1 understanding malnutrition-1
TRANSCRIPT
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UNDERSTANDINGMALNUTRITION
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WHAT'S MALNUTRITION?
An imbalance between the nutrients the body needs & what it canget
VULNERABLE GROUPS : children, pregnant women & nursingmothers, sick people, people living with HIV/AIDS, old people
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NUTRIENTS?
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins & minerals the body needsfor energy & to grow, develop & stay healthy
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CAUSES OF MALNUTRITION
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Three Types of MalnutritionAcute Malnutrition Chronic Malnutrition Underweight
Measured by Weight/Height Height/Age Weight/Age
A child looks
Thin, Emaciated Short Thin/Emaciated
and/or Short
Causes
Sudden, short-term lack of
nutrients (often too little food)
Generally longer term
nutritional problems
(quality of food)
Quantity of food, quality
of food or both
Reversible ? Easily with the right treatment
Possibly not once child
goes beyond 24-36
months
Defined as Global Global Global
ModerateSevere
(Marasmus/ Moderate Severe Moderate Severe
26 mois 52 mois
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Acute Malnutrition
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Acute Malnutrition or Wasting
Indicator
Weight for Height index
It develops rapidly in association with a sudden shortageor repeated shortages.
Aggravating factors :
- hunger gaps or lean seasons
- severe epidemics
- sudden or repeated changes of diet- war or conflict
Severe cases of acute malnutrition are responsible for
most infant deaths
He's too thin ! Thin, emaciated
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Global Acute Malnutrition or GAM
GAM =
PERCENTAGE
or PREVALENCE
of cases in a
given population
Severe
Acute
Malnutrition
SAM
Moderate
Acute
Malnutrition
MAM
Marasmus Kwashiorkor
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Moderate Acute Malnutrition (MAM)
Moderate weight loss(weight-height ratio 70% to 80% of average)
Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM)
Major weight loss (weight-height ratio less than 70%)
with very high risk of death
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Marasmus
ACUTE MALNUTRITION
Child appears old & withered with protruding ribs & prominent joints.
Child has nothing in reserve to fight potentially fatal diseases (pneumonia, diarrhoea,
measles )
Most common form of acute malnutrition.
The child wastes away & is chronically thin.
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Kwashiorkor
Child has swollen stomach & oedema
swellings in feet, legs and or face caused by
accumulation of fluid.
Probable cause is diet lacking proteins & other nutrients. Oedema appear in BOTH feet and
spread up if child is not treated.
Like marasmus, kwashiorkor reduces the body's resistance to infection & can be a direct
cause of death.
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Chronic Malnutrition
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Chronic malnutrition or stunting
Girl aged 21 months
Boy aged 8 years
He's small for his age!
A child who is malnourished for a prolonged period will not grow normally
Develops slowly & silently as a
result ofpoverty
Poor diet ( e.g. just cereals)
Poor sanitation (e.g. No drinking water)
Children of the same age
Height-for-age index
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QUICK QUIZ
- What does chronic malnutrition cause ?
- What causes chronic malnutrition ?
- What does acute malnutrition cause?
- What causes acute malnutrition ?
- Name 2 forms of Severe Acute Malnutrition
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Micronutrient Deficiencies
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Iron
Your body needs iron to :-Produce hemoglobin(red blood cells that carry O2)- Transport electrons (energy carriers) in your cells- Ensure enzymes (which make cells work) do their job
Most common nutritional problem in world Causes ANEMIA
Iron deficiency
Anemia from
iron deficiency
Anemia(Vitamin A, B12, B9, C
deficiency, malaria, parasitic
Infestation, hereditary disease )
Causes varyin differentpopulations
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Impact of iron deficiency
Affects
- Physical & productive capability
- Ability to think effectively
- Capacity to fight disease
- Capacity to resist disease
Children
- Learning difficulties
- Behavioural problems
- Height/growth deficiencies
Pregnant women
- Severe anemia : 20% of deaths in childbirth
- Risk of miscarriage or birth defects
- Risk of premature delivery
- Risk of low birthweight
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Solutions
Iron & folic acid (Vitamin B9) supplements (during pregnancy)
Mosquito nets (to prevent malaria)
Regular deworming/anti-parasite medication
Eating food rich in iron
- Heminic iron (animal products)
body absorbs 5-35%
- Non-heminic iron (vegetables - cereals)
body absorbs 1-5%
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Vitamin A
Public health problem-More than 250 million pre-school-age chidren- More than 3 millions children have xerophthalmia (eye can'tproduce tears) of whom 10% go blind
2 types of Vitamin A
-Retinol (animal origin)- Carotenoids (plant origin)
1st vitamin ever discovered (1913)
Helps fight infection
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Vitamin A deficiency
Vitamin A is essential for :-synthesising visual pigments needed for seeing in the dark- organ growth (bones, lungs, intestins, skin)
- production of melanin & keeping your skin healthy
- body's defences against disease (immune system)
Consequences of Vitamin A deficiency
- xerophthalmia (Eye problems 90% / Blindness 10%)
- Skin problems (dry skin)
- Night blindness
- Susceptibility to infection
- Bone-growth problems
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Solutions
Vitamin A supplements
Children : From : 6 months to 59 months (every 6 months)
- 100 000 UI between 6 and 11 months
- 200 000 UI thereafter
Women : 6 weeks after giving birth
Eating food rich in Vitamin A
- Plant sources : Fruit, vegetables & orange-coloured roots
- Animal sources: Liver, meat, eggs, butter, milk & milk products
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Iodine
Iodine is essential for :
-Thyroid gland & hormones that affect growth & development- Growth of cells
- Mental development
Iodine deficiency in the world :
- 1.989 billion people of whom 285 million are pre-school-age
children particularly pregnant women & young children
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Consequences of idoine deficiency
- Hypothyroidism (Impaired thyroid hormone synthesis)
- Spot urine test
Clinical- Goiter (Thyroid swells)
- Mental retardation (all ages)
- Cretinism
- Perinatal death (still-born babies,
miscarriages)
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Solution
Add iodineto salt
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Zinc
Consequences of zinc deficiency
-Growth problems (main cause of stunting)- Delayed sexual maturity (boys)
- Complications in pregnancy & childbirth- Infections : Diarrhoea supplements help
- Appetite loss
- Diminished immune response
- Skin rashes
Prevalence (?) an estimated 27% of the population does notconsume enough zinc
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Micronutrient deficiency ... has a huge cost for society
Major & multiple impact on the health of individuals
Pregnant women, infants, children
Important economic implications
Diminished intellectual capacity learning difficulties
Reduced productivity
Increased health costs
Loss of human & social capital
Reduction of GDP
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Food Fortification
Vitamin A in cooking oil
Iron, zinc, folic acid & B
vitamins in wheat flour
Iodine in salt
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Hygiene
Wash hands with soap
Keep area around house clean
Clean drinking water
Use latrines or toilets or cover
excrement with soil
WASH strategy
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QUICK QUIZ
- What does iron deficiency cause ?
- What does iodine deficiency cause ?
- What does Vitamin A deficiency cause ?
- Which vegetables are rich in Vitamin A ?
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How observant are YOU ?
Describe a child with MARASMUS ...
Describe a child with Kwashiorkor
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Malnutrition can be avoided Solutions exist
Malnutrition can be treated If it is caught in time!
Thank you