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This chapter will explain the growing conflict over slavery and states’ rights that led to southern secession and Civil War. It will focus on the impact of the war on the North and South and the outcomes of Reconstruction.

Chapter Introduction

• Section 1: The Union in Crisis

• Section 2: Lincoln, Secession, and War

• Section 3: The Civil War

• Section 4: The Reconstruction Era

• Trace the growing conflict over the issue of slavery in the western territories.

• Explain how the Fugitive Slave Act increased northern opposition to slavery.

• Analyze the importance of the Dred Scott decision.

Objectives

Terms and People

• Wilmot Proviso – 1846 amendment to an appropriations bill which called for a ban on slavery in any territory gained from the Mexican-American War

• Free-Soil Party – a political party whose members sought to prevent the expansion of slavery into western territories

• Compromise of 1850 – a measure which allowed California to join the Union as a free state, but left voters to decide the slavery issue for other territory acquired from Mexico

Terms and People (continued)

• popular sovereignty – the practice of allowing voters in a territory to decide the slavery issue

• Harriet Beecher Stowe – the author of the novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin, a condemnation of slavery

• Kansas-Nebraska Act – a law that divided the Nebraska Territory into Kansas and Nebraska and then allowed voters to decide the slavery issue

• John Brown – an abolitionist who led a midnight raid on a proslavery settlement in Kansas

Terms and People (continued)

• Dred Scott v. Sandford – a Supreme Court case which ruled that African Americans were not citizens and that Congress did not have the power to ban slavery in any territory

• Abraham Lincoln – an 1858 Republican Senate candidate for Illinois Senate who went on to become President

Differences between the industrial North and the agricultural South, which had been present since colonial times, widened in the mid 1800s.

In time, conflict over the issue of slavery led to the Civil War.

How did the issue of slavery divide the Union?

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Sectionalism

Economic concerns

States’ Rights

Slavery

UNDERLYING CAUSES OF THE WAR

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NORTH SOUTH

Diverse economy based on industry and agriculture

Economy based on agriculture

Large cities undergoing rapid urbanization

Mainly rural with a few cities

Massive immigration strengthened the economy

Few immigrants

Favored federal spending on internal improvements and

wanted high tariffs

Opposed federal spending on internal improvements and

wanted no tariffs

The Northeast was economically linked with the

Midwest

Sought to expand by creating more slave states

Economy based on free labor Economy based on slave labor

The North and South developed along different lines

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GROWTH IN U.S. SLAVE POPULATION 1790-1860

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Southern slave states-1860

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The South: an economy built upon agriculture and slavery

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50 or more slaves

20-49 slaves

1-19 slaves

No slaves

% of slave ownership in the South-1860

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Northern Free States

1860

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The economy of the northern states

“Yankee” ingenuity and inventiveness laid a basis for expansion

expansion created a huge demand for labor which was filled by massive European immigration

major inventions include, canals, railroads, telegraph, sewing machine, steam boat and many others

a transportation and communication revolution changed the way business was done, speeding up the tempo of enterprise

U.S. Clipper sailing ships gained superiority for fast voyages and set speed records until they were replaced by iron steam driven vessels after mid century

financial and insurance industries developed to serve the new industrial corporations

American exports climbed as the demand for U.S. raw materials increased overseas

The question of slavery in the West arose as a major issue during the Mexican-American War.

To prevent the spread of slavery in the West, the Wilmot Proviso was added to a bill in Congress.

An antislavery political party, the Free-Soil Party, was formed in 1848.

The Compromise of 1850 allowed California to join the Union as a free state.

The Compromise of 1850 allowed people in territory acquired from Mexico to vote on the slavery issue.

The compromise included the Fugitive Slave Act, which required citizens to help capture runaway slaves.

Harriet Beecher Stowe was inspired by her anger over the Fugitive Slave Act to write Uncle Tom’s Cabin.

The novel, a condemnation of slavery, put a human face on slavery and sold 300,000 copies.

The book was very influential in increasing antislavery sentiment.

Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854.

• The law split the Nebraska Territory into Nebraska and Kansas and allowed voters to decide the slavery issue.

• Both proslavery and antislavery settlers moved to Kansas, and violence erupted.

Abolitionist John Brown conducted a raid on a proslavery settlement.

The territory came to be known as “Bleeding Kansas.”

In opposition to slavery, the Republican Party was created in 1856.

In 1857, the Dred Scott decision increased divisions over slavery.

• Dred Scott, a slave, sued for his freedom.

• The Supreme Court ruled against Scott in Dred Scott v. Sandford.

• The Court declared that African Americans were not citizens and that Congress did not have the power to ban slavery in any territory. Northerners were alarmed.

In 1858 a new voice joined the slavery debate.

Abraham Lincoln ran for Senate against Stephen Douglas and challenged him to a series of debates.

Douglas won the Senate race, but Lincoln gained national attention.

Abolitionist John Brown seized the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia in an attempt to ignite an uprising.

Brown was put on trial and sentenced to death. His defense of his actions made him a martyr to the antislavery cause.

• Compare the candidates in the election of 1860, and analyze the results.

• Analyze why southern states seceded from the Union.

• Assess the events that led to the outbreak of war.

Objectives

Terms and People

• Jefferson Davis – Mississippi senator who convinced Congress to adopt resolutions restricting federal control over slavery in the territories, and who went on to become the president of the Confederacy

• John C. Breckinridge – the southern Democrat presidential nominee in 1860

• Confederate States of America – established in 1861 by seven southern states that seceded from the Union

Terms and People (continued)

• Crittenden Compromise – proposed 1861 constitutional amendment that would have allowed slavery in western territories south of the Missouri Compromise line

• Fort Sumter – a Union fort which guarded the harbor at Charleston, South Carolina, and fell to Confederate forces in 1861, beginning the Civil War

Disagreement over slavery deepened between North and South despite attempts at compromise.

The election of Abraham Lincoln as President in 1860 sharpened the crisis. The young Union was about to dissolve.

How did the Union finally collapse into a civil war?

The election of 1860 approached as tensions over slavery and states’ rights ran high.

Northern Democrats:

Stephen Douglas

Southern Democrats:

John C. Breckinridge

• Jefferson Davis wanted Congress to restrict federal control over slavery in the territories.

• At their convention, the Democrats argued about slavery for ten days and split their support.

The Whig party united with the Know-Nothings and nominated John Bell.

The Republican Party nominated Abraham Lincoln, who was viewed as a moderate.

At the same time they held that there should be no interference with slavery in states where it already existed.

Lincoln won the election with 60% of the electoral votes despite not being on the ballot in most southern states.

The Republican platform called for an end to slavery in the territories.

The election showed there were no longer any national political parties.

The North and South were separate and uniting them seemed impossible.

Southerners were very unhappy with the results of the election. They felt they did not have a voice in government.

South Carolina held a state convention and voted to secede from the Union. Six states followed.

These seven states formed the Confederate States of America in 1861.

The Confederacy framed its own constitution and chose Jefferson Davis as its president.

A final compromise was attempted, called the Crittenden Compromise. The measure did not pass in the Senate.

President Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861 and declared that there would be no war unless the South started it.

Four forts—including Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor—had remained under Union control when the southern states seceded.

When Union troops at Fort Sumter refused to surrender, the Confederates fired on them.

Northerners were angered.

Lincoln called for volunteers to fight against the Confederacy.

The South mobilized troops.

The long Civil War began.

• Evaluate the advantages the North enjoyed in the Civil War.

• Analyze the impact of the Civil War on the North and South, especially the impact of the Emancipation Proclamation.

• Explore the outcome and aftermath of the Civil War.

Objectives

Terms and People

• Robert E. Lee – commander of the Confederate military forces

• Anaconda Plan – the Union’s plan to starve the South by seizing the Mississippi and the Gulf of Mexico so the South could not receive shipments

• Emancipation Proclamation – a 1863 presidential decree that declared slaves in rebel states free

• habeas corpus – a right that guarantees that no one can be held in prison without specific charges

Terms and People (continued)

• inflation – price increases

• Ulysses S. Grant – Union General who won at Vicksburg and became commander of all Union military forces

• Battle of Gettysburg – a battle in Pennsylvania that marked the last major Confederate attempt to invade the North; a turning point in the Civil War

• Gettysburg Address – speech given by President Lincoln at a battle cemetery dedication in which he reaffirmed the ideas for with the Union fought

Terms and People (continued)

• William T. Sherman – a Union General who led 60,000 troops on a march of destruction through Georgia and South Carolina

• total war – a strategy in which all resources to feed, clothe, and support an army are targeted

The nation split in two with the election of Lincoln. From 1861 to 1865, a bloody Civil War was fought between the United States of America and the Confederate States of America.

The future of slavery and of the Union was at stake.

What factors and events led to the Union victory in the Civil War?

The Union The Confederacy

Goal Preserve the union Gain independence

Advantages • Growing population• More industry• Better railroads• Strong navy

• Had the nation’s best military leaders

• Troops committed to the fight

Disadvantages • Small standing army• Troops were not very

committed• Lacked the best

military leaders

• Less factories for making war supplies

• Few vital ports• Smaller population

The South had the advantage of simply needing to hold out longer than the Union.

The North had to conquer the Confederacy.

The North pursued the Anaconda Plan to cut off supplies to southern ports.

Confederate forces were led by the experienced general Robert E. Lee.

During the first two years of the war, neither side gained a clear victory or captured the other’s capital city.

Early Civil War battles

Bull Run (July 1861)

Shiloh (April 1862)

Antietam (Sept. 1862)

Fredericksburg (Dec. 1862)

Lincoln’s primary goal was to preserve the Union.

However, in 1863 he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing all slaves in rebel states.

The Union began to recruit African American soldiers. Some 180,000 black men served.

The Civil War changed civilian life in the North in many ways.

• Mines and factories increased production to supply military needs.

• The government raised taxes and tariffs.

• When Congress instituted a draft, riots broke out in Northern cities.

• Lincoln suspended the right of habeas corpus.

The tide of the war began to shift in the Union’s favor in 1863.

Grant Lee

After victory at Vicksburg, Union General Ulysses S. Grant achieved the Union goal of splitting the Confederacy in two.

Next, the Union faced a Confederate invasion at the Battle of Gettysburg and defeated Lee’s troops there. The battle destroyed one third of Lee’s forces.

His speech that day, the Gettysburg Address, reaffirmed the ideas for which the Union fought.

President Lincoln went to Gettysburg a few months later to dedicate a battle cemetery.

Map of the Civil War

Most Civil War battles were fought on Confederate soil.

Union General William T. Sherman led troops on a march through Georgia and South Carolina.

Pursuing a strategy of total war, Sherman’s troops targeted all the resources needed to support the rebel army.

In spring of 1865, the Confederacy was exhausted. General Lee surrendered to General Grant on April 9.

The Civil War had many lasting impacts.

The South was in shambles. Freedom promised new opportunities for African Americans.

Although debates about states’ rights would continue, never again would states attempt to secede.

• Explore how Congress and the President clashed over Reconstruction.

• Describe the impact of Reconstruction on the South.

• Explain how Reconstruction came to an end.

Objectives

Terms and People

• Reconstruction – the plan for bringing the South back into the Union

• Freedmen’s Bureau – a federal agency designed to aid freed slaves and relieve the South’s immediate needs

• Andrew Johnson – Vice President who became president when Lincoln was assassinated

• Thirteenth Amendment – an amendment to the Constitution ending slavery

Terms and People (continued)

• Radical Republicans – politicians who favored punishment and harsh reorganization for the South

• impeachment – the act of bringing charges against an official in order to determine whether he or she should be removed from office

• Fourteenth Amendment – an amendment to the Constitution guaranteeing full citizenship status and rights to every person born in the United States

Terms and People (continued)

• Fifteenth Amendment – guaranteed that no male citizen should be denied the right to vote on the basis of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude”

• Ku Klux Klan – an organized secret society that used terror and violence against African Americans to keep them from voting

• de jure segregation – legal separation of the races

When the Civil War ended, the North and the South faced the challenge of how to reunite.

The modern South was shaped by political decisions made during the decades after the war, and constitutional amendments passed during that time redefined American citizenship.

What were the immediate and long-term effects of Reconstruction?

With the end of the Civil War, the task at hand was Reconstruction, bringing the South back into the Union.

Lincoln hoped to bind the wounds of the ruined South.

Others wanted to punish the South.

While debate over Reconstruction went on, Lincoln was assassinated.

Andrew Johnson became President.

Lincoln and Congress agreed on the creation of the Freedmen’s Bureau just before the war ended.

This federal agency was to

• Aid freed slaves

• Attend to the South’s immediate needs.

Johnson wished to restore political power to southerners if they swore allegiance to the United States.

Radical Republican congressmen disagreed, instead favoring punishment for the South.

Congress voted to impeach the President. Though Johnson was not removed from office, he lost control of Reconstruction.

Andrew Johnson

Reconstruction Amendments to the Constitution

Amendment Content

13th Amendment Ended slavery

14th Amendment Guaranteed full citizenship status and rights to every person born in the United States, including African Americans

15th Amendment Guaranteed that no male citizen could be denied the right to vote on the basis of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude”

Radical Republicans gained control of Congress and designed an ambitious Reconstruction plan.

• They divided the South into five districts controlled by Union generals.

• They required southern states to grant the vote to black men and pass the 14th Amendment.

• By 1868 many southern states had black elected officials.

African American men and women legalized and celebrated their marriages and built strong churches.

Formerly enslaved people carved out new lives.

Freedmen’s Bureau schools filled up and many black adults and children learnedto read.

Grant faces internal Republican challenge for a 2nd

term from Liberal Republicans.

He wins a second term despite scandal and the inter-party fight.

Organized secret societies like the Ku Klux Klan appeared in the South, despite continued military occupation.

They used terror and violence to keep African Americans from voting.

Northerners began to lose the will to remake the South.

Most troops were withdrawn from the South in 1871. Southern white Democrats regained power by discrediting African American politicians.

The 1876 election of Rutherford B. Hayes marked the end of Reconstruction.

Rutherford B. Hayes

Historians debate whether Reconstruction was a success or a failure.

Political rights of African Americans disappeared and de jure segregation became the law in southern states.

The physical and economic rebuilding of the South began at this time, and the nation was permanently reunited.

Chapter Summary

Section 1: The Union in Crisis

Conflict over slavery in the western territories brought differences between North and South to a head. The Fugitive Slave Act and Uncle Tom’s Cabin increased opposition to slavery in the North, The Dred Scott decision inflamed the nation and a new voice—Abraham Lincoln—emerged.

Section 2: Lincoln, Secession, and WarThe election of 1860 resulted in Abraham Lincoln defeating three other candidates to become President. The outcome angered southern states, who felt they had no voice in national politics. Southern states seceded from the Union and a standoff at Fort Sumter began the Civil War.

Chapter Summary (continued)

Section 3: The Civil War

As North and South engaged in a bloody civil war, both sides had advantages, but the North’s proved to be more decisive. President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which resulted in many black Americans fighting for the North. The Battle of Gettysburg turned the tide for the North, which won the war in 1865.

Section 4: The Reconstruction EraWhen the Civil War ended, Congress and the President clashed over how to best bring the South back into the Union. Reconstruction had a profound impact on southern states, but many of its aims were not achieved by the time it ended in the 1870s.