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Rural-Urban Relations:Building Alliances(8 suggestions)

Rural-Urban Relations:Building Alliances(8 suggestions)

Bill Reimer –Bill Reimer –

with a lot of help from my friendswith a lot of help from my friendsnre@concordia.canre@concordia.ca

2004/10/142004/10/14

Click on for Click on for the data behind the the data behind the

claims and View claims and View Notes Page for Notes Page for Speakers NotesSpeakers Notes

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The Rural-Urban DebateThe Rural-Urban Debate

•Polarized: rural vs. urbanPolarized: rural vs. urban

•Rural and urban highly integratedRural and urban highly integrated……but not visiblebut not visible

•StrategiesStrategies Rural must take initiativeRural must take initiative Make the interdependence visibleMake the interdependence visible Work with common interestsWork with common interests Minimize damageMinimize damage

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Rural-Urban Integration in the NERural-Urban Integration in the NE•ExchangesExchanges

Goods: Goods go globalGoods: Goods go global Services: Knowledge-orientedServices: Knowledge-oriented People: Mobile, connected, and diversePeople: Mobile, connected, and diverse Information: Extensive, accessibleInformation: Extensive, accessible

•Shared institutions and resourcesShared institutions and resources Institutions: Rationalized and regionalizedInstitutions: Rationalized and regionalized Environment: Increased stress and awarenessEnvironment: Increased stress and awareness Identities: Multiple and contestedIdentities: Multiple and contested

8 Suggestions

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1. Look to urban interests1. Look to urban interests

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Opportunities and ResponsesOpportunities and Responses

2.2. Identify global niche marketsIdentify global niche markets

3.3. Integrate strangersIntegrate strangers

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4. Maintain Diaspora4. Maintain Diaspora

Doaktown, NBDoaktown, NB11 of 36 pages11 of 36 pages

•Atlantic: 15Atlantic: 15

•Central: 6Central: 6

•West: 17West: 17

•USA: 6USA: 6

• International: 2International: 2

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5. Build Capacities5. Build Capacities

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6. Make Interdependencies Visible6. Make Interdependencies Visible

•FoodFood

•WaterWater

•EnvironmentEnvironment

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7. Strengthen Local Identities7. Strengthen Local Identities

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Check your contextCheck your context

•Location – Adjacency to metro areasLocation – Adjacency to metro areas

• Integration to the global economyIntegration to the global economy High integration: Associative mattersHigh integration: Associative matters Low integration: Associative less impactLow integration: Associative less impact

•Stability of the local EconomyStability of the local Economy Fluctuating: Communal mattersFluctuating: Communal matters Stable: Communal little relation to incomeStable: Communal little relation to income

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8 Suggestions8 Suggestions1.1. Look to urban demandLook to urban demand2.2. Identify global niche marketsIdentify global niche markets3.3. Integrate strangersIntegrate strangers4.4. Maintain diasporaMaintain diaspora5.5. Build all capacitiesBuild all capacities6.6. Make interdependencies visibleMake interdependencies visible7.7. Strengthen local identityStrengthen local identity8.8. Check your contextCheck your context

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Rural-Urban Relations:Building alliances

Rural-Urban Relations:Building alliances

The Canadian Rural Revitalization The Canadian Rural Revitalization FoundationFoundation

http://nre.concordia.cahttp://nre.concordia.ca

http://www.crrf.cahttp://www.crrf.ca2004/10/142004/10/14Become a

member today!

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Population trends: Rural minority in Canada in 1931

0

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

25,000,000

1851 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991

Rural (centres under 1,000)

Urban (centres 1,000+)

Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 1851 - 1996.

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Identify global niche marketsIdentify global niche markets

•Economic theoryEconomic theory Trade necessary for developmentTrade necessary for development Trade substitution necessary for developmentTrade substitution necessary for development Seek competitive advantageSeek competitive advantage Commodity production creates nichesCommodity production creates niches

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15Source: Statistics Canada, Based on Catologue Nos. 91-213 and 91-520

Immigration increasingly important part of pop growth.Immigration increasingly important part of pop growth.

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Immigrants represent a low share of rural population, but one-quarter of urban population

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Predominantlyurban region

Intermediateregions

All predominantlyrural regions

Rural metro-adjacent regions

Rural non-metro-adjacent regions

Rural northernregions

Percent of total population who are immigrants, 2001

1996-20011991-19951981-1990Pre-1981

Statistics Canada, Census of Populaton, 2001

Period of immigrant arrival1:4

1:8

1:16 1:141:17

1:20

Predominantly rural regions

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Rural and Small Town Canada Migration Rates

-8

-4

0

4

8

12

16

1966 to1971

1971 to1976

1976 to1981

1981 to1986

1986 to1991

1991 to1996

Fiv

e-y

ear

rate

of

mig

rati

on

(f

or

ind

ivid

uals

15 y

ears

an

d o

ver)

to R

ura

l an

d S

mall

To

wn

(R

ST

) are

as (

perc

en

t)

IN-migration OUT-migration NET migration

Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 1971-1996. Larger Urban Centres (LUC) refers to Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, which are urban cores of 10,000 or more plus neighbouring municipalities where more than 50 percent of the workforce commutes to the urban core. Rural and Small Town (RST) is thus the area outside the commuting zone of LUCs.

Figure 2

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Youth would live in rural communities because of family and community

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Want / have a job related to rural life

Familiarity / integration / comfort with town

Friend base

Cleaner environment

Good place to raise a family

Caring community atmosphere / close-knit

Simpler lifestyle / slower pace / down to earth / quiet

Family base

Less crime / sense of personal security / safety

Percent of rural youth identifying specific reason why youth / young adultswould choose to LIVE IN in rural community

Source : Malatest and Associates. (2002) TECHNICAL REPORT: RESEARCH INTO RURAL YOUTH MIGRATION (Ottawa: Rural Secretariat).Totals sum to more than 100 percent as multiple responses were recorded.

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Type of USE of Social Capital matters for HH Incomes

Type of USE of Social Capital matters for HH Incomes

($4,000)

($2,000)

$0

$2,000

$4,000

$6,000

$8,000

B C

oeffi

cie

nt

• Adj. RAdj. R22 = .37 = .37• Constant = $9102Constant = $9102• N = 1697N = 1697• Logged values for Logged values for

USE of social USE of social capitalcapital

• P < .05P < .05• Source: NRE HH Source: NRE HH

survey, 2001survey, 2001• Total HH incomeTotal HH income• Market, Market,

bureaucratic, bureaucratic, communal, communal, associative: associative: indexes of types of indexes of types of social capitalsocial capital

• Education of the Education of the respondentrespondent

• HH Size: number of HH Size: number of people in the people in the householdhousehold

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Correlations are all positive for types of social capital used

Correlations are all positive for types of social capital used

Bureau. Assoc. Comm’nl

Market .18 .28 .27

Bureau. .37 .41

Assoc. .29

• No substitutionsNo substitutions

Policy: Weak safety netPolicy: Weak safety net

• But: But: ComplementaryComplementary

Policy: Local strength in Policy: Local strength in one can be used to one can be used to build capacity in othersbuild capacity in others

(r) 1995 HHs – sums of logged items p<.01Source: NRE HH Survey 2001 ReturnPrevious

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Make interdependence visibleMake interdependence visible

•Build on existing interests of urbanBuild on existing interests of urban

•Primary concerns:Primary concerns: FoodFood WaterWater EnvironmentEnvironment

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Context Matters for CapacityContext Matters for Capacity

Index of Associative Social Capital

highlow

Est

imat

ed M

argi

nal M

eans

60000

50000

40000

Exposure

Local

Global

HH Income by Associative Social Capital and Global Exposure The use of social capital

increases HH incomes

…but not if exposure to the global economy is low

Public expenditure on associative social capital will have higher impact in

globally exposed sites

NRE HH Survey 2001 (N=1698) Adj. R2 = .04

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Context Important for Transforming Assets into Outcomes (e.g. Income)

Context Important for Transforming Assets into Outcomes (e.g. Income)

3344

4466335522221111

.35.35.43.43

HiCap.HiCap.LoCap.LoCap.

5533

4466334422221111

.31.31.41.41

Metro Metro Adj.Adj.

N.AdjN.Adj

6655445533334422221111

.43.43.29.29

Fluct.Fluct.StableStable

3355556644443322221111

.35.35.42.42

GlobalGlobalLocalLocal

665544332211

.37.37

TotalTotal

Assoc.Assoc.Comm.Comm.Bureau.Bureau.HH SizeHH SizeEducEducMarketMarketRR2

• Regression of HH Income on Social Capital, etc. under NRE Sample Frame conditions• Ranks based on standardized coefficients• Source: NRE HH Survey 2001 (1995 HHs) • USE of social capital• USE of social capitalReturn

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SoCo and ContextSoCo and Context

HH Income

Market-based SoCo

+$3,825

Education

+$3,009

Communal-based SoCo-$966

Global with Bureaucraticor Local with non-

Bureaucratic

+$1,941

Social cohesion can mitigate these effects

Rural outcomes are often conditional$7,046$7,046

Bureau-based SoCo-$824

Fluctuating Economy

-$4,467

Adj R2 = .35

N = 1697

Source: NRE HH Survey 2001Return