared to S1/N1 (green/green) and S3/N3 (green yellow/green 327

yellow), S4/N4 (green yellow/yellow) and S5/N5 (green yellow/flowering) had 328

significantly more DEGs, suggesting that developmental stage is a more important 329

factor than the time interval in patterning gene expression during corolla opening. 330

Within the same developmental stage, significantly more DEGs were identified in the 331

green yellow bud stage (S3/N3, S4/N3, S5/N3) and yellow bud stage (S7/N4 and 332

S8/N4), as compared to the number of DEGs during the green bud stage or flowering 333

stage (Figure S2C), further supporting that green yellow and yellow bud stages may 334

lay the molecular basis for delayed corolla opening in the super ovary. 335



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Transcriptomic differentiation of the normal and super ovaries during corolla 336

opening 337

To dissect the molecular differentiation during corolla opening between the 338

normal and super ovaries, the type 3 DEGs were further functionally classified using 339

the MapMan program (Figure 6). Genes related to cell wall were highly 340

overrepresented in the genes that were upregulated in the super ovary during green 341

yellow (S4/N3, S5/N3), yellow bud (S7/N4, S8/N4) and flowering stages (S9/N5) 342

(diamond in Figure 6). The cell wall is essential for cell division and cell expansion 343

(Quatrano and Shaw, 1997; Sampathkumar et al., 2014), and upregulated cell wall 344

related genes in the super ovary was correlated with the elongated period of cell 345

division and cell expansion as revealed by the cytological data (Figure 2). In addition, 346

genes related to hormone metabolism were upregulated in the normal ovary during the 347

green yellow bud stage (S3/N3, S4/N3, S5/N3), but were upregulated in the super 348

ovary during the yellow bud stage (S7/N4, S8/N4) (triangle in Figure 6), suggesting 349

that activation of hormone related genes were delayed in the super ovary during 350

corolla opening. In addition, signaling genes was significantly enriched in the 351

upregulated genes in the super ovary (star in Figure 6). 352

Because the phenotypic and transcriptomic data suggested that the differentiation 353

of the super ovary from the normal ovary occurred in the green yellow bud and 354

yellow bud stages (Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure S2C), we next investigated the type 3 355

DEGs during these two stages. During green yellow stage, 371 genes were commonly 356

upregulated while 765 genes were commonly downregulated in the corollas of the 357

super ovary (Figure 7A, 7B). GO enrichment analysis showed that “photosynthesis, 358

light harvesting” and “cysteine-type peptidase activity” were the most significantly 359

enriched GO terms in the upregulated DEGs in the super ovary (Figure 7C), 360

suggesting that photosynthesis and protein degradation were elevated in the corolla of 361

the super ovary at green yellow stage. “Ammonia-lyase activity” and 362

“sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity” were the top two 363

enriched GO terms in the downregulated DEGs (Figure 7D). Specially, 46 364

transcription factors were commonly downregulated while only 6 transcription factors 365



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were commonly upregulated in the super ovary (Figure 7C-7D), suggesting that most 366

transcription factors were repressed in the super ovary during green yellow bud stage. 367

For example, the normalized expression level of a putative basic helix-loop-helix 368

(bHLH) transcription factor (Csa3G002860) was 1.9 in N3, but only 0.2, 0.3, 0.9 in 369

S3, S4, S5, respectively; and the normalized expression level of a putative RAD-like 1 370

transcription factor (Csa3G857030) was 3.8 in N3, but only 1.5, 1.3, 1.5 in S3, S4, S5, 371

respectively. 372

During the yellow bud stage, 1017 type 3 DEGs were commonly upregulated 373

and 511 type 3 DEGs were commonly downregulated in the corolla of the super ovary 374

(Figure 7E, 7F). GO enrichment analysis showed that “ADP binding” and “protein 375

tyrosine kinase activity” were the most significantly enriched GO terms in the 376

upregulated DEGs in the super ovary (Figure 7G), indicating that signaling kinase 377

genes were activated in the super ovary during the yellow bud stage. For example, 378

many MAP kinase family genes such as CsMAPKKK5-2 (Csa2g60650) were 379

significantly downregulated at N4, while no such repression was observed in the 380

super ovary at S7 and S8 (Figure S3). In addition, most MAP kinase family genes 381

were activated from yellow bud to flowering stage in the normal ovary, and such 382



19

activation was elevated in the super ovary, especially during yellow bud stage (Figure 383

S3). For example, the expression of putative CsMAPKKK21-2 (Csa2G278170) 384

increased from 0.43 at N3 to 2.73 at N4 in the normal ovary, while it dramatically 385

changed from 0.43 at green yellow stage (S5) to 10.0 at yellow stage (S8) in the super 386

ovary (Figure S3, Table S5). In the commonly downregulated DEGs in the super 387



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ovary, genes related to ‘nucleosome assembly’ were highly overrepresented (Figure 388

7H). 389

Of particular interest was the temporal compartmentation of enriched “hormone 390

metabolism” genes (Figure 6) in the corolla between normal and super ovaries, 391

especially those related to cytokinin and gibberellins metabolism (Table S6). As 392

shown in Figure 8, genes encoding UDP-glucosyl transferases (UGTs) and cytokinin 393

oxidases (CKXs) in the cytokinin pathway were the top two groups of genes that were 394

differentially expressed in the corollas of super and normal ovaries (Figure 8). UGTs 395

function in cytokinin conjugation by converting active cytokinins into inactive stable 396

storage forms (Schmulling et al., 2003). Many UGTs were specifically expressed in 397

the early stages of corolla development. For example, Csa7G063950 (UGT85A2) and 398

Csa5G196580 (UGT85A2) were highly expressed in the green bud stage and weakly 399

expressed in the green yellow bud stage in both normal and super ovaries (Table S5). 400

In contrast, some other UGT genes such as Csa7G059150 (UGT85A2) and 401

Csa7G063980 (UGT85A2) were specifically upregulated in the later stages of corolla 402

development only in the normal ovary (Figure 8A, Table S6). Importantly, genes 403

encoding cytokinin oxidases such as CKX3 and CKX6 that function in cytokinin 404

degradation (Bilyeu et al., 2001) were significantly upregulated during the flowering 405

stage in the normal ovary, but such upregulation was greatly reduced in the super 406

ovary. These data suggested that cytokinin conjugation and degradation were reduced 407

in the super ovary during the later stages of corolla opening. 408

Putative GA biosynthesis genes GA5, GA2, CYP88A3, GA1 and KAO2, were 409

specifically expressed in the green bud stage in the normal ovary, but were expressed 410

in both green bud and green yellow bud stages (S3, S4, S5) in the super ovary (Figure 411

8B). Particularly, Csa3G903540 (KAO2) was expressed 5.4 fold higher in the super 412

ovary compared to the normal ovary during green bud stage. On the other hand, 413

GA2ox8, GA2ox1 and GA2ox, which are involved in GA metabolism, were highly 414

expressed in the flowering stage, but their expression levels were reduced in the super 415

ovary (Olszewski et al., 2002; Sun, 2008). Genes encoding the homologs of GA 416

receptors GID1B and DELLA proteins (RGA1 and RGL2) that function in GA 417



21

signaling (Olszewski et al., 2002; Sun, 2008), were mainly expressed in the flowering 418

stage in both normal and super ovaries (Figure 8B). 419

Previous studies showed that five pathways, including photoperiod, vernalization, 420

autonomous, gibberellin and aging pathways, were involved in regulation of the 421

timing of flowering in model plants (Komeda, 2004). To investigate whether 422

flowering regulators participate in flower opening in cucumber, homologs of 423

flowering genes were identified from all DEGs and the corresponding heat map 424

expression profiles were compared between normal and super ovaries across all stages 425



22

(Figure 9A). Negative regulators of flowering such as TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1) 426

and SCHLAFMUTZE (SMZ) were downregulated and positive regulators such as 427

CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED1 (CCA1), JUMONJI DOMAIN-CONTAINING 428

PROTEIN 18 (JMJ18), CRYPTOCHROME 1 (CRY1), and APETALA2 (AP2) were 429

significantly upregulated in the super ovary at the same developmental stages (Figure 430

9A), suggesting that flowering regulators may contribute to the delayed corolla 431



23

opening in super ovary in a opposite way as they do for flowering control. In addition, 432

TCP and NAC transcription factors have been shown to regulate organ size in flower 433

petals (Pei et al., 2013; Van Doorn and Kamdee, 2014). Here we found that genes 434

encoding five putative TCP transcription factors (TCP11, TCP4a, TCP7a, TCP2, 435

TCP4b) displayed higher expression in the super ovary (Figure 9B), with 436

Csa6G446400 (a putative TCP11) being specifically expressed in the flowering stage 437

(63.2 TPM in the normal ovary and 210.4 TPM in the super ovary) (Table S7). In 438

Arabidopsis, TCP 11 and TCP7 belong to class I subfamily, whereas TCP4 and TCP2 439

belong to class II subfamily, and all the four genes positively regulate organ growth 440

through cell proliferation (Viola et al., 2011; Aguilar-Martinez and Sinha, 2013; Li, 441

2015). Similarly, genes encoding multiple NAC transcription factors such as NAC062, 442

NAC052, NAC2, and NAC1 were upregulated in the super ovary (Figure 9C), 443

including the homolog of RhNAC2 (Csa3G852460) that regulates cell expansion 444

through binding to the promoter of RhEXPA4 in rose petals and Arabidopsis (Dai et 445

al., 2012). These data suggested that the enlarged petal size in the super ovary may be 446

caused by increased cell proliferation and cell expansion mediating by TCP and NAC 447

transcription factors. 448

Decisive roles of hormone modulation in the genesis of the super ovary 449

Phytohormones play essential regulatory roles in most flower developmental 450

processes (De Jong et al., 2009; Bartrina et al., 2011; Kumar et al., 2014). Our 451

transcriptomic data showed that genes related to the metabolism of hormones, 452

especially cytokinins and gibberellins, were differentially expressed in the corollas of 453

two types of ovaries (Figure 6, Figure 8). Therefore, we measured the levels of 454

cytokinins (IPA: 3-Indole propionic acid; ZR: trans-zeatin riboside; DHZR: 455

dihydrogen zeatin riboside), gibberellins (GA3, GA4), auxin (IAA: 3-Indole acetic 456

acid), abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), and brassinosteroid (BR) in the 457

corollas and fruits of normal and super ovaries at the green yellow bud (N3; S3-S5), 458

yellow bud (N4; S7) and flowering (N5; S9) stages. As shown in Figure 10, the 459

concentrations of IPA and ZR were significantly reduced in the corolla of normal 460

ovary during the flowering stage (N5), but remained unchanged in the super ovary. 461



24

GA3 and GA4 concentrations increased during the green yellow bud and yellow bud 462

stages in the super ovary. The level of ABA decreased in the yellow bud stage, and 463

that of JA dramatically increased at the flowering stage in the corolla of the super 464

ovary. No significant difference was observed for the IAA and BR levels between the 465

corollas of normal and super ovaries at all three stages examined (Figure 10). On the 466

other hand, the concentration of cytokinins was similar in the fruit, and GA4 467

increased during the green yellow bud stage, whereas IAA was significantly decreased 468

in the fruit of the super ovary in both green yellow bud and flowering stages (Figure 469

S4A). During the green yellow bud stage, levels of ABA and BR were reduced in the 470

fruit of the super ovary (Figure S4A). As such, the concentrations of cytokinins, 471

gibberellins and jasmonic acid were higher, while that of abscisic acid was lower in 472

the corolla of the super ovary. In the fruit, the level of gibberellins was increased, 473

while the levels of auxin, abscisic acid and brassinosteroid were reduced in the super 474



25

ovary compared to those in the normal ovary. 475

To further investigate whether cytokinin is a dominant regulator of the super 476

ovary genesis, different concentrations of thidiazuron (TDZ) were applied to the 477

normal ovary during the green bud stage. As shown in Table 1, TDZ treatments 478

significantly induced the super ovary production as compared to the water control, 479

and the 2.5 mg L-1 TDZ treatment displayed the best effect. The frequency of the 480

super ovary increased from 12.5% to 75% upon the TDZ treatment, and corolla 481

opening was delayed from 1~2 days to 4~5 days. However, unlike in the super ovary, 482

TDZ treatment dramatically accelerated the growth rate of fruit (Figure 1E, Figure 483

S4B). 484

To connect cytokinin functioning and nutritional regulation during the super 485

ovary genesis, we analyzed the cis-regulatory elements for cytokinin (CK), nitrate (N) 486

and phosphorus (P) in the 2 kb promoter regions of 11127 type 3 DEGs (Konishi and 487

Yanagisawa, 2010; Ramireddy et al., 2013; Schunmann et al., 2004) (Figure 11A), 488

and found 2549 genes with cytokinin cis-element 5'-AAGAT(T/C)TT-3', 2816 genes 489

with nitrate response motif 5'-(T/A)7A(G/C)TCA-3', and 3301 genes with phosphorus 490

related cis-element 5'-GNATATNC-3'. A total of 194 genes had all three kinds of 491

cis-elements, including genes involved in signaling kinases/phosphatases, 492

transcription factors, cell wall and proteases (Figure 11B, Table S8). In particular, the 493

putative CLAVATA3 (Csa4G627800) that functions in meristem maintenance and 494

contains the cis-elements for N, P, and CK at 1867, 1242 and 1569 bp of promoter, 495

respectively, was significantly downregulated in the super ovary. The putative SKU5 496

similar 12 gene (Csa1G031720) that mediates cell wall expansion and contains the 497

cis-elements for N, P, and CK at 615, 1894 and 258bp of promoter, respectively, was 498

dramatically upregulated in the super ovary (Table S8) (Fletcher et al., 1999; 499

Sedbrook et al., 2002; Trotochaud et al., 2000). The distribution of the 194 DEGs with 500

all three cis-elements across the four developmental stages correlated with the number 501

of DEGs in each pairwise comparison. S4/N4 (green yellow/yellow) and S5/N5 502

(green yellow/flowering) had the most DEGs because different stages were compared. 503

Within the same developmental stages, the yellow bud stage (S7/N4 and S8/N4) had 504



26

the highest number of DEGs, followed by the green yellow bud stage (S3/N3, S4/N4, 505

S5/N3) and the flowering stage (S9/N5), and the green bud stage (S1/N1) had the 506

least number of DEGs with cis-elements for N, P and CK (Figure 11C). 507

508



27

DISCUSSION 509

Corolla opening is featured by four distinct stages along with sequential gene 510

expression in cucumber 511

Corolla opening is an evolutionary breakthrough for progeny proliferation of 512

higher flowering plants (Van Doorn and Kamdee., 2014). In agricultural crops such as 513

cucumber, the timing of corolla opening is not only a very interesting biological 514

phenomenon, but also an economically important issue that requires extensive 515

investigation. Based on color transition in the corolla, flower opening is divided into 516

four stages in cucumber, including green bud, green yellow bud, yellow bud, and 517

flowering (Figure 1A). For most cucumber varieties, this process takes 4-5 days and it 518

is insensitive to nutrient conditions. Cucumber inbred line ‘6457’ produces super 519

ovaries with 4-5 days delay of corolla opening under abundant nutrient condition, and 520

produces normal ovaries within the normal time frame of flower opening under 521

limited nutrient supply mostly for seed production. Cytological data and 522

transcriptomic signatures indicate that N1 and S1 belong to the green bud stage, N3 523

and S3, S4, S5 are in the green yellow bud stage, N4 and S7, S8 are in the yellow bud 524

stage, and N5 and S9 belong to the flowering stage (Figure 2, Figure 4, Figure S2). 525

Further, we found that the expressions of some key genes were sequentially activated 526

across stages of corolla development in the normal ovary (Figure 12). Cell division 527

and photosynthesis related genes were specifically activated at the green bud stage; 528

DNA and protein synthesis genes were highly expressed in the green bud stage and 529

then descending until the green yellow stage. Expressions of cell wall related genes 530

and YABBY genes were decreased progressively from green to yellow bud stage. 531

Major CHO metabolism and bZIP TF genes were specifically activated in the green 532

yellow and yellow bud stages. Protein degradation related genes were specifically 533

activated during the yellow and flowering stages, whereas genes related to stress 534

response, WRKY, and signaling kinases were specifically activated during the 535

flowering stage (Figure 12A, Figure 5A). In the super ovary, such sequential gene 536

activation modules were generally maintained, except for a few fundamental 537

differences. Firstly, activation of cell division and photosynthesis genes lasted for a 538



28

longer period of time until the green yellow bud stage, which is likely the reason for 539

the enlarged corolla size and increased sugar content in the super ovary (Figure 12B, 540

Figure 2, Figure 3). Secondly, expression of most transcription factor genes was 541

delayed or repressed during the green yellow bud stage in the super ovary (Figure 7D), 542

and the expression of YABBY, bZIP and WRKY TF family genes was specifically 543

enhanced in the normal ovary (Figure 12B, Figure 5B). The activities of some TCP 544

and NAC TF genes were increased in the super ovary, which may have contributed to 545

the enlarged petal size through their function in cell proliferation and cell expansion 546



29

(Figure 9B-9C). Thirdly, activation of signaling kinases was promoted in the super 547

ovary (Figure 12B, Figure 7, Figure 5B, Figure S3). Fourthly, protein degradation was 548

upregulated during the green yellow bud stage in the super ovary, which explains the 549

decreased total N and P content (Figure 12B, Figure 3, Figure 7). Lastly, stress related 550

genes were specifically upregulated in the normal ovary during the flowering stage, 551

but not in the super ovary (Figure 12B, Figure 5B). As such, this study not only 552

provides the most comprehensive gene expression modules across stages of corolla 553

development in both normal and super ovaries, but also offers valuable resources that 554

can be used for comparative studies of flower opening in other plant species. 555

Hormone modulation was sufficient for the genesis of the super ovary 556

Phytohormones such as ethylene, gibberellins and auxin have been documented 557

to mediate flower opening (Van Doorn and Kamdee, 2014). Ethylene promoted or 558

hastened flower opening depending on different species or even different cultivars in 559

rose (Reid et al., 1989; Jones and Woodson, 1997). Gibberellic acid promotes cell 560

elongation through repressing DELLA proteins, and thus gibberellic acid-deficient 561

Arabidopsis mutant plants exhibited reduced petal growth (Cheng et al., 2004). 562

Consistently, here we found that gibberellins were increased in the super ovary during 563

the early stages of corolla development, which corresponds to the enlarged corolla 564

size (Figure 1, Figure 10). Time course RNA-seq analyses showed that the increased 565

GA levels were due to the upregulation of GA biosynthesis genes in the super ovary 566

(Figure 8B). Although previous studies showed that exogenous gibberellin application 567

promoted flower opening in several species (Steinitz and Cohen, 1982; Koning, 1984; 568

Raab and Koning, 1987), the role of endogenous GA in cucumber flower opening 569

needs further characterization. Auxin was shown to regulate cell proliferation and 570

cell expansion, and mutation of genes implicated in auxin effects such as AUXIN 571

RESPONSE FACTOR8 and PETAL LOSS resulted in a change of petal size (Varaud et 572

al., 2011; Sauret-Gueto et al., 2013). Further, flower opening can be strongly 573

promoted by the auxin indoleacetic acid (IAA) (Van Doorn et al., 2013). Although no 574

significant difference was observed for auxin level in the corollas of normal and super 575

ovaries, IAA concentration was dramatically reduced in the fruit of the super ovary 576



30

(Figure S4). Considering that only female flower blooming was delayed in the line 577

'6457', while male flower opening was unaffected, the reduced IAA level in the fruit 578

may have contributed to the delayed corolla opening in the super ovary. In addition, 579

we found that genes encoding UDP-glucosyl transferases (UGTs) and cytokinin 580

oxidases (CKXs) were significantly downregulated in the super ovary (Figure 8A). 581

Consistently, reduction of cytokinin content was smaller in the super ovary during the 582

later stages of corolla development (Figure 10), suggesting that the higher level of 583

cytokinins observed in the super ovary is due to reduced cytokinin conjugation and 584

degradation. Further, exogenous cytokinin TDZ treatment significantly delayed flower 585

opening and accelerated fruit growth, thus partially mimicking the genesis of the 586

super ovary (Table 1, Figure S4B). The unchanged fruit growth rate observed in the 587

super ovary may be due to unchanged endogenous cytokinin levels in the fruit (Figure 588

S4A). Therefore, cytokinins appear to be the primary regulator for flower opening in 589

cucumber, whereas GA and auxin may be coordinately involved in the size control of 590

corolla and fruit. 591

Nutrient supplies played an essential role in regulating corolla opening in 592

cucumber 593

The corolla development of most cucumber varieties takes 4-5 days from green 594

bud to flowering stages, and this process is insensitive to nutrient conditions. The 595

unique cucumber inbred line ‘6457’ produces super ovaries or normal ovaries under 596

abundant or insufficient nutrient condition, respectively, suggesting that nutrient 597

availability plays an essential role in corolla opening of this cucumber line. Nitrogen 598

(N) and phosphorus (P) are the major fertilizer components used in this study, and 599

function as critical macronutrients participating in various physiological and 600

biological processes in plants (Prinsi et al., 2009). We found that both N and P levels 601

were decreased with the progression of corolla development, but the reduction was 602

significantly greater in the super ovary during the green yellow bud (S3, S4, S5) and 603

yellow bud (S7, S8) stages (Figure 3), which may be attributed to the much greater 604

size of corolla in the super ovary under these stages (Figure 1). Considering that N 605

and P are essential for constitution of cellular components such as proteins and 606



31

nucleic acids (Rouached et al., 2010; Chiou and Lin, 2011; Simons et al., 2014; Krapp, 607

2015), reduction of N and P levels in the super ovary is consistent with the enhanced 608

protein degradation mediated by “cysteine-type peptidase activity” during the green 609

yellow bud stage (Figure 7C), and upregulated signaling kinase activity during the 610

yellow bud stage (Figure 7G). N availability is closely related to N assimilates and 611

soluble sugars in plants (Walch-Liu et al., 2000). In the super ovary, soluble sugars 612

were significantly increased during all four stages (Figure 3), which is consistent with 613

abundant N supply and prolonged photosynthesis in the super ovary (Figure 5B, 614

Figure 7C). N nutritional status directly affects the cytokinin level as well. N 615

supplementation promotes cytokinin accumulation in the bare root and xylem sap of 616

maize, while low N causes a significant decrease in the cytokinin concentration in 617

wheat (Garnica et al., 2010; Takei et al., 2001). On the contrary, cytokinins regulate 618

carbohydrate mobilization and N signaling (Ashikari et al., 2005; Sakakibara, 2006). 619

Our data showed that the concentration of cytokinins was higher in the super ovary 620

(Figure 10), and that exogenous cytokinin treatment mimicked the super ovary 621

phenotype (Table 1). Moreover, 194 DEGs containing all three cis-regulatory 622

elements for cytokinin (CK), nitrate (N) and phosphorus (P). Thus, it is intriguing to 623

speculate that nutrient supplies and cytokinins function coordinately, or nutrient 624

availability acts upstream of cytokinins, to regulate the genesis of the super ovary. 625

Cytological and transcriptomic data showed that the primary difference between 626

normal and super ovaries lied in the middle stages: green yellow and yellow bud 627

stages (Figure 2, Figure S2). Compared to the super ovary, in the normal ovary, the 628

increment of water content was greater during the green yellow bud stage (Figure 3), 629

the stress hormone ABA (Leng et al., 2014) was higher in both green yellow and 630

yellow bud stages (Figure 10), and genes related to stress response and WRKY 631

transcription factors were specifically activated during the flowering stage (Figure 632

5A), indicating that the hastened flower opening in the normal ovary was a response 633

to nutritional stress. WRKY family is an enormous family that has 74 members in 634

Arabidopsis and more than 90 members in rice (Uelker and Somssich, 2004). 635

Previous studies indicate that WRKY transcription factors play important roles in 636



32

stress responses (Ren et al., 2010; Qin et al., 2013; Yan et al., 2014). For example, 637

rice WRKY13 regulates the crosstalk between drought and disease resistance signaling 638

pathways by binding to different DNA sequence motifs (Xiao et al., 2013). 639

Arabidopsis WRKY33 responds to pathogen infection through functions downstream 640

of MPK3/MPK6 (Mao et al., 2011). WRKY transcription factors have also been 641

shown to regulate flowering time in Arabidopsis (Robatzek and Somssich, 2002; 642

Miao et al., 2004; Uelker and Somssich, 2004). Overexpression of MlWRKY12, the 643

homolog of AtWRKY12 in Miscanthus lutarioriparius, led to early flowering 644

phenotype and significantly increased the expression of flowering-related genes such 645

as CONSTANS (CO), FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), LFY (LEAFY), APETALA1 (AP1), 646

CAULIFLOWER (CAL) and FRUITFULL (FUL) in Arabidopsis (Yu et al., 2013). 647

However, flowering-promoting genes including LFY, CO and AP2 were 648

downregulated while flowering-repressing genes such as TFL1 and SMZ were 649

upregulated in the normal ovary (Figure 9A), suggesting that the major function of 650

WRKY upregulation in the normal ovary may be nutritional stress response instead of 651

promoting flowering. 652

In addition, receptor-like kinases related genes were significantly upregulated in 653

the super ovary during the green yellow and yellow bud stages (Figure 5B, Figure 7G). 654

Similarly, most MAP kinase family genes were more significantly activated from the 655

yellow bud to flowering stage in the super ovary (Figure S3). Receptor-like kinases 656

regulate the signaling pathways involved in multiple developmental processes 657

(Walker, 1994). For example, the protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation 658

mediated by receptor-like kinases plays an important role in the initiation of carnation 659

flower opening (Harada et al., 2010; Shinozaki et al., 2014). Leucine-rich repeat 660

receptor-like kinases PAN1 and PAN2 have been shown to promote polarization of 661

subsidiary mother cell divisions during stomatal development in maize (Cartwright et 662

al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2012). Therefore, the enlarged organ size and delayed flower 663

opening in the super ovary may be partially caused by the function of signaling 664

kinases. Given that the line ‘6457’ is sensitive to nutritional availability, it is 665

intriguing to speculate that the key genes responsible for the unique feature of ‘6457’ 666



33

may be epigenetically regulated, by DNA or histone modifications such as 667

phosphorylation and methylation. Future studies using map-based cloning or bulked 668

segregant analysis (BSA)-sequencing (Michelmore et al., 1991) to clone the key 669

gene(s) in ‘6457’ would be promising to dissect the precise genetic regulation of the 670

timing of flower opening in cucumber. 671

MATERIALS AND METHODS 672

Plant Materials and Treatments 673

The cucumber inbred line '6457' was grown in the greenhouse of Hebei Normal 674

University of Science and Technology, and subjected to two distinct cultivation 675

treatments. The first treatment was super ovary induction treatment, in which massive 676

fertilizer and water (130% of standard) was applied and only one fruit was kept per 677

plant to eliminate inter-fruit competition. The second treatment was normal ovary 678

induction treatment, in which insufficient fertilizer and water (50% of standard) was 679

applied and two fruits were kept per plant. Pest control was performed according to 680

standard practices. The lengths of the labeled ovary and corolla were measured every 681

day, and an ovary with length＞9.0 cm at anthesis was considered a super ovary. 682

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 683

Corollas at 1, 3, 4, 5 DAL from the normal ovary treatment and corollas at 1, 3, 4, 684

5, 7, 8, 9 DAL from the super ovary treatment were cut and fixed with 2.5% 685

glutaraldehyde at 4℃ for 24 h, washed with PBS (pH 7.2) three times and post-fixed 686

in 1% (v/v) OsO4. The samples were then dehydrated three times through an ethanol 687

series (30%, 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100%), critical-point dried using a desiccator 688

(HCP-2; Hitachi), and sputter coated with gold palladium (EIKO IB-3). Images were 689

taken with a Hitachi S-4700 scanning electron microscope using a 2 kV accelerating 690

voltage. 691

RNA Preparation for RNA-seq 692

Corolla samples at 1, 3, 4, 5 DAL from the normal ovary treatment and at 1, 3, 4, 693

5, 7, 8, 9 DAL from the super ovary treatment were collected for RNA-seq analysis. 694

Samples from five corollas were pooled as one biological replicate and three 695

biological replicates were performed for each time point. Total RNAs were extracted 696



34

using the RNA extraction kit (Huayueyang, Beijing, China). RNA was checked on 1% 697

agarose gels to detect possible degradation and contamination, and was then examined 698

by a Nano Photometer spectrophotometer (IMPLEN, CA, USA) for RNA purity. 699

Qubit RNA Assay Kit in Qubit 2.0 Flurometer (Life Technologies, CA, USA) was 700

used to measure the RNA concentration, and RNA Nano 6000 Assay Kit of the 701

Bioanalyzer 2100 system (Agilent Technologies, CA, USA) was used to evaluate 702

RNA integrity. Only RNA samples that passed the quality tests were chosen for 703

RNA-seq analyses. 704

RNA-seq Library Construction and Sequencing 705

RNA-seq library construction was performed using the NEBNext Ultra 706

Directional RNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina (NEB, Ispawich, USA) following 707

manufacturer’s instructions and four index codes were added to attribute sequences to 708

different samples (Wang et al., 2009). RNA-seq libraries were sequenced on an 709

Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform to generate 125 bp paired-end reads. Sequencing data 710

were deposited to the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database at the National 711

Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) with accession number GSE76358. 712

Bioinformatics Analysis of RNA-seq Data 713

The methods for RNA-seq analysis were as previously described (Zhao et al., 714

2016). In short, the raw reads were pre-processed to remove low quality regions using 715

the SolexQA tool (v2.2) and adapter sequences were removed using the cutadapt tool 716

(v1.3) (Martin, 2011). Clean reads were mapped to the cucumber genome sequence 717

(http://cucumber.genomics.org.cn, v2i) using TopHat (Trapnell et al., 2009; Huang et 718

al., 2009). Read counts of annotated genes were obtained by the Python software 719

HTSeq-count (Anders et al., 2015). The genes with an expression level of at least 1 720

transcripts per million (TPM) in at least three samples were retained for further 721

analysis. The R package edgeR, which uses counts per gene in different samples from 722

HTSeq-count as input and performs data normalization using the trimmed mean of 723

M-values (TMM) method, was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) 724

(Robinson et al., 2010). The genes with at least two-fold change in expression and the 725

False Discovery Rate (FDR) of less than 0.05 were considered to be differentially 726



35

expressed. Gene expressions were first normalized to transcripts per million (TPM) 727

according to the total number of mapped clean reads in each of 33 libraries. The log2 728

values of normalized expressions were used to build an expression matrix and the 729

prcomp function in R (R-Core-Team, 2014) was used for principle component 730

analysis (PCA). 731

MapMan Analysis of DEGs 732

In order to obtain detailed functional categorization of DEGs, we used the online 733

web tool Mercator (Lohse et al., 2014) to obtain the cucumber protein annotation 734

mapping file for MapMan with default parameters and then used the Java software 735

MapMan to assign functional bins for each gene (Thimm et al., 2004). Fisher’s exact 736

test was used to examine whether a functional category was significantly 737

overrepresented in our selected genes against the set of all genes with MapMan 738

annotations, the Benjamini Hochberg method was used to adjust P values for multiple 739

testing. The K-means method was used to cluster all the DEGs identified through all 740

pairwise comparisons and the R package “pheatmap” (Kolde, 2011) was used to draw 741

the heat map of each cluster. For each cluster, overrepresented functional categories 742

were determined using MapMan. 743

Gene Ontology (GO) Term Enrichment Analysis 744

We combined blast2go (Conesa et al., 2005) and interProScan (Jones et al., 2014) 745

search results to assign GO terms to cucumber genes. The GO term enrichment 746

analysis was conducted for up- and down-regulated DEGs respectively using the R 747

package TopGO (Alexa et al., 2006). Adrian Alexi’s improved weighted scoring 748

algorithm and Fisher’s test were used to determine the significance of GO term 749

enrichment. Significantly enriched GO terms were identified as those with a p-value 750

less than 0.05. Venn Diagram (Chen and Boutros, 2011) was used to indicate the 751

overlaps of different DEGs. 752

Nutritional Measurements in Corollas 753

Major nutrients (N, P, K), soluble sugars and water content were measured with 754

independently generated corollas samples at the same developmental stages as those 755

in RNA-seq. Total nitrogen was analyzed using semi-micro Kjeldahl (Bremer, 1965; 756



36

Hesse, 1971). Total phosphorus was measured as previously described (Bray and 757

Kurtz, 1945). Flame emission photometry method was used for total potassium assay 758

and water content was measured following the standard protocol. Soluble sugars were 759

determined as described (Beck et al., 2014). 760

Endogenous Hormone Measurement 761

To examine the levels of auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin (GA), jasmonic acid (JA), 762

brassinosteroids (BR) and abscisic acid (ABA) in the super ovary and normal ovary, 763

ovary and corolla were separately harvested and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen 764

until further use. Sample extraction and hormone measurements were performed 765

using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays as previously described (Maldiney et al., 766

1986; Abdala et al., 1996; Cui et al., 2005; Swaczynova et al., 2007). Standard auxin 767

(IAA), I3-Indole propionic acid (IPA), trans-zeatin riboside (ZR), dihydrogen zeatin 768

riboside (DHZR), gibberellins (GA3, GA4), ABA, JA and BR (Sangon Biotech Co. 769

Ltd, Shanghai, China) were used for calibration. The results were presented as mean ± 770

SE of three biological replicates and three technical replicates. 771

Exogenous cytokinin treatment 772

Line '6457' under the normal ovary induction system was used for cytokinin 773

treatment. Plants with uniform growth were selected, and the female flowers 774

(including both corolla and ovaries) at the green bud stage (2~3 cm long) were dipped 775

with different concentrations of TDZ solution: 1.25 mg/L, 2.5 mg/L, 5 mg/L and 10 776

mg/L. Water was used as negative control. Eight female flowers from different plants 777

were used for each treatment. Fruit length and flowering time were recorded every 778

day since treatment. 779

Identification of cis-elements for cytokinin, nitrate and phosphorus 780

The 2kb DNA sequences upstream of the TSS (transcription start site) of the type 781

3 DEGs (differential expressed genes between the super and normal ovaries) were 782

used for cis-element identification. A custom Perl script was used to scan for 783

cis-elements 5'-AAGAT(T/C)TT-3' for cytokinin, 5'-(T/A)7A(G/C)TCA-3' for nitrate, 784

and 5'-GNATATNC-3' for phosphorus. The overlap of DEGs response to cytokinin, 785

nitrate and phosphate were obtained using the Venn Diagram within the R package 786



37

(Chen and Boutros, 2011). 787

Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) 788

qRT-PCR analyses were performed with independently generated corolla 789

samples at the same developmental stages as those in RNA-seq. Primers for qRT-PCR 790

were designed using the Primer 5 software and synthesized by Sangon Biotech. 791

cDNAs were reverse transcribed from total RNA using the PrimeScript RT reagent 792

Kit (Takara, Da Lian, China), and qRT-PCR analyses were performed on an ABI 793

PRISM 7500 Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, USA). The cucumber 794

UBI gene was used as an internal control to normalize the expression data (Wan et al., 795

2010). Each qRT-PCR experiment was repeated three times. The relative expression 796

of each gene was calculated using the 2-△△Ct method (Livak and Schmittgen, 2001) 797

and standard deviation was calculated among three biological replicates. The 798

gene-specific primers were listed in Table S9. 799

Acknowledgements 800

We thank the Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of 801

Agricultural Sciences (IVF-CAAS) for providing the cucumber genome and 802

annotation data, and we thank members of the Zhang lab, Yan lab and Liu Lab for 803

discussions and technical help. 804

Author Contributions 805

L.Y., R.L. and X.Z designed the experiments. C.S., Y.L., W.Z., X.S., M.L. and 806

X.Lia performed the experiments. C.S., Y.L., W.Z., R.L. and X.Z. analyzed the data. 807

L.Y., R.L., X.Li and X.Z. wrote the manuscript. 808

809

Disclosures 810

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. 811

812



38

Table 1. Effects of exogenous cytokinin treatment on the super ovary production 813

TDZ (mg/L)

Percentage of super ovaries (%)

Ovary length at anthesis (cm)

Delayed days for corolla opening

control 0 3.9 0 1.25 12.5 6.8 * 1~2 2.5 75.0 11.2** 4~5 5 25.0 7.5** 2~3 10 37.5 7.9** 2~3

814



39

FIGURE LEGENDS

Figure 1. Morphological characterization of the normal ovary and super ovary in

cucumber.

(A) Progression of corolla opening in the normal ovary (N) (top) and super ovary (S)

(bottom). The numbers refer to days after labeling (DAL). c: corolla (red square

bracket); f: fruit (white square bracket). (B) Quantification of the days to blooming in

the normal ovary and super ovary. (C) The fruit at anthesis was on average much

longer in the super ovary than the normal ovary. (D-E) Development rates of corolla

length (D) and fruit length (E) in the normal ovary and super ovary. Bar=1cm.

Figure 2. Cytological characterizations of petals in the normal ovary and super

ovary in cucumber.

(A) The four typical stages of corolla development in the normal ovary (top) and

super ovary (bottom) at which samples were collected for transcriptome analyses:

green bud, green yellow bud, yellow bud and flowering. (B-L) Scanning electron

micrographs (SEM) of the adaxial side of petals in the normal ovary (B-E) and super

ovary (F-L). Note that the cell size was progressively increased from green bud to

flowering stage in both normal ovary and super ovary, but cell division and cell

expansion persisted for a longer period of time in the super ovary, especially during

the green yellow bud (G-I) and yellow bud stages (J-K). Bars represented 1cm in (A)

and 40μm in (B-L).

Figure 3. Nutritional measurements in the corollas of the normal ovary and

super ovary.

The levels of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, soluble sugars and

water content in the corollas of the normal ovary (orange) and super ovary (blue) at

four developmental stages: green bud (N1, S1), green yellow bud (N3, S3, S4, S5),

yellow bud (N4, S7, S8) and flowering (N5, S9). At least three replicates were

performed and bars represent standard deviations. Asterisks and double asterisks

represent significant difference as compared to that in the normal ovary at P < 0.05

and P < 0.01, respectively (Duncan’s multiple range test).

Figure 4. Global analyses of RNA-seq data from different corolla samples.



40

(A-B) Correlations (A) and the principle component analysis (PCA) of gene

expressions in corolla samples from the normal ovary and super ovary.

Figure 5. Gene expression pattern and functional category over the time course

of corolla development in the normal ovary and super ovary.

(A-B) Heat maps showing the expression patterns of genes in seven selected K-means

clusters in the normal ovary (A) and super ovary (B). For each gene, the value shown

was the Z-score value of normalized TPM (transcripts per million). The red color

indicated higher expression while green indicated lower expression. Overrepresented

(FDR <0.05) functional categories were indicated on the right.

Figure 6. Enrichment of MapMan functional categories in the differentially

expressed genes between the normal ovary and super ovary. The heat map showed

the enrichment in each category of differentially expressed genes. The significance of

enrichment (FDR) was indicated by the color ladder.

Figure 7. GO term enrichment of the common differentially expressed genes

（DEGs）between the normal ovary and super ovary at green yellow stage and

yellow stage.

(A-B) Venn diagrams of the overlapping DEGs that were upregulated (A) or down

regulated (B) at the green yellow bud stage (S3/N3, S4/N3 and S5/N3). (C-D) Bar

plot showing the top 5 GO terms of commonly up- (C) and down-(D) regulated DEGs

corresponding to (A) and (B), respectively. (E-F) Venn diagrams of the overlapping

DEGs that were upregulated (E) or downregulated (F) at the yellow bud stage (S7/N4,

S8/N4). (G-H) Bar plot showing the top 5 GO terms of commonly up- (G) or

down-regulated (H) DEGs corresponding to (E) and (F), respectively.

Figure 8. Expressions of key cytokinin and gibberellin pathway genes across

developmental stages in the normal ovary and super ovary.

(A-B) Heat map expression profiles of the cytokinin- (A) and gibberellin- (B) related

genes at different stages of corolla development. The colors in the squares represented

the Z-score values of normalized expression levels.



41

Figure 9 Expressions of flowering related genes and TCP and NAC transcription

factor encoding genes across developmental stages in the normal and super

ovaries.

(A-C) Heat map expression profiles of flowering related genes (A), TCP transcription

factor genes (B) and NAC transcription factor genes (C) at different stages of corolla

development in cucumber. The colors in the squares represented the Z-score values of

normalized expression levels.

Figure 10. Hormone measurements in the corollas of normal ovary and super

ovary in cucumber.

The concentrations of 3-Indole propionic acid (IPA), trans-zeatin riboside (ZR),

dihydrogen zeatin riboside (DHZR), gibberellins (GA3, GA4), auxin (IAA), abscisic

acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA) and brassinosteroid (BR) in the corollas of normal

ovary (orange) and super ovary (blue) at three stages: green yellow bud (N3, S3, S5),

yellow bud (N4, S7) and flowering (N5, S9). Three biological replicates were

performed and the bars represented standard deviation. Double asterisks represented

significant difference as compared to the concentration in the normal ovary at P <

0.01(unpaired t-test).

Figure 11. Cis-elements for cytokinin, nitrate and phosphorus response in the

promoters of type 3 DEGs.

(A) Venn diagrams of the overlapping DEGs with all three cis-elements for cytokinin,

nitrate and phosphorus response. (B) Detailed information of 20 selected DEGs with

all three cis-elements across stages. (C) Distribution of the 194 overlapping DEGs

with all three cis-elements in the pairwise comparisons between the normal ovary and

super ovary.

Figure 12. Diagram of gene expression modules during different stages of corolla

development in cucumber.

(A-B) Sequential activations of gene expression in the normal ovary (A) and super

ovary (B) at green bud, green yellow bud, yellow bud and flowering stages of corolla

development in cucumber.



42

Supplemental Figure Legends

Supplemental Figure S1. Real-time qRT-PCR analysis of selected genes in

corollas at different stages in the normal ovary and super ovary.

Transcript levels of ten selected genes were detected by qRT-PCR in the 11 samples of

normal ovary and super ovary. Heat map showed the mean value of transcript levels

detected in three biological replicates. For each gene, the highest transcript level was

set to 100, and transcript levels in other samples were calculated as the relative value

to the highest. Relative transcript levels as detected by qRT-PCR (top) or by RNA-Seq

(bottom) were shown by color scales. R, correlation coefficient value between

RNA-seq data and qRT-PCR data.

Supplemental Figure S2. Bar plot showing the number of DEGs between

different samples.

(A) Type 1 DEGs were genes differentially expressed between samples at two

adjacent time points in the normal ovary and super ovary. (B) Type 2 DEGs were

genes differentially expressed between the sample at a later time point and the sample

at the earliest time point (N1 or S1) in the normal ovary and super ovary. (C) Type 3

DEGs were genes differentially expressed between samples from the super ovary and

normal ovary at the same time points or the same developmental stages.

Supplemental Figure S3. Expression of MAP kinase family genes across

developmental stages in the normal ovary and super ovary.

Heat map expression profiles of MAP kinase family genes at different stages of

corolla development in cucumber. The colors in the squares represented the Z-score

values of normalized gene expression levels.

Supplemental Figure S4. Hormone measurements and cytokinin effect on the

fruit growth rate in cucumber.

(A) The content of 3-Indole propionic acid (IPA), trans-zeatin riboside (ZR),

dihydrogen zeatin riboside (DHZR), gibberellins (GA3, GA4), auxin (IAA), abscisic

acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA) and brassinosteroid (BR) in the fruits of normal ovary

(orange) and super ovary (blue) at three stages: green yellow bud (N3, S3, S5), yellow

bud (N4, S7) and flowering (N5, S9). Three biological replicates were performed and



43

the bars represented standard deviations. Double asterisks represented significant

difference as compared to that in the normal ovary at P < 0.01(unpaired t-test). (B)

Effects of different TDZ treatments on the fruit growth rate in cucumber. Water

treatment was used as control.

Supplemental Table S1. Quantifications of seeded fruits and seeds per fruit in the

normal and super ovaries depending on the timing of hand pollination.

Supplemental Table S2. Summary of transcriptome sequencing data.

Supplemental Table S3. The differentially expressed genes from the pairwise

comparisons in Figure S2.

Supplemental Table S4. K-means clustering of the differentially expressed genes

corresponding to Figure 5.

Supplemental Table S5. The expression levels of the MAP kinase family genes in

Figure S3.

Supplemental Table S6. The expression levels of the cytokinins (CK) and

gibberellins (GA) related genes corresponding to those in Figure 8.

Supplemental Table S7. The expression levels of the flowering related genes, TCP

and NAC family genes corresponding to those in Figure 9.

Supplemental Table S8. Detailed information of the 194 overlapping DEGs with

cytokinin, nitrate and phosphorus cis-elements in the promoters corresponding

to Figure 11.

Supplemental Table S9. Primers used for qRT-PCR assays in this study.



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Steinitz B, Cohen A (1982) Gibberellic acid promotes flower bud opening on detached flower stalks of statice (Limonium sinuatumL.). Hortscience 17: 903-904


Sun TP (2008). Gibberellin metabolism, perception and signaling pathways in Arabidopsis. Arabidopsis Book 6: e103Pubmed: Author and TitleCrossRef: Author and TitleGoogle Scholar: Author Only Title Only Author and Title

Swaczynova J, Novak O, Hauserova E, Fuksova K, Sisa M, Kohout L, Strnad M (2007) New techniques for the estimation ofnaturally occurring brassinosteroids. J Plant Growth Regul 26: 1-14


Takei K, Sakakibara H, Taniguchi M, Sugiyama T (2001) Nitrogen-dependent accumulation of cytokinins in root and thetranslocation to leaf: implication of cytokinin species that induces gene expression of maize response regulator. Plant Cell Physiol42: 85-93


Tang X, Woodson WR (1996) Temporal and Spatial Expression of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Oxidase mRNA followingPollination of Immature and Mature Petunia Flowers. Plant Physiol 112: 503-511


Thimm O, Blasing O, Gibon Y, Nagel A, Meyer S, Kruger P, Selbig J, Muller LA, Rhee SY, Stitt M (2004) MAPMAN: a user-driven toolto display genomics data sets onto diagrams of metabolic pathways and other biological processes. Plant J 37: 914-939


Trapnell C, Pachter L, Salzberg SL (2009) TopHat: discovering splice junctions with RNA-Seq. Bioinformatics 25: 1105-1111Pubmed: Author and TitleCrossRef: Author and TitleGoogle Scholar: Author Only Title Only Author and Title

Trebitsh T, Staub JE, O'Neill SD (1997) Identification of a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase gene linked to thefemale (F) locus that enhances female sex expression in cucumber. Plant Physiol 113: 987-995


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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%28%3A from %27omics%27 studies to metabolic modelling%2E J Exp Bot%5BTitle%5D%29 AND 65%5BVolume%5D AND 5657%5BPagination%5D AND Simons M%2C Saha R%2C Guillard L%2C Clement G%2C Armengaud P%2C Canas R%2C Maranas CD%2C Lea PJ%2C Hirel B%5BAuthor%5D&dopt=abstract

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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%28%2E Hortscience%5BTitle%5D%29 AND 17%5BVolume%5D AND 903%5BPagination%5D AND Steinitz B%2C Cohen A%5BAuthor%5D&dopt=abstract

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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%28Gibberellin metabolism%2C perception and signaling pathways in Arabidopsis%2E%5BTitle%5D%29 AND Sun TP%5BAuthor%5D&dopt=abstract

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http://scholar.google.com/scholar?as_q=&num=10&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=Sun&hl=en&c2coff=1

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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%28Curr Opin Plant Biol%5BTitle%5D%29 AND 7%5BVolume%5D AND 491%5BPagination%5D AND Uelker B%2C Somssich IE%5BAuthor%5D&dopt=abstract

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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%28J Plant Physiol%5BTitle%5D%29 AND 170%5BVolume%5D AND 161%5BPagination%5D AND Van Doorn WG%2C Dole I%2C Celikel FG%2C Harkema H%5BAuthor%5D&dopt=abstract

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Yan H, Jia H, Chen X, Hao L, An H, Guo X (2014) The cotton WRKY transcription factor GhWRKY17 functions in drought and saltstress in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana through ABA signaling and the modulation of reactive oxygen species production.Plant Cell Physiol 55: 2060-2076


Yu Y, Hu R, Wang H, Cao Y, He G, Fu C, Zhou G (2013) MlWRKY12, a novel Miscanthus transcription factor, participates in pithsecondary cell wall formation and promotes flowering. Plant Sci 212: 1-9


Zhang X, Facette M, Humphries JA, Shen Z, Park Y, Sutimantanapi D, Sylvester AW, Briggs SP, Smith LG (2012) Identification ofPAN2 by quantitative proteomics as a leucine-rich repeat-receptor-like kinase acting upstream of PAN1 to polarize cell division inMaize. Plant Cell 24: 4577-4589


Zhao J, Li Y, Ding L, Yan S, Liu M, Jiang L, Zhao W, Wang Q, Yan L, Liu R, Zhang X (2016) Phloem transcriptome signaturesunderpin the physiological differentiation of the pedicel, stalk and fruit of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Plant Cell Physiol 57: 19-34



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http://scholar.google.com/scholar?as_q=&num=10&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=Yan&hl=en&c2coff=1

http://scholar.google.com/scholar?as_q=The cotton WRKY transcription factor GhWRKY17 functions in drought and salt stress in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana through ABA signaling and the modulation of reactive oxygen species production&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_publication=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en&lr=&c2coff=1

http://scholar.google.com/scholar?as_q=The cotton WRKY transcription factor GhWRKY17 functions in drought and salt stress in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana through ABA signaling and the modulation of reactive oxygen species production&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=Yan&as_ylo=2014&as_allsubj=all&hl=en&c2coff=1

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%28MlWRKY%5BTitle%5D%29 AND 12%5BVolume%5D AND a novel Miscanthus transcription factor%2C participates in pith secondary cell wall formation and promotes flowering%2E Plant Sci 212%3A 1%5BPagination%5D AND Yu Y%2C Hu R%2C Wang H%2C Cao Y%2C He G%2C Fu C%2C Zhou G%5BAuthor%5D&dopt=abstract

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http://scholar.google.com/scholar?as_q=&num=10&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=Yu&hl=en&c2coff=1


http://scholar.google.com/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=Yu&as_ylo=2013&as_allsubj=all&hl=en&c2coff=1

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%28Plant Cell%5BTitle%5D%29 AND 24%5BVolume%5D AND 4577%5BPagination%5D AND Zhang X%2C Facette M%2C Humphries JA%2C Shen Z%2C Park Y%2C Sutimantanapi D%2C Sylvester AW%2C Briggs SP%2C Smith LG%5BAuthor%5D&dopt=abstract

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http://scholar.google.com/scholar?as_q=&num=10&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=Zhang&hl=en&c2coff=1

http://scholar.google.com/scholar?as_q=Identification of PAN2 by quantitative proteomics as a leucine-rich repeat-receptor-like kinase acting upstream of PAN1 to polarize cell division in Maize&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_publication=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en&lr=&c2coff=1

http://scholar.google.com/scholar?as_q=Identification of PAN2 by quantitative proteomics as a leucine-rich repeat-receptor-like kinase acting upstream of PAN1 to polarize cell division in Maize&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=Zhang&as_ylo=2012&as_allsubj=all&hl=en&c2coff=1

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%28%2E Plant Cell Physiol%5BTitle%5D%29 AND 57%5BVolume%5D AND 19%5BPagination%5D AND Zhao J%2C Li Y%2C Ding L%2C Yan S%2C Liu M%2C Jiang L%2C Zhao W%2C Wang Q%2C Yan L%2C Liu R%2C Zhang X%5BAuthor%5D&dopt=abstract

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http://scholar.google.com/scholar?as_q=&num=10&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=Zhao&hl=en&c2coff=1

http://scholar.google.com/scholar?as_q=Phloem transcriptome signatures underpin the physiological differentiation of the pedicel, stalk and fruit of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_publication=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en&lr=&c2coff=1

http://scholar.google.com/scholar?as_q=Phloem transcriptome signatures underpin the physiological differentiation of the pedicel, stalk and fruit of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=Zhao&as_ylo=2016&as_allsubj=all&hl=en&c2coff=1


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