1 sources of gender statistics angela me unece statistics division
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Sources of gender statistics
Angela MeUNECE Statistics Division
UNECE Statistical Division 2
What Statistical Sources are relevant for Gender
statistics?
All sources where data on individuals are collected are in principle relevant for gender statistics
Including sources used preliminary for other purposes (economic for
example)
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What Statistical Sources are relevant for Gender
statistics?
Census Surveys Administrative Records Published data Other sources (surveillance
systems, associations)
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Population and Housing Census
Complete Count of the people and the housing units and the collection of a number of their characteristics in a territory of a country
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Population and Housing Census
Identify each member of the population Collect certain basic data about them
age, sex, education, employment, etc.
Modules to collect data on specific topics may be added
Normally about every 10 years Provide the benchmarking for
population, and sampling frames
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Population and Housing Census
Advantage Excellent coverage
Disadvantage May be inaccurate due to
infrequency Limited data collected Lag before data produced
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Population and Housing Census
Data for Gender analysis
Population (counting, age, marital status, family composition)
Employment (occupations, status in employment, industry)
Unemployment Activity Status Education (attendance, level, literacy) Migration (foreign-born, foreigners, refugees,
internal migration) Living conditions (housing characteristics)
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Population and Housing Census
Data for Gender analysis The census is one of the pillars in
a national statistical system and in addition to the information that provides it represents the basis for the other data collection on individuals
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Sample Surveys
Sampling techniques are used to select a small proportion of the population that is believed to be representative of the population at large. A survey is then conducted using this sample population to gain estimates for the total population.
The sample design and the sample size determine the quality and the representativeness of the data
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The “Miracle” of the selected sample: how a limited number of people can provide data for the
whole population?
How many people is sufficient to sample in order to know the sex composition of the
population?
Any sample of 1 will give the sex composition
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The “Miracle” of the selected sample
How many people is sufficient to sample in order to know the sex composition of the
population?
A “good” sample of 2 will give the sex
composition
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The “Miracle” of the selected sample
The sample of 3 could cover the all composition
BUT
A good sample of 4 gives the right
proportions
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Sample
A good sample depends on:
Size (not percentage over the total population)
Design
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Sample Surveys
Good vehicle for collecting data from a subset of the population
Subset: Save money and resources Reduce time to collect data Reduce time to analyze Topics can be investigated in more
details
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Sample SurveysAs long as
The sample is properly selected: Updated frame Proper size (depending from the topic
under investigation –its variability- and NOT on the percentage over the population)
Proper designUsually a sample of households is drawn and
data collected for each member of the household
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Sample Surveys
Limitations Sample size determines if results are
generalizable to entire population (larger samples and better designs can produce better data and reliable for sub-populations/geographical localities)
Data on small sub-populations may not be reliable
Information on small geographic areas may not be available
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Sample Surveys
Data for Gender analysis
Usually household surveys focus on socio-economic issues.
Surveys that should be carried out REGULALRY: Income and Expenditures (Household Budget Survey) Employment (Labour Force Surveys) Health
Examples of ad-hoc Surveys/Modules: Time-Use Survey Violence against women Employment (occupations,
status in employment, industry)
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International Programmes of Sample Surveys
Multi-indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) Children malnutrition Education (children and women – attendance) Reproductive health of women Children health Health status of children and women (HIV) Disability of children Infant and child mortality
Demographic Health Survey (DHS) Same as above Violence against women
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International Programmes of Sample Surveys
Living Standards Measurement Surveys (LSMS)
Household income and expenditures Health Education Employment Accessibility to services ……..
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Administrative (or routine) data sources
Generated as a byproduct of events and processes and data collected by a variety of organizations (hospitals, schools, …)
Primary purpose is management of processes
Event triggers data production Summary and/or dissemination occurs
later (but usually within one or two years)
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Administrative (or routine) data sources
Examples relevant for gender analysis
Vital registration Births, deaths, marriages
Health system Diseases, services provided
Education system Enrollment, teachers
Employment Business registration Voting registers
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Administrative (or routine) data sources
Advantages• Less expensive than surveys and
censuses• Relatively up to date (usually available
within one to two years after event)• If properly maintained, full coverage• Often produced by agencies who are
stakeholders in the policy process, e.g., health providers, schools, industry bodies, so incentive to participate
• Routine collection of sub-population identifiers
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Administrative (or routine) data sources
Disadvantages
Require large efforts by Governments and People to properly maintain them
Coverage may be insufficient or biased Limited set of information collected Some data may depend upon uptake of
services May measure service provision rather than
demand, and uptake rather than impact Numbers may be inflated in some areas Primary purpose is NOT data collection
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Census and Surveys: initiated by the statistical authorities
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Administrative Records: initiated by the individual
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Data Sources
Data for Gender analysis
For data where women and men do not have a benefit or do not see the advantage of reporting the event Household Surveys or Census are better sources
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Demographic Surveillance Systems
Data for Gender analysis
Longitudinal monitoring of sentinel populations
Can provide detailed information on the sentinel population but not representative of the population
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Other Sources
Data for Gender analysis
Professional Organizations Business Journalists Lawyers
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Data sources compared
Characteristic
Admin Survey Census
Inclusion criterion
All ‘noticed’ events
Designated units
All units
CoverageVariable, depending upon system
% coverage specified
~100% coverage
Gender BiasMay be biased Designed to
minimize biasLack of coverage may lead to some bias
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Data sources compared
Characteristic Admin Survey Census
Cost Cheap Medium Expensive
TimeOngoing, + 1-2 years for reporting
3-5 years + 1 year for reporting
10 years + 1 year for reporting
Potential forGender analysis
V good, but limited info, and problem if coverage poor
Good, but only for medium to long term
Good for long term and as input with other data
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Messages
Look for all potential Sources
Use the sources at the best for gender analysis understanding
their strengthens and limitations