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1. ---- There are those that affect the body

surfaces they contact, and those that

damage the general nervous system.

Surface agents include phosgene gas,

chlorine gas, hydrogen cyanide, and

mustard gas. While the principal action of

the first three occurs through inhalation,

mustard is ablistering agent that damages

any surface it contacts, including the skin.

Nerve agents, on the other hand, which

include the chemicals sarin, soman, and

tabun, act by blocking the transmission of

nerve messages throughout the body. A

single drop of nerve agent can shut down

the body’s nervous system.

A) A biological attack involves dispersing

agents into the air.

B) Chemical warfare involves the use of

compounds to kill an enemy.

C) Biological weapons use living

microorganisms to infect large masses of

people.

D) Both biological and chemical weapons are

considered weapons of mass destruction.

E) Chemical warfare agents can be grouped

into two general types.

2. Diamond is the crystalline phase of carbon

formed at very high pressures. It generally

crystallizes at depths of 135 to 200

kilometres and at temperatures of 1,100 to

1,200 Celsius. It is the most highly valued

gemstone; exceptional stones can fetch

upward of $500,000 per carat and individual

pieces can be valued at more than $20

million. ---- But today, the three top

diamond-producing nations by value are

Botswana, Russia and Canada, with

significant production from Angola and

South Africa.

A) Mineral inclusions within diamonds allow

calculation of pressures and temperatures

of the environment in which they were

formed.

B) The Golkonda region in south-central India

was the original source of diamonds for

hundreds of years until discoveries were

made in different parts of the world.

C) Although there are dozens of gemstones,

among the best known and most important

is sapphire, mostly found in Sri Lanka and

Thailand.

D) Besides its beauty, diamond’s exceptional

physical properties, unusual formation and

value have prompted abundant research.

E) Part of the reason that gemstones reach

high values is their rarity, which also

makes them coveted by geologists.

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3. Ecology is the study of the relationship of

plants and animals to their physical and

biological environment. The physical

environment includes light and heat or solar

radiation, moisture, wind, nutrients in soil,

water, and atmosphere. The biological

environment includes organisms of the

same kind as well as other plants and

animals. ---- For this reason, it draws upon

such fields as climatology, hydrology,

oceanography, physics, chemistry, geology,

and soil analysis as well as animal

behaviour, taxonomy, physiology, and

mathematics.

A) Different kinds of organisms often share

the same environment, which makes the

relationship between them significant.

B) However, due to the climate and other

natural factors, physical and biological

environments show great diversity in the

world.

C) An increased public awareness of

environmental problems has made ecology

a common but often misused word.

D) Our understanding of environmental

problems has increased by a very large

extent over the last few decades.

E) Although the field is a distinct scientific

discipline, it has a close relationship with

other disciplines.

4. Insulin plays a major role in the storage of

all the breakdown products of food that are

absorbed into the bloodstream. Glucose

(carbohydrates),triglycerides (fats), and

amino acids (proteins) are all pushed into

storage forms in the cells of the body by

insulin. Obese people generally have higher

insulin levels than people who are not

obese, and any food they eat is more likely

to proceed directly into storage as fat in the

presence of this increased amount of

insulin. ----

A) Dieticians, in fact, have succeeded in

explaining the dynamics of weight gain and

loss.

B) However, many studies revealed that the

faster glucose is dumped into the

bloodstream, the more insulin is released.

C) This is one of the reasons why obese

people can eat very little and still not lose

weight.

D) Also, metabolic syndrome results in such

manifestations as obesity and late-onset

diabetes.

E) Fructose, the major sugar in most fruits,

has much less of an effect on insulin

production.

5. Antidepressants are becoming quite popular

around the world. Americans take more

antidepressants than they do any other type

of prescription drug, and pregnant women

are no exception. One out of every eight

pregnant women in the United States takes

antidepressants to treat depression and

other mood disorders. ---- Nevertheless,

most doctors argue that the benefits these

drugs provide still outweigh the potential

risks.

A) A group of Danish doctors found that

women who take antidepressants are more

likely to give normal births.

B) According to some clinical

pharmacologists, untreated depression

increases the risk of prematurity.

C) Doctors have to distinguish between real

depression and just sadness and feeling

down.

D) Many women who take antidepressants

have not been diagnosed with clinical

depression.

E) A handful of recent studies suggest that

these drugs could have adverse effects on

infant health.

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6. In England, special educational

arrangements are made for children with

IQs of between 50 and 70 or 75. Provision

for dull and backward children in ordinary

schools usually consists, in urban areas, of

classes with specially adapted curricula and

teaching methods. ---- In rural areas, it is

difficult, sometimes impossible, to offer

adequate provision for backward children.

A) The causes of retardation are usually

several in any one case.

B) Teachers who have, to some extent,

specialized in this work are employed.

C) In choosing between a day-school and a

residential school such factors as

temperament and character are taken into

consideration.

D) Sometimes a child's disability may be

environmentally determined rather than the

result of intellectual defect.

E) It is thought that roughly 10 per cent of the

school population needs special help.

7. A person's water needs vary,

depending primarily on diet, activity,

environmental temperature and humidity. ---

- Recommendations for adults are

expressed in proportion to the amount of

energy expended under average

environmental conditions. A person who

expends 2000 calories a day needs 2 to 3

liters of water.

A) This is why beverages containing caffeine

are not good substitutes for water.

B) The body must excrete a minimum of

about 500 milliliters of water each day as

urine.

C) Moreover, water is lost from the lungs as

vapour and from the skin as sweat.

D) In fact, most fruits and vegetables contain

up to 90 per cent water.

E) Accordingly, a general water requirement

is difficult to establish.

8. While identifying the right behaviours for

reinforcement, even managers who use

positive reinforcement can get into trouble if

they are not careful to identify the right

behaviours to reinforce. ---- First, it is crucial

for managers to choose behaviours over

which subordinates have control; in other

words, subordinates must have the freedom

and opportunity to perform the behaviours

that are being reinforced. Second, these

should provide organizational effectiveness.

A) The managers sometimes stop acting

interested in the non-work-related

conversations.

B) No one likes being criticized or threatened

in front of other people.

C) People avoid performing behaviours that

lead to outcomes they do not desire.

D) Doing this is not always as straightforward

as it might seem.

E) Punishment can have some unintended

side effects such as loss of self respect.

9. In recent years, many countries in Africa

have faced severe food shortages as a

result of extended drought. The reduced

capacity for food production has been

catastrophic for a population of over 200

million people, some of whom have died of

starvation. ---- In order to rehabilitate these

victims, the international community brings

in emergency aid, both in the form of food

supplies and of technical assistance.

However, the drought hazard in Africa is

expected to continue, recurring at

unpredictable intervals.

A) It is especially the rural people in Africa

who need to be trained efficiently.

B) As regards the continent’s precious top-

soil, it is being lost at an incredible rate.

C) The human population in Africa’s arid and

semiarid areas has doubled in the past

three decades.

D) Among the survivors, many will suffer

impaired health for the rest of their lives.

E) Unless serious measures are taken, the

economic situation could lead to political

chaos.

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10. ---- The first is that price changes are

normally distributed. In other words, most

price changes are small moves up or down;

very rarely are there extremely large

changes. Second, price changes are

statistically independent, that is, a price

change today has nothing to do with past

prices. Mandelbrot tears down these

assumptions and shows how his models

provide a far more accurate description of

the risks involved in financial markets.

A) Mandelbrot has been trying to persuade

economists that his model can provide a

more accurate description of price

changes.

B) Mandelbrot believes that markets are far

riskier than economists believe.

C) While the views of Mandelbrot are

gradually being accepted, established

models remain dominant.

D) The assumption that economics is not a

full-fledged science has been challenged

by two eminent scholars.

E) There are two assumptions that have been

at the root of economics since its

foundation about a century ago.

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Cevap Anahtarı

1 E

2 B

3 E

4 C

5 E

6 B

7 E

8 D

9 D

10 E

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