1. vocabulary skill

8/9/2019 1. Vocabulary Skill

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EI.IGLISHORDl/AllCEDTUDI\/OCABULARYKILLS

Asst. Frof. Dr. Pratin PimsarnLanguage lnstitute

Thammasat UniversityrAugust, f 991


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TABLEOF COttTENfS I ,; ',",.',,

1 .2 ;3 .4 .

LEARIUI.IGr{ORD ARTSf,JSIl'tcofinpcr cLUEs ,

FAITILYCI.OZEPROCEDIJRE

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! / 1 \h ' Vo-cabu larvBu i ld ing i , . . : 1 , r ! :, . . . i ! , . . " i ' "Thereare three possible ways o learn the meaning f an unfarniliar word.Ore way s to 'interrupt your reading immediately nd lmk up the word in adictionary. This is,the safest way. It shouldbe used, holever, if the fol'lowingtwo ways are impossib'le. One is using what you knour f word roots and rrcrdformation .e. pref ixesor suff ixes to make n inte l l igent guessat the meaningof a new ord. The other is by looking carefu'lly at its context. Wor:ds avemeaningsn relation to other wordsand the situation in which they are used.

To provi.deyou wjth practice and understandingof howyou can overcomeyour di f f icu l ty in readingdue o your l jmited vocabulary, his guide bookwi l lbe concentrated n the word attack skil ls.This guide book s div'ided nto 4 parts as fol' lows:

L UnderstandingVlordpartsA. Pref ixesD cl,*^+^u . t \ : ^ / L JC. Sr-r ' f f i xes

I I . Using Ccntext CluesII I . Understanding ordFamilyIV . Cloze Procedure

A. UnderstandihgWordPartsLearning the use and meaning f r,trordsn English can be madeeasier andevenenjoyable, if you understandsomethingabout one way in which manyEnglishwords are formed,The root of a'word is its basic form, the fundamental lementwtrich scommono a'l'l the other forms of the word.

, ' .| /. r. (

L i i ; ,

f J \ i a l - ' . ' r ' ; .- . -. ,u , i . . . r . . i , ir l

A nre f i x i s aA su f f i x i s a 'For exanple:-

form which 'is f ixed to the beginningof a root.form which is fixed to the end of a root.rootsu f f i xpref i x

= measure= measurable= immeasurableA pref ix usual ly changes he meaning f a word, whi le a suf f ix usual lychanges its parts of speech. For examp'le, tfre suffix -able changes verbs intoadjectivcs (breakab'le, enjoyable). The prefix rm- changes he meaning o theopposite: measqrabl.emeans"capable of being measured" but immeasurablemeans"not capable of being measured".The Eng'i ish lahguagemakes requent use of this methodof word formation.!\,lotir-,ehe ntlneror-rs rcrtds ormed on the root aet=


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i}.g .;:ningon'ly a fewpref xes arrd uf fixes, youwill be abl.e o recognizeor gue.u, h,ameaiing rf hundreds f English words. Word oots, also can enab'leryou tc enalyze he ireaningof manywordswithout hav'ing o

'look themup in ad' i t cnary.

pref ;x + actreactenactreenar3ti nteractt ransact

act + su1'f xact ionact iveact ive lyactioni essactabl eact ' iv i yact ivateactivat ionactoractress

pre f ix+a i t+su f f i xreactionenactmentreenactmentreactorreactivereractvatereact ivat ioninteract ' iontransactioninact ivei nact on

short story::;uppose hat yo.r read the following passagel n at r ' . \ r ,

l r

i , . . - . ,cculd never foreseeI t was ncompnerhensib ' tec Mr,Bur t ter fe ld rarhyis wi fethe consecuences f her extravagant talk." 1'There are several words yciu might no t knowlr ncomorehentiib]e, foresee'consequgnce,g, xtravagant. You might stop at thrl first new word'incom;:refrensinfe, oot< t up in a Oict' ionary, wli te its meaning n the book oryoLlr vocab,.lffry iecord, then sterrt reading the srntence again, stop at

?gr"**", look it up,, wiit* it dcrwn, hen iead agrtin, stop at_ggnSggWncg, "ldSoon ,Bu t th i swou ldbe t i r i ngand t ime -consum ' i ng . I twou lda ' | sose r i ous ' | yinterrupt your understand'ingan| pleasure of the story. Instead you might-analyze the newwords and guess at their meaning, For example, you probablyknol tl"rat gonrprehension eans utnderstanding"; the :ible suff ix forms anadjective; the in: pref ix makes he word negaiiv,l . -:ngpf*:ansibie probablymeans not understandable.l' You have seen the fgre'of fgre$gg.in such words asioiewarO o1 before, Foreseq mus;tmeanso{nething- 'ike "to see before"'tf you know hat the root;-sou- has a gt1rFal eaningof "fol lol" (as insequence)-andgon- meims "togeth,il;iF "close;, y,oucan makea fair]y gtoodguesisat tfre rn"aningof cottsequences. llven without knowing he meanjngof extraltag.ant.,'you know hat extrimeans "more than necessary", a6,parent' lyMrs.Butterf ield ta]klstoo inuch.

- Cf course this,rnalft icai approa'cho the rneaning f words is l imited arrrlcannotna used.wi tha] ' t words. Also, i t mayoccas ' iona l l t lead you ' in to mjstakesi 'An intrajuab]e thing, for examplel, s not iomething of no valu'e; i t means hething has so much a.lue hat i t cannot be figured; it is price'less' Very often'however, YoUcan analyze the meaningof rvorOlwith a good degree-of confidence.'Word*or;ti , prefixe$, and suff ixes are l ike master keys. A fey of themwil l opernthe conrs'to manymeranings.practice using what words you already knovr o helpyou 1;a-t1 -hewords that you do not know.


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1 . mono-

2. chroma

2 ocul

4. gram

5. te ' l e -

6. graph

7 . gamos

meanseye- a. ' monocular- b. monocular is ion- c. monocle- d. b inoculars

means ar- a. a telegram =means o write- a. te legraph =- b, a monograph=meansmarriage- a. monogamy =means uie- a. monarch =- b. a monarchy =

meansWhen- E ;- b .

- d .- a

LearningWordparts(Pref ixes, RootsandSuff ixes)one , s ing le , o r a lone .usedas part of a word, jt ' indicatesone of something.monorail = a train that runs on one railmonoplne = an ai rpl ane wi h one wing ,,,'- ,, , ,monotone = all in the same one, uslally inreference o one's voicemonotonous continuing in the same one; boringor dull, due to samenessmonochloride= a substancewhosemorecu'res ontaina s ing le ch lo r ide a tom

mint i re in (Oi f ferent t in ts of )one colora p'icture with various shadesofthe same. o'lor

meansor refers to co'lor- a. monochrome. =- b. a monochromatic =picture

= someth-ingaffects/invo'lvesonly one eye at a time= vis ion wi th only one eye= an eyeglass for just one eye= something fo r use of both eyesat oncemeanswritten or dravm- a' monogram = severar etrers, usuar ly the in i t ia ' rsof one's name,combirred o form as' ing ' ledes. ign

a message ent a long distance byte1egraphya device for communicatingover ad is tance via wi re or rad ioa written document,usually a book,written on one subjectthe pract ice of be ing marr ied to onlyone person at a time

one who is the sole ru lera s ta te having a s ing ' le ru ler6 . arch


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- 2 -

10 .

9 . mat r i

pat i

11. unr -

meansmother- a. matr iarchY =means ather- a. Patr iarch =- b. Patr imony =- c . Pa t r i c i de =meansone- a , un i t =- b . un i te =

un icyc le =un'ion =uni y =un icamera'l =

- g. uni orm(ad)=pr ime pr ima) meansi rs t- a . a Pr imemin is te r

- b . p r imer (p r im-e r )- c . p r imer p ry-mer)genus/genermeans i rth- a. Primogenitor

- b . p r imogen i tu redu- meanswo of something- a. duet =

-b . duo =- c . dual =- d. dual PurPose=- e . due l =

a fami ly group that is ru led ordom'inated y the mother

ma]eheadof a fami ly / t r ibe; former lya bishopproperty ' inherited f rom one's fatheror ancestorsk i l l i ng o f one ' s own a the r

a s ing le th ing or a group of th ingsconsidered as oneto bring a numberof things or peopletogether to form a uni ta one-wheeled ehic le that is o f tenridden by clowns at the c'ircusthe un i t ing or jo in ing o f a group o fth ings or peopleto un j te or br ing together as oneone chamberor one room. It is mostf reqr.rentlyused to refer to a systemof government that has on]y oneleg ' is la t ive chamber r bodyof e lectedo f f i c ' i a l sa l l the same,or a l l in one form= the f i rs t or the toP m' in ' is terin a governmentbodY= a beginn ing reader= the f i rs t coat of pa in t

= a term for pr imi t ive humanbe ings , I i t e ra j IY " f i r s t tog ive bi r th" , a forefa ther= f i rs t to be born; o ' ldest ch i ' lda piece of music composed or twovoices or instrumentstwo singers or musicians who performtogethertwo. It is often used to refer to twoth ' ings that are a1 ke.having two aimsan armed fight between two People

- c .- d .- A

Et .

12.

13.

14 .


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15, p lex or p l i c meanso ld- a. duplex = two-fo'ld or having two parts- b. a dup'lexhouse = a two-family house- c. duplicate (n) - one of two things that areexactly al i ke. Dup'lcates are. usually copiesor reproductions- d. dupl ic i ty = doubleness f ' thought, speechor action

16. bi- means lvo- a. bjcycle = a two-whee'ledehicle- b. bicamerai = a systemof governmenthat has twolegislative chambers r bodiesofe ' lected ff ic ia ls- c. bimonthly = twice a month,or every two months- d. b i foca1 = having wo focal lengths, usual ly. refers to eyeglasses17 ann'enn i"::" il?3i^r"l = tw.ice year- b. annual = " yearly- 9. bienn'ial = every two years

18. cent- means undred,one-hundredth- a. centennial = a one-hundredth nniversary(centenary)- b. b'icentennial= a two-hundredth nniversary- c. century i one hundredyears- d. centimeter = one-hundredth f a meter

19, manus means and- a. manual adj )= donewith the hands- b. bimanual = donewith or needing wo hands20" ped/pod means oot- a. biped = a two-footed creature- b. pedestrian = someone ho travels on foot- c. pedal = a lever pushedby the foot- d. trjpod = a three-'legged tand or stoo.l21. -ary means ertaining to- a. b'inary = made p of two parts- b . mi l i ta ry = per ta in ing o the r i fe of a so rd ie r- c. primary = most important or essential22. di- means wo- a. dioxide = a compoundn whicheachmo'lecu1eastwo atomsof oxygen- b. d ipole = two poles, a pai i of magnetic oles- G. dichotomy = a division into two, usua' l lyopposi teparts


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23. plo comes rom -ply or plex meaning old- a. d ip loma = or ig ' ina ' l l y a p ' ieceof paper orparchment hat had been olded in two.The orjgina'l Greek meaningwas alet ter of recommendat ion,r a le t tero f l i cense or p r i v i l ege . I t s f i r s tEngl ish meaningwas a state paper, oran official document r a documentbearing recorcl of graduation from aschool un ivers ' i tY or co11ege.- b. diplomat = a person who has been awardedorentrustedwi th of f ic ia l documents, ra person ski I led in conduct' ing

re la t ions betweennat ions- c . d ip lomat i c = o f o r hav ing d ip lomacy;sk i ' l l ed i nre la t ions wi th other Peop]e- d. d' iplomacy = the art and practice of conduct' ingnegotiations betleen nations24. opia meanseyes or vision- a . d i p l op ia = doub le v is ion25, pteron meanswing- a. dipterous = having two wings- b. pterodacty l = a f ly ing d inosaur26. t r i - means hree- a. t r icyc le = a three-wheeledvehic le operated byfoot pedals- b . t r i p l i ca te = to make hree cop ies- c. t r ip lex = athree-un i t apar tment u i lo ' ing;having3 par ts- d. t r ip le = to make hree t imes as much- e. t r ienn ia l = every three Years- f . t r io = three singers or music ianswhoper formtogether- g. t r ip le t = one of three babies born at the samet' ime to the samemother27. quad/quar tr /quardr i - means our (Lat in)- a . quarrer = cne of four equal par ts in to which ath ' ing maybe div ' ided- b. quadrang ' le = a f la t geometr ic igu i^ewi th four ang ' lesand four sides- c. quadrant = a quar ter of a c i rc le , an instrumentusing a quadrant to measuredistances- d. quadruped = four-footed creature- e. quadruple = four fo ld or four t imes- f . quadrennia l = cont inu ing for tour years ' or occurr ingonce every four Years- g. quadrennium a four-year period- h. quadruplet = one of four babies born at the same imeto the samemother


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28. twi/twe means- 4 .-b .- ^ V .-d .

tetra- means- 4 .

hedra

twotw'in =twice =twi1 ght =between =

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one of two babies born at the same imeto the samemothertwo timesthe l'ight in the sky between unset andfu l ' l n igh tin the spaceor time separating, . in themi d iefour (Greek)tetragon = a plane f.igure having four angles orsi des

31 meter

z Y .

30.

34 .

means ace- a. tetrahedron = a sorid figure having four faces- b' po lyhedron = a sol id f igure havin i mor" than four. facesmeans o measure- a. a speedometer = an instrument for measuring speed- b. telemeter "= an instrument for measuring tfredistance of an object from theobserver

hydra/hydro meanswater- a. hydrate = a co{npoundormed by the union of waterw.ith someother substance- b. hydraulic = operated by the pressure of water or o the r l i qu ids in mot ion- c. hydrophone, an instrument for r . is ten ing to soundstransm'itted through water- d. hydroplane = a seap.lane- e. hydrotherapy= the use of water in the treatment ofdi seasesquint /qu inque- means ive (Lat in)- a . qu in tup le t = one of f ive babies born at the sametime to the samemother- b- quinquennium = once every f ive v"u i i , rast ing for

- c. quintessentiat = [:Y;rt:f,:"*o"t typicai orrepresentative examplfo l ium means eaf - the reaf of a t ree, or a ieaf of paper- a. fol. iage = the .leaveson trees- b. fo l ia te = to sp1. i t in to layers or leaves, such asgol d- c. fol io = a page numberor an oversized bookpenia- means ive (Greet


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- ( ; -

36, -oid meansappearanceor form- a. pentagonc'id= l ike a per,tagon n fornt37. anthrop/anthrog> meanshuman e-ing* a, anthropoid - l ' i ke a human eing in form orappearance- b. anthropologjst = &fi sXFrt in tlre science of humartbe ngs38, morphic mearrs orm* a. anthropomorphic = described or thought of having ahumen orm or human ual ' i t ies

- b. anthroponorphize = to i : . t t r ibute human orm orqua'l it i es to aninral or ob ects39. atkrlon meansa contest- a . pentath lcn = a contest consjs t ing of f ive events- b , ath' let cs = sports or gamesengaged in by ski ' ll edsportsmen- c , a th l e te = a person ra ined o r sk i ] l ed i n spo r tso r Eames equ i r ' ' i ng hys ica i sk i1 i ,coord inat ' ic r rand strength40, homo- meaf)ssame (Gr'*ek root)

- a, hornographs = words thai l are spei ' led the samebutd f f er i n meani g or pronunciat' ion- b, hornonyms : words that are spelled and pronouncedthe same,but have d i f ferent meaning,homophones- c,, homogeneous having the samenature or a uniformst ructure41. homo- meansman (Latin root)- a, homosapiens :: human eings42. syn/sym- meanswith or together w'i th- a, synonym = a word that has the sarne r almost thesamemeaningas another word- b, synonymorls : having the sameor neariy the samemeanl g- c. synchronize = to occur at the same ' ime; to operatein un ison43. thetic mearrs o put or 1ay down- a, synthet ic = not natura l , man-made- b. synthesi:r = the combination o'i parts or elements tclform a who'le44. pathos;/path/patirymeans uffering- a , sympathy - a shar ing . r f fee l ings o f ano the r ' ssorrow or troub'le- h. sympathe'l ic= having or showingsympathy- c. sympath i : re = feel or express sympathywi th- d. apathy = "irrdif f erence, or I ack of feel i ng oremotion abrut something


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45 . bio means- 4 .

-b .-onym means- 4 .- b .

anti/ante- means- 4 .-b ._ a- d .

sepsis/septi c- 4 .

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l i f esymbiosis = the l jv ing together n clcse associat ionof two or moredifferent k'indsoforganisms o the mutualbenefit of eachorganismbiography = a written accountof a person's lifenameor wordanonym = afa lsenameanonymous = without a nameacknow'ledged, nknor,lnnameagainst or oppositeantonym = a word that has an opposite meaningantisociai = being opposedo society, unsociab]eantitrust = opposed o trusts or monopoliesant'ipathy : a strong disl ikemeans ecayolinfectedantiseptic = a substance hat prevents the growth'andspreadof micro organisms hat causei nfec i ons l xhexagram = as ix -po in teds ta rhexagon = a polygon having six angies and sixsi des.hexahedron = a polyhedron having six faceshexapod = hav'ing s'ix feetsc'ienceor studlr efb io logy = the science of ' l ' i v ing th ingsanthropology= the study of humanbeingssmal' lm'icrobioiogy = a branch of biology that deais withmicroorganism, or very smal' l f iving

earthgeology = the study of the history and structureo f the ea r th and i t s l i f e , espec ia ' l l y asrecorded 'in rocksan expert in geo'logy

46 .

47 .

48.

50 .

51

49. hex-

52.

means- 4 .-b ,- c .- d .

rc1ogy means- 4 .-b .micro- means- 4 ,

zo/z@ means- 4 .- b .

geo means- 4 .

th i ngs- b. microscope = an ol:t ical instrument cons'isting ofa lens or a combination of lenses formagni fy ing th ings that are inv ' is ib leor unclear to the naked eyeanima] anima] kingdomor kindzoo = a place where l iving animals are kept andput on disP]aY for the Publ iczoology = the branch of b io logy that deals wi thanimals and animal l i fe

53 .

- b. geo'logi t =


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54 , sept- meansseven- a. September = the seventh month (of the eari iestRoman alendar)55. oct- meanseight

- a. October = the e'ighth month in the ear' ly Romancal endar- b. octagon = a polygonhaving eight s ides and eightang es- c. octopus = a sea creature that has e'ight arms'or tentac ' les56. gen/genus/genos meansbirth, race or kinci- a. generato = to br" ing nto exis tence, or to produce- b. generat ion = the act ion or processof comingorbringing into being; a'lsomeans groupof peop le cons t i tu t i ng a s ing le s tep

in the l ine of descent rom an ancestor- c . genealogy = the study of fami ly ancestr ies orh i s tor i es* d. genet ics = the branchof b io1ogy hat deals wi ththe pr inc ip les o f hered i tY- e . genes ' i$ - o r ig in or c rea t ion57, nona/rpve- meansnine- a. November = the ni,nth month 'in the early Romanca Ien0ar- b. novena = a Roman atholic devotion that lastsfor nine daYs58, astro meansstar- a. astroiogy = the study of the various aspects andposi 'L' icns f stars and plarets in orderto determine the'i supposed nf ' luenceson hurrnan f f ai rs59 . -nomy meanssystem of laws or arrangement- a. astronomy = the sc ience of the ce]est ' ia l bodies;l i ' te ra l ly ' means he sYstem f ' lawsgovern ing the stars- b, astronomer = an expert in astronomy- c. astronomical= related to astronomy; or enormous'lylarge or great60, naut means ai lor , sh iP* a. astronaut = a personwho travels ' into outer space- b. naut ica l = per ta ' in ing to sa i 1ors, navigat ion orshi ps61. cosmos meansorder or universe- a. cosmos = an orderly, harmoniousurriverse- b. cosmology = a h:ranchof astronomy hat deals withthe or ig in and structure of the universe- c. cosm' ic = re la ted to or character is t ic of thecosmosor the whole universe- d. cosmonaut = a sai lor of the universe or astronaut- e . cosmopol i tan= representat ive of the wor ld


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62. decem,/deca means en- a. December = the tenth monthof the old Romanalendar- b. decade = a period of ten years- c. decathlon = an ath]etic contest comprised f tenfield and track events63. logue/logos meansword or speech- a. monologue = a speechby one person- b' prolosue= rol:::'3T"1?H,:i:::^ r a preraceo: - cr d' ialogue = a conversation or discussion betweentwo or more peop'le64. epi- meansafter, on or upon- a. ep'i logue = a speech fo1'lowing the conclusion of ap'lay, or an appendedsection at the

. conc lus iono f a . l i t e ra ry wo rk65. dia- meansbetweenor across- a. diagonal = .across from one angle to another66. deci- means enth- e. decimeter = a tenth o f a meter- b. dec'igram = a tenth of a gram67. dem/demo meanspeople- a. epidimic = the rapid spread of a disease amonga

, large group of people within an area- b. ep ' idemio logy=a branch of medic ine deal ing wi th the' causes, d'istr ibution and control of thespread of diseases in a commun'i ty68 . gfade/gradus meansstep- a. cent igrade = "one hundredsteps" , re ferr ing to atemperature scale based on one hundreddegrees between he freezing and bo'i1ingtemperatures of water- b . graduai = tak ing place by steps or degree l i t t leby l i t t ' l e

- c. graduate = to move'upa step from one 1evel toanother; usually refers to completion ofa course of study- d. graduation = the act of graduat' ing- e. upgrade = to raise in rank or level of importance- f. downgrade = to reduce to a 'lower-ranking position- g. degrade = bring someonento dishonor, to putsomeone down69, retro- means backward- a. retrograde = to move backwardsor to degenerate70. mi I i - l i 1 ' l ion rneanshousand(Lat n)* a. mi l l ion = a thousand housands 1,000,000)* b. mi l ]enn ' ium = a per iod of a thousandyears


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71 ki ]o- m,e imshousanC Greek)- i l . k' i iogran = a thousandgrams- tl . ki locycle = one thous;and ycies per second72. myria- mei\ns en thousand- it . myrlao = a great nlany, count ess- tr. myriameter = ten thous;andmeters73. hemi- meins ha ' l f (Greek)- er. hemisphere = half of a. round body, two sides of therbra ' in or lhe nor th and south d. iv is ionscf the ea.th at the euator74. semi mea.ns al f (Lert n)- e., semiannual = takr: p' lace twice a year- b . semicen tenn ia l = a f . i f t i e th ann i ve rsa rv- c. semtautomat ic = p,a l^r . iyutomat ic- ' d. semiconsrc ' ious = onl y par t ly conscious- e . semi l i t e , ra te = pa r i : l y ' l i t e ra te , o r ab le to readandwr i te on ly to a l im i ted ex ten t- f . sem'ipermanent = not permanentbui: not transient75. demi m,a,tsal f ( Frerrch- a. demigod : orrewho s par-t ' lyd.ivjne; pari ly humar.l76 . mu l t i - mea r l smany (La t i n )- a . mu l t ip lex = comm;n i ca t i onc i r cu i t s tha tca rpy

severa'ld st' inct si gnals at thesame ime- b , mu] ' ip l i c i ty = a great number- c, mul t i fac,e ted = havingmany spects, or facets;- d murt ' irarious = ;;: l?lE**un,Jirrerentartsorfc rms; d iverse- e , mu l t i p l e = neny

77. poly* mearrsmany(Greek)- a , po lygon = a many- .angledlare f igure- 15. polygamy = marriag: to several peop'leat theSame I l ine- (t. polygraptr : a I i e-diatector machi e- d. polyglot = a persotl who knowsseveral ' languagesor a book prrnted "in 2 or morel anguagr:s

78. proto/prot- means .irst (Greek)- i l . prototype| : the f ir."rt t:rpe of thing; most typ'ica1- b. protagonis t = the mai r rcharacter . in a p ' lay, s toryor nove'i79 . f i n l f i n i s means nd- eI . f in ish = to br in t i to an etrd* b . f i na l = the end- c. f ina le * the clo l ;e cr terminat ion of a drama;the lasi event in a s;equence


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80. term,/termi um boundaryor end (Latin)= to f i n j sh ; to end= an end'ingpoint; a goal= e'i ther end of a rai 1road,a i r ' l i ne= an ending; a conclus ion

a .b .c .

means imi t ,terminateterminusterm'inalterminat onmeansastu ' l t imateu l t ima te ly

bus or

81- /.1u .

u l t i rzu l t imus- 4 .-b .

f j na l (La t i n )com' ingo the end, f ina l , the lastpossib ' le hingf i nal ly

* * * * * * * ! i * * * * * * * *

or


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FrellxesStud) ' the fo1 cwing pref i :es and the words conta in ing these pref ixes.

1 The prrefx enrb i : means arouncl " ,"about or- "both, , (double) .1 ' ambiver t = a personDossiesstngharacter is t ics of bo i l " rthe in trover l : and the extrover tZ. ambi u' i y = dou6le mean.ir,E3' ambiva lernce = coexis tence f tontra , l ic tory fee l ings abouta pa r t i cu l a r person , ob jec t o r ac t ion4, ambi extr,>us = sk.i l ed w.i i l . ibotir hands

t . The pref ix Ad: usual1y mea,ns1 . adSou rn =2. address (v) =3. adjacent =4, advance =5. admiss ion =6. adverse =

" to " , " tou la rd" r "near " .to put of f or defer to another^ ay or unt i la l a te i pen icdto speak, to pr-onouncejoined to a th ing or personmove urthei ' in f rontpermi to enterac t i ng in a c :n t ra ry d i rec t i on

? The pref ix ant i -1or1 . an t i pa th ,y2. ant ' i ept c3 . an t i soc ia l4 . an t i t r us i5. antarct i c;6. antonym7. an t i do teThe pref ix b i- means1 . b i na ry2" b i I i ngua l3 . b i enn ia l4 . b i foca l5. bi annua'l6 . b i cyc ' l e7 bi pedsI . b' i entenn i l lg . b' inocui rs

10. b i I a tera ' l11 , i r i camera l

e ry [ means aga ins t o r , ]ppos i te " .= a s t rong d i s t i ke o r a fee l i ng o f i n tensed i s l i keagainst or prrlvent ng cjiseasenot open to fr^ iendl inessand companionshipropposecio tr r is ts or monopl iesopposed f the nor th pole ; south polea wr:rd that l i i is the opposite meaningofanother worda remedyaga-irst a poison

"doub ' le""rna.de p wi th 1.wo artscan speak two languagesevery two yea/'seyeglasse$wi lh more than one foca l lengthtwice a yearwi h tvrc wheestwo - foo ted h ings ( inc lud jng man)a two-hundredanniversar:r 'a double te lescope that is jo ined for useby both evesw i th two s ideshaving or cons: is t ' ing f two leg is la t lvechambers,or houses

4 . " two" or


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6

-13 *

The prefix col- is actuaily a form of com-or co- meaning with,, or" toge ther " . Theco l - spe l l ing is usedbe fo re roo t tha i beg insw i th '1 ,1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .

col I ectco ] l s ionco1 eagueco'l ' lapsecol I aborate

to gather togetherc]ash, ingogether; str ik ing togetherpeople whowork togetherto fai I downto work together

or " togbther" .to s t i ck or ho ld f i rm l y toge the rexist together at the sameplace or timeto work or to act togetherto be in agreement; o exchange letters withanother personequal with one another

usual ly means from" or "down".go awayto trace frombent downto c l imb domto sh ip f rom; ex i leto grade down; jower

6 . The pref ix com- also means wi th" or " together ' , .1 . commerce = businessdeal ing2. commence = to start3. cornpile = to put together4. combat = to f ight a batt ' le5. compose = tO create6. compete = to.s tr ive wi th one another

7 . The prefix co- means1 . cohere2. coexis t3. cooperate4. correspond5. coequalThe prefix de-1 clepart2 . de r i ve3. dec'l ned4. descent5. deport6. degrade

pref ix d i - meansd'ialoguediox i dedi chromat cd'ichotomydi pterous

"wi h"

" two" .

=

8 .

9 .I

2.4 .^

a conversat'ion or discuss.ion between two ormore peoplea compound n which each molecule has twoatoms of oxygenhaving or shorryingwo colorsa div' ision into tw


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4 t

10 . The p re f i x d is - genera l l y means no t " .1 . d i sc lose = to a l iow to be seen2. d'isagree = not agree3 . d i s l oya1 = un fa i th fu l4. d isregard = pay no at tent ion to5. di sbel ieve = not bel i eve6, disconnect = to separate or sever the connection between7 . d i s l i ke = not l i ke

11 . The o re f i x du - means two" .1 . duel = a formal f ight between wo people2. duet = a piece of music composedor two voices ori nst ruments3. duplex = a two-f ami y house; having two main parts4. dupl icate = makean exact copy

12 . The pre f i x ex - means ou t " o r "ou t o f " .1 ex'i t = to go out2. expor t = to carry or sh i i , cut3. exhi bi { = to hc,l out ; to show4. exhaust = to wear out; use up5. exc lude = to shut out

13 . The p re f i x en- o r em*means in , in to o r on" .1. embark = to begin a jounrey2. endanger = to put in danger3 . emp lace = to pu t i n a p lace cr pos i t i on4. endemic - of a d isease, pecuf ar to people5. encourage = to put heart into someone6. ens ' lave = to put in to s ' lavery7. embrace = to ta l


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1r_

15. The p re f i x in - means no t " .f . inconvenience = not favourab le for one 's needs2. inf requent * not happen'ing ften, rare3 . i ns i nce r i t y = hav ing no s ince r i t y4. insuf f ic ' ient = not enough5. inseparab'le = that cannot be separated6. ' insensib ]e = unconscious r numb7, inconsiderate = not thoughtfu l

16. The pref ix in ter- means between"or "among".f . in terva l = t ime between wo events2. interdenta] = between he teeth3. in ternat iona l = betweennatrons4, ' interfere = enter into the concerns of others5. i nter' l i nk = to I i nk one wi h another

17 . The p re f x mu ] t i - means many" .1. mul t ipurpose = having manypurposes2. mul t ' i faceted = having manyaspects, or facets3. mul t ip lex = of a system or sending wo or moremessagesor s igna ls over the samew i re , c i r cu i t o rair wave at the same ime4. mul i p1e = ma.ny5. mul t ' i fa r ious = hav ' ingmanydi f ferent par ts or forms

18. The pref ix non: means not" or "wi thout" .1 . non in f lamab le = not eas i l y se t on f i r e2. nonsense = somethingwithout sense3. nonres is tance = not f ight ing back4. nonrestr ic t ' i ve = free; not restr ic t . ive5. nonentity = somethingor sorneone ithout importance6. nonprofi t - not makingmoney

19. The pref x po ' lv- means many" .1 polygamy = marriage to several people at the same ime2. poiyglot = a perscn who knowsseveral languages3. polygraph = a I ' ie detector4. po'lyhedron - a,s.o1id igure having four or more aces ors' loes5. polysyl ' labic = of more than three sy1 ables

20. The pref ix post- means after" or "behind" .1 . postpone = delay; set the date back2, poster ior = comingafter3. posthumous = born after the death of i ts father4. postscript = sentence added after the signature5. postdate = put a date later than its actual date


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21. The pref ix pre- means before" .1. pneview = a prev ' iousshowing2. predecease = to die before3. pre lude = an in troductory happening r per formance4. pre l iminary = before the main work; preparatory work5. pre jud ice = to judge bef.grehand :6. prefer = to want or l ixe bet ter7 . p re fab r i ca te : t o bu i ld be fo re

22. The pref ix pro- is used frequent ly wi th the meaning before" or " for" .1 . prologue = a preface ar in t roductory of a d iscourse2 . p ro j ec t = to s t i ck ou t3. promote = to go before or in front of4. propose = to put before the group; to suggest5. process = a forward movement; ser ies o f act ions6. proceed = to move orward; advance7. proc'laim = to announce;makeknownbefore the public8. proF,el = to push or drive I'orward

23. The pref ix re: means again" or "back" .1 . r ep lace = to taKe o r f i l l t he p lace o f? . rep r i n t = to pr in t aga in3. reco l lect = to recover contro ' l o f (onesel f )4. recognize = to knowc,r remember ga'in5. recensider = to cons ' ideragain6. renew = to begin again; to cause to cont inue inef fect

24 . The p re f i x semi - means ha l f " , " d lmos t " , "par t l y " o r "somewhat" .1 . semiannual = occur ing svery s ix months,or tw ice a year2 . sem iau toma t i c = no t fu ] i y au tomat ic ; opera tedpa r t l yautomat ica l ' l y and par t ly by hand3 . sem ' i cen tenn ia l = a f i f t i e th ann ' i ve rsary4. semiconscious = the sta te o f be ' ingpar t ' l y conscious5. semi i terate = able to read and wr i te on ly a t a ] imi tedI eve l6 . semipermanent = in tended to jast for a long t ime, but notpermanentl

25. The pref ix super- means over" , "above" or "more than" .1. superscr ibe = to wr i te or- ' 'he top2. supermarket = store brgger than the usual market3 . supe r f c ' i a1 = on the su r face ; s l i gh t o r pa r t i a l4. superv' ise = to look over; to watch over5. superheat = to heat to an extreme degree6. superpower = poweron an extraordinary sca'le


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l o -

RootsStudy the fol1o,'.r ingword roots and the worr:js eriving from these roots.

1. The root ann or enn comes rom the Latirr w:rrd annus meaning"year".1 . annual = someth ing hat con 'L inues/ear af ter year? - annu'ity = pa:rment i g-tr"'ed y the year3. annivers;ary = year ' iy ce lebrat jon4. b iennia l = event occur i r tg every secondyear5. centennial : hundredtl i- ei: l l event6. perennia l = cominqYear l ' r '

2. The root Eqr , c lur , f rom the Lat in , means [ tear t" .1 di scord = d'isagneemeilt? . cord iar y = wav' rn ' ly ,ront he hear t3. accord = hai^monY,f mind4. concord = with hearts t;oget-her,harnony5. uncord ia l = f io t welco in i ; t i l6 . courage = braverY7. encounage = to insp ' i re wi ' ih courage

3. The Lat in root Cj .c ,or d ic t mean: l say" .1. verd ' ic t = the answerc;1 ' jury g iven to the cour t2 . con t rad i c t i on = speak ing n oppos i t i on3. d ic ta t i r rg machine= a nrach ' ineh j t ;hrecordsverbal d ic ta t ion forla'ter playhar:;k nd transcniption4 , bened ' i c t i , : n = tospeak r .ve l l ; t ob less5. d ic ta tor - a personwho te ' l ls o thers what to do6. d ic ta te = to g ' ive orders to someone

4. The word root fac or fect means to do" cr^ "to make".1. factory = a place wher ' : rh ings are ntade2 . facu l t y = ex ' t r ao rd i na r ; ' t a l en t o r s f i i l l3. perf ect = marlewi hout a f 1aw; compl ted4. manufacture = tc make5 , fac i l i t a ta = to make asy o r l ess d i f f i cu l t6. factor = somethihg h;irt can makeor cause a change7, facs imi le = an exact co l : \ 'o l^ ] ikeness

5. The word root grad, SFSS, rom' the Lat i r^ . 'means step" or "wal l


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6. The word root jec, ject, jet come rom the Latin mean.ingto throtrr",o r " to I i e ' ' .1 . conjecture = throw (ideas) together, guess2. dejected = cast dom, down ast, in 1owspiri ts3. e ect = thro'rrout forcef ul l y4. reject = throw back5. in ject = thnow; ntroduce6. ej acu'late = exclai m7. p ro jec t = l ie fon ruard ,s t i ckou t8. adjacent = lying near or next to

7. Theword root iur or'ius and the associated ud come rom a Latin wordthat first means to take an oath" and later came.tomean the law".1. judge = a personwho says what the law is and whati s r i gh t2 . in ju re = to do un jus t ly ; ha rm3. justify = to make r provesomeoneo be guiltless orb'lame;less4. juror = a personamong groupsf,rorn o.seek just'ice5. ad jud ica te ' = to te l l wha t s jus t6. jury = a certain number f personsse'lectedaccording o law andsworn o determine acts

8, The root iat means bear, carry, .carr ied".1. re lat ive = carr ied back; one of the same amily2. col lat ion = the act of putt ing somethingogether3. translation = wordscarried across.fromone language oanother4. suPerlat ive = excel lent5. d i latory = carr ied aside rom he mainpoint; delaying6. legislature = bodywheremotions ]aw) are carr ied

9. The Latin root mit means to send" or "to place". The root m'it hasanother orm, migs (mise).1. omit = to place out; leave out2. transmit = to send something rom one personor placeto another3. permi t = a l low4. emit = to sendout5. missi le = a weaponr project i le thrown r to be thro1n6. admit = to al'lor,rrnto7. mission = the sendingof an individual groupby anauthority to performa specific service


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-2C*

10. The Lat in root nat means born" .1 . nat ive = beionging io a country by b ' i r th2 . na t ' i on = acoun t r y3, nature = a man's character , as born in h ' im4. natura ' l i ze = to makea mana c i t ' i zen

11 . The La t i n roo t pe t means to t r y " o r " to seek" .' l . pet i t ion = to seek permiss ion; a request2. compere = to work or play to seek victoryg. ' impetus = something that makesyou try something4. impetuous = try ing eager ly on impulse5. perpetua'l = seeking on and on, forever

12, The root word phone neans sound".1, megaplrone = device foi ' enlarging a sound2. pf tsnograph - mach ' inethat ampl i f es or p iays records3. xylophone = mus'ical nstrument that has di fferent soundswhen tapped4. phonetics = the study of speech sounds

13. The root word sens, sent, which comes rom the Latin sensus meaning" to sense, fee ' l or Perce ive" .f . i n sens i t i ve = w i thou t fee i ng2. consent = agreement n oPinion3. nonsense = someth'ing that makesno sense4. assent = to express an agreement f the m'ind o whatis a i leged or proposed5. sens ' i t ive = subject to keen fee l ing; responsive6. resentment - s trong disp leasure7. sent imenta l = showingdel ica ie fee l ing, tenderness

14. The Lat in root tempmeans regu ' la ted, proper ly mixed" or " t ime".1, contemporary = gojng on at the same ime?. temperate = a good mixture3. temporary = for a shori or specia' l period of time4. tempest = bad wea.'iher5. temperature = degree of lrotness or co'ldness6. contempl te = exami e the qua'l t i es of someth'ing7, temperamenta l = act ing up from t ime to t ime


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15 .

16. The word value comes1 deva'luate2. equivalent3 . ava i lab le4. convalescent5. inva ' luab le

17, The root ven, vent1. convent ion2. 'intervene3. venture4. avenue5. reveRue6. inconvenient

18. The root verg or1. aver t2 . d ive r t3. v ice versa4. convert5. subversive6 . ve rsa t i e

to lower the worth ofof equal worthaccessible; capab'leofgrowing strong againof inest imable va lue

Lat in ; means come".coming ogether for a meetingcomebetweenan undertakingof chancewayof coming o a placeincomenol comingor working together eas.ily

" tunn" .to run away; avoidto turn or di rect away romturned around, the other wayto turn w' i th others; to change e1iefsto overturn; to derno'lshable to use 'in manyways

t he La t in , mean ' ing1 i fe , I i v ing" .en joy ing f iv ing (and feast ing) togetherto set going or activate again or bring backto I i f eone who goes on iiving (evend i e )wi th the power necessary fo rfu l l o f 1 i ve , f i ve l y

- 2 1 J

to twist out of shapeto twist out of someonetwist ing (of face or body)to twist one's wordsright backa low-lying animal that standson twistedfeetLat in root val , meaningto be strong".

someth'ingbeing used

though othersl i f e

The1 .2 .e4"F

root tort meansdi stortextortcontortionretorttortoi se

" tw is t " .

from the

from the

vert means

1 9 , roo t v i t , v ivconvivia lrevivesurvivorvi ta'lvivacious

are from1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .

i( * x ** :k,t ti )t * :r ** :l(,t


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4

-2 :2 -

$uf f i xe-qstudy the fol lo,,r. ingsuf f ixes and the words conta'iningThe su f f i xor ma.k ing":4 l lg or

- ib le appears requent ' ly , mean' ingthese su f f i xes '"capableof be ing

2 ,

1 . c red ib l e2 . deduc t i h l e3 . des t ruc t ib le4 . ' l eg ib ' l e

The suff ix -aU.e orf . i nca lcu ' lab le2. dePendabie3 . Presen tah ie4. respectahr l5 . workab le

The suf f i x -a] means1 nava'l2 . te rm ' i na ]3. exper imerr ta14. setrtimen'!:alThe suf f ix -a f l l means1. commentat'Y2. evo'lut oflarY3. I egendarlr4. momentar)/5. so1 tarY

carpable of bt:i ng be] i evedcapable of being taken awaYcapab le of b t : ing des t roYer lc a p a b l e o f m i l k i n g t e r r i f i e d

- i b l e a lso means ab ie to be "that cannot lre calculatedabl e ts be d,rpelrded ,nable to be p^esentedable to be r':sPectedable to be w:rKed

" re l a t i ng to " .= re la t ing to the navY= stat ' ion where buses termins ls (end)= re la t ing to an exPer iment= rerlat i ng to sent ment

" re l a t i ng to " o r "connected i th " .= rel lated to comments= re la ted to the act of evo ' lv ing= re la ted to ]egends= rerlateti to a iloment= re la ted to he ing alone

4 .

5. The rsuff x *or'1 means1 mandator'/2. sensory3. audi orY4. PreParatorY

"of or re l a t i ng to "re' lat ng to( requestedre la t i ng tcre l a t i ng torel at i trg to

what has beertmandatedthe sensesbeing heardbei ng preParerd


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6. Thesuff ix - fu l means,fu l l of , , .Fi 11 i n the bl ankswi h the fol 'lowing words:helpful , harmfu'l graceful, careful , ioyfu.l pi ti fu.la . Preechas . . . . . . ; eve ryone dmi res is danc ing .b. Pong s a . . person; he is ready to herp whenever e arein t roub le .c . Tha t man s . . . . . . . . . . . ; he has a t tackedmany eop le .d. you should be . whencrossing the street.e. Sunee looks becauseshe passesher exams.f . Tha t sma l l boy ooks . . . . . . . ; he doesnot evenhaveenoughclothes to wear.

7 ' Thesu f f i x -ous meansfu l ' l o f " o r ' :hav ing the qua l i ty o f , ' .F i l ' l i n the b lankswi th the fo l low ingwords.contemptuous, xtraneous, ncredulous, prosperousa. Thai]and s a . country.b . I t i s tha t 'a l l the s tuden ts a i led the i r exams.c . Thecr im. ina l ave he judgea . . . look .d' :::.:::::.i:: iffii;J:;;I"" becauseherewasoomuch

8. The suffix -ate means to makeor cause to be,,.1 . l ' iberate = giv ing someone r someth ing t iber ty2 . i n t im ida te = f r i gh ten ing someone3. accentuate = give more importance or emphasis4. f rustra te = to cause frustra t ion

9. The suff ix -ive appears f requenily in Eng'l ish. It means ,having thequa f t y o f " .1 compet t i ve = hav.ing the qua'l ty of compet.ing2 . sens i t i ve = hav ing the qua l i t y o f sens ing3. execut ve = hav'ing he qual .ity of di rect i ng, commandig4 . de f in i t i ve = hav ing the qua l i t y o f de f in ing5 . re l a t i ve = hav ing the qua l i t i o f be ing re la ted


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- 2 A -

10. The suf f iX lQhc usual ' ly means a state or process, , .f . impat ience = the state of rest le$s, eagerness2 - in te l l i gence = the s ta te o f hav ing a keenmind3. res idence = the state of I iv . ing in a piace4. ex is tence = the sta te or processof l iv ing

11. The suf f ix _-gr .means a personwho". Also, :_Qr s used to form thecomparat ivedegreeof ad ject ives.Compiete he blanks wj th the fc l row. ing ords.I eader , gd ' in ter , s ' ingera. Nant' ida is a good she is welcomedwherever she goes.b. We need a good to lead our nation.c . H is house ooks o ld . He needsa . . . to repa . in t t .

12, The suf f ix :gg l - is used to show he super la t ive degree, that is , the most.F'i ' l i n the bl anks of the fol I owing wi th aprrropl iate wordsa . Ap r i l i s the . . . . npn th o f the yea r .b ' The . runner in tne Olymp' ic ame n 1982 is Car l Lewis.c . The . . . y ray o go to HongKong s by p1ane.

13 . The su f i x - i c means 1 i ke , be ing , o r re ' l a ted" .1 . au then t i c = be ing genu i ine2 . exo t i c = be ing unusua l3 . s t ra teg i c = re la ted to s t ra tegy

14 . ' l ' hesu f f i x i sh means l i ke" .Complete he blanks wi th the words given below.ch i ld ish, greenish, devi i sh, f ever i sha. His face is red. He seems o beb. Nobodywants to associate with h"im ecausehe looksc. Even houghhe is over th ' i r ty years o ld , he st i l ' l looksd. Paint ing a room n greenmakes veryth ing look


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15. The suf f ix - less means wi thout" .Complete the blanks with the words given belour;breath less, wor th less, doubt less, pa in less, merc i lessa. That old manwas , by the time he arrived at the topf ' loor of the bu i ' ld ing.b. Ta lk ing to you is . . because ou are rgnorant .c . I t is that he is a capable man.d . I t i s to he lp peop le .e . That lady is . . . whenshe t reats her employees ad ' ly .

* * * * * X * * * * * , r * x * *


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i , . . 1 , , . * 2 6 *-) '" t '. ' t---, .'

l _ - : !$ i nq qon tex t C lues : . , . ,' A

" 'i

Goodreaders usie context c' lues to find the meaningsOf unknownwords as'they read. Somet imeshe author g ' ives def in i t io r re o f unknown ords in thecorr text , and somet imes he readel rsmust look for c lues in the context ' in orde,rto guess the meaningsof the words.

Context = what conres efore and af ier a word, plrrase, statement,,etc. helpi ng tc f i x the rleani gClue = fact , ic lea, etc . that su l lgestsa possib le answer o aprob'lem

Exampl _lr ' . ' - " ( , ' i [ * mus ic ' i n the f i lm was d fgad fU - l . In fac t , ' i t was so ba -d ha t Ihad to leave the theatre . ,1 , . - , . i , ,

Nowwe can guessconl ' ident' ly that I hcid o leave th'a theatre becauserthe m,us ic n the f i lm was unpleasantor bar l .Example

President Aquino is afra id c f be ing l rssassinated,and she alwayswears a bul let-proof vest, but she cannot :;tay away roln the crowds wholove herWe an gu()ss hat assassi r ra . tedery c lear ' ly means i l led; o therwisethe President wru ldn ' t have worn a bu ' l le t* f r roof vest .In addi t i rn to guessing he mean' i f ig , : i f word frorn i ts surroundingwords, we can also use other k' inds of cont*x.tual c' lues as fol lorug:

1 . Def in i t j on Somet imeshe author g ives the de f i n j t i cn o1 'unknown ords .Tl " re lues to the meanings r der fn ' i t ion are BE, MEAN, EDEFINED S, BE CALLEI].Examp les : : , .

1 . Feocle who study the stars 'are ca l led aqXronomers.2' Elilffil:gY-l:l.;--l:llo"l':?-';'[]?l['.::,:"1,3i*,.o*"nod i f fe ren t source$ .2" Explarratipl ' jSc,m,:timeshe author uses strirrg$ of words or statements tores[ate unknownwords. Signa] clues are OR, iN OTHER ORDS,TilA'f IS. Punctuation marks f ike COMMAS,ASHESnd BRACKETSare also used to exp"iain unknon'n ords.


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Exampjs: , : .1. The answer ' is in the ggnclus. ion, he last part o f the story.? . The test ing center wi l l p rov ' ideyou wi th al l the mater ia ' lsyou need. That is t-g*.ggy_,ou will not need to br.ing pencirs,pens' paper' aaftnonar'ils becausehe testing.Cinterwittgive you al ' l of the things you need.J ( ' , l ' : . , l : : : l _ . l . . I ' .Contrast sometimesonnectives howing ontrast irldirecily help define\ r. an.unknourn ord. context c'ruewords are BUT,H6!VEVER,NEVERTHELESS,HILE,ALTI{oucH, VEN l{otJcH,r' j He orHER {AND.

/ ' t i i ' 1 ' l\z Anc'ient stronomers tudied on]y the stars they could seewiththei r eyes. wi h radio telescopesand sate'l.l ites, rrowever.-'tmodern stronomers an study stars which our nakJ"v""tt*nn6tsee.2. If the farmersdo not growenough qq{this year, wehavea food ghortase. .gn the other hand',wewilr havesurplus if they grow too muih food for ih" *ns.rr"r.

Exampi s:1t . +

.. i t,' i | \ ' " ' 'I l ' l u s t ra t ' i on

Examo ies : ' , - lI

Synonvms Sometimes he author givesusing a synonym words thatsentence. .Exampls: - \

The companyshe works fo r is1980when t was very smal l .in the area.

_27-

wi l la foodto buy.' ' , 1 . / ' , i [ . r ' : . i ' ; . ' r , ' . .Examplesndpictures given in the text canaiso suggest]he meanings f unknown ords. EXampie lues are FOREXAMPLE,OR NSTANCE,UCH S. 11,, .,/ r -

I : r r . . , . { t

4 .

1. _lomerines_{ren eopleare angry they insujt eachother.(--[9rgr-ample] hena person gnores a "Nosnloking"sign,- anotherpersonmight say, ,,Whatlst_hqlnatter, an,t you read?.,2. Television. is addict i \ze. {g l "*qtp lA nnost ni ldren spendmore han three hourswatching if eachday, and very oftenthey cannot in ish their assignmentsecause i " i t"h ing- i t ., J5 . the meanings f a nevr-word yhave the samemeanjl9} in another| ' ' '

t _ , t . 4 i / \ t . i " i i i , ;

1. Glass is made rom si_{ ica, which is mosi l / found " in sand. .whereasiEmondsre reaied tromcaiton;'*r.,i"i",'r;';ruLfound 'in the form of coal . ATM. She joined the f i rm inNo{^,TM s the. largest businessz .


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Exerc' ise : Use he context as a clue to def ne the under ' l ined ord n eachsentence. C' i c l e the I etter of your choi e.1. Guns re le jhAl weapons;hey can k' i i i you' i f you play with them.

a, modern c. useful-h ; dead ' l y . L ' , d . ex t raond inary2 . The l i t t l e bcy i s l ach rvmose , i ' c r y i ngl l day 1ong .

a. awfu l "' c . resent fu lb . cheer fu l d- ; tear f u ]' , , , j 1 t a t ; . l . 5 r e i3. Wt19nsked i f I f iked her new hai r -s ty le , I candjd lv rep l ied,; , . . , ,No , i t l ooks te r r i b l e . " i

a . po l t e l y 9 . f rank l yb . cau t i ous l y d . k i nd lY, ..1 (, r,.q,.. . t4. My ma' idusual ly is ib lagqard; however , oday she workedenergetical ly.-.. ( ;,.. I ! ,c",,.{

a . a s low person c. an act ive Personb. a hard-work ingperson d. a si i ly person5. My teacher is . .so punct i l ' ious {hat he always corrects my sloppy-speechor points out my incorrect use of certa' in words.

a. helpf ul c. stublrornb. prec'ise ' , d, Punctua.l6 . P ' i tuk is very fruqal . Even houghhe earns 1i t t le , he can save mosto f h is money nd l ' i ves on very l i t t l e .

a . w ise c, . carefu ' l ' 'b . i av i , s f t . ' ' 1 .41 th r i f tY . : . - ll . . r l f l r ^ i - " " - . )7. She th inks of herse l f as the e l i te person on campus, ook ' ingdowni her nose at o thers. ( {.4e.. best c si rnPl stb;. worst -, tr- . ' ' .1\ tal I est

B. My fr iend is very astu te ; he borrowedmoneyat a very low interestra te and bu i ' t t i t rn ' to a smal l for tune through wise " investments.; i4 cunning'b . i ne f f i c i en t ' . ' , . ' ' , ' ' d . wea l thy

g. Some eople enhar.rceheir ownproperty by mowing he lawn, platrtingsomepret ty f lowers, and decorat ing the ' i r houses ' lc . cu l t i va te ) ' ,d , s e c u r e , j . . o t | , C i ' " ' iA. destroyFl improve


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- 2 q -

The war in Kampucheas consideredacts of aggressionli ' i iarge numberch i ld ren havebeenk i l led .' . . ) |d i s t j n g u i s h ; ' ' " 1 ' J ( c .disadvantageous d.

l ' . 1 - ' - _ l

Exercise 2 Use the context as a clue to chooseunderl inedwords.

a . me l tb. d isappear

' i " ' "to be one of the most heinousof people ncluding innocenthor r ib le t . , " ; , , -honorabls ; ,11 ' ,, ' i

the correct meaningof the

10 .

a ,b .

, : ' , . j i d1. As the sun gradual ly emerges ver the mountain, he gracefulgolden-coatedpagodabegins to coruscateF, . sp l i t / lFl shine

I

* ) ,

4 .

5 .

Vrrhenhe volcano Mount Helena in Washingtoneruoted in 1980,i t re leased a ' lo t o f lava and k i l led somepeople who j ivednea rby . : ,a. formed : i'. broke outb. was heated d. evolved "-. 'The doctor told hjm to abstain fromlbeer and anyalcohol ic dr inks; o therwise, he w ' i1 ' l not be ab lef rom h i s i l l ness4- A . l . ' i . t ! l ' { ' t ' t I r r r "...4.' hold back r 'r ' '"rr i" l , c, reduceb . consume, . , , r ' o d . keepup w i th

Spoi led food is not ed ib ' ie ; j t w i I I makeyou sicki t .

otherto recover

if you eata. del 'c iousb. poisonousThe scouts scoured the

i , f , . , i \d. qaqrged ve i , asb. fought agaiRstc. guardedagainstd. chased betlindA Feel ing fa in ted, the old womanr ied to f ind a seat before her

a. t r insferred ' ' ' " " " ' ' ? - - l - - r a t tempted , '1 iY co1 lapsed "' d. vani shed ,-r-r r^ r,-rHow an she vei I her emotions when he obviously cares greatly?

: . . t . i . , . , , i . , . .a. pi ty c. appreciate ", ! !'b. scream (% conceal (h' ide),/

/'' .''&td .

desertedin search.

eatable ' ' inoti ceabltown for signs, a r , \ . : r ' : ' ! ( t ' ,

of the enemy.I i 1 \ 3 ' t ' t i ' :

7 .


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' - t to-\ ' r ' , ( ) ' " " / \\ / ; \ . t . . ; i

-;\. i\ r ' 7, - ; ' ' ; ' ' ' t "' ' ' ,' ,B. I o f ten [eCge nto th ings when am n a hurry .

-4" movec ulms' i ' l y c , d iv ide"' ' b" col I ect (J. forget9. Wehave ten aprp l icants or th i l ; pos. i t ion. Actua l ly , we neecionly one qua'l i f ied person so we have to weedout those whoare less qua ' l i f ed .

a . supe rv i s ;e r ' ' ' , ' ' \ " - < ; ) e l im ina te ' .b . compromise .1 : r l . supply10. she is a tenac, ious erson: everr hough she fa i ]ed her f i rs t

, biology tests, she kept studyirrg and.erlentua'l1ypassed theI , i , . . " . " COUfSg. I , ,1;a. humorous r;- f i neb . s t i ngy ' i : ; ( ; : l i t r e r s i s ten tExencise3 Read he fo] ' lowingpi lssage arefu l ly andstudy the under ' l inedwordsby app]y i t tg the sk i l ls you have learned to f ind the c losest meaningfor each ,vord.

Bangkok , l i ke o the r b jg c i t i es o f deve lop ing cun t r ies , i s fac ing theproblemof urban .m1gri i ttglrby rural people. But rvhat seems o be more alarming' is that the majo l i ty r f the migrants are women.A recent study cy the National Council of Vlomenf Tha'i ' landand theDepartment f Social htelfare shouredoncern abotrt the large inf' lux of womenntcrthe c i ty . "Nat ional economic nclsoc ia l deve ' lopm,;n t; l l fa l l shor t i f noth ing lis done to $em the f -ow of womennto Bangkok," ;a id the study. The migrat ionrevo lves around econoin ic ,soc ia l , cr imina l , employment, ducat ' ionand heal thprob ' lems. And as wom3n onst tu te a maior part r : r f he migrants, res ident a lp ros t i t u t ton and ch i l J p rob lems re f i ke l y to be aggrava ted , he s tudy po in tec lou t .

I

1 . m i g r a t i o n = f i / ' t ' \i i ' i '

d: grow'ingmi)re maturebi moving f rrm one place to arrother to Eiett ' lec. coi nci den,)ed . cu ' l t i va t i , : nz . a i i i * ng = . r , r r - r ' l ' ' l

.81 caus ' ing lar or exc i tement c. ,xc i t ingb. waking sotneone p d. c;onfusing3 . i n f l ux= i ' 1 \ i 1 r "1 " ' i \ " ' ' , '

a . deve ' lopmetr t ,d c:ont ' inua l lowing inb. occupat ior r d. ' impact


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4. fal I short =a . decrease- t 'b. decl ne : .., \ /

5 , s tem= . ' . [ i ; ' , - t i . , ,a"-. part of a treey:. stop

6. feVOlVe = \r r ' . ,^ ,

c. capture ' i '' d.r fai l to meet a goal

c. supportd. arrange

c,' cause to go aroundd. br ' ing o an end

a. enc'loseb. at tach

7. const i tu te =

8 . I l l d j o r = i r " 1 'a, necessary q. the h'igh rank off icerb. the course of study d) greater in amount' ) ' :

9 . a g g r a v a t e =^ l i t " " I - \ ' " ' t " / r, , . r , \ . , r ,a. exaggerate ' c. inform : :' It '6 . . , makeworse d, f luctuate . . , ' t t ' , \ ' .^ : ' ' , , j , , . ' , . ,

Exerc ise 4 Read he fo l iowing passageand then f ind the c iosest meaningof theunder' l ined words.n l r " i t r "

' - ' t ' '' ' t 'The bodies of three men ,! ere ound dumpedn the bushesyesterday near theBangna-Highwayn Chachoengsao rovince. The bodies, which were stuffed intothree sacksl,"were discovered by a gardener, who a'lerted police. Pol Lt-ColSuwanHoonsawat,chief inspector of BangPakongpolice station, said the threevic t ims were each middle-agedand had bru ises a l l over the i r bodies, wi th onebearing a kn'i fe wound n the neck. Their legs and hands were bound.. - -1 . dumPed ' t

, ": ''uU. thrown c. unconscious 'b . s tabbed - r \ " ) . ' ' " d . d imin ished2 - s tu f fed =

a. chopped c. f i l ] ed fo rc i b l y ' ' - 'b. t ransf erred d. ]ay


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1 / -

\ . . . '3 . a l e r t e d = { " ' ' . , ' ' '

, . . , . - \ \ - , i . .'a) ilarnedor informed c. convincedb. got ready to act d. escorted_ l : ,4. bru ' isesa. scars c. tattco markst6 ; in ju r ies by a b low d ' P imPles

5 . b e a r i n g = i ' i t " / ' " i l : r .\ ' " " : . i

a . g i v i ng b i r th c . ca r r y i ng , 'b . res i s t i ng \ d . . showing

Exercjse 5 Read he fol low'ing passageand then f ind the mean'ings f theunder' l ned wordsMANACCUSEDF CHILDABUSE

The Labour Department s to take Leggl action aga'inst the Phasi Charoengo1dsmi thwho al legedlv tor tured two ch i dren work ing i r r h is shop.DepartmentCtrief Chamnan ojana said the suspect, Peera Ponual, would bef ined for the i ' l lega l employment f V i ra j Kampong, 4, and h is s ' is ter Waraporn '15 . The father of the two chi ldren, NarongKampong,odged a compla in t wi thpol . ice on TuesdayaccusingPeeraof tor tur ing his ch ' i ld ren, who were each paid400 baht a month o help in the shoP.Mr.Narong et j t ionesl the pol ice af ter be ing to lc t by h is son, he and hiss is ter had been f requent ly bLuta l ise l by Peera '

1 . abuse=a. over-usage c. kidnap6 , , i l l * t r ea t ' ' r r i ' ! i ' d , assass ina teI , . i 3 r i \ 1 , , l ' ' , ,. ' : , , r ' \ . : .2 . ' l ega l = ' ' ' ' ' t ' : \ ' - '

a . gent le c. compro i l is ingb . s t r i c t d . concerned i th the law3. al ' legedlY =

a. ac t i ve l y c . oP t im i s t i ca ' l 1Y, bj repor ted ly d ' overwhelmjnglY: . '4 . tor ture = :

a. dece.ive i . i 6. cause severe suf fering tob. betraY d. have a Powerupon


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*33-

5 ' f i n g { =t rd. pun'ish,by paying somemoneyb. the state of a good condi t ionc. a cooperatjon between two personsd. the of f ic ia j suppor t

a . Pe rm i t " r \ : "b . exempt ion i . -

6. lodge = '/i , , i . 1 . , f n , . . . . . , t , _ .

?: a place to stay c. to d iscussb. to v3'icea statement d. to exploit , (7 . pe t i t ion = r , / i ' r - , , . , i ' , 1 -

c. cooperate |,1,jfftr,fi:'d. makean appeal8. b ru ta i i se = u ( ' \ l

a. to perform a cruel ac t c. to look downuponb- to get invorvedwi th ' , d . to in te r fe re w i th \

* * * * * * * ' t { ( * * * * : f *


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WORDc iv i l ' i an (n . )

', i- l i r ' rtlf ,cdnpl cated (adj . I. i i . ; . COnCUf (V. ) ,d ig ress4v. )' ) ' ' - ' - i , o f l i t 'f r a g i l e ( a d j , ) . . y 1 . .ga lo re (ad1 .)genu ine ad j ' ) ' n : r i -hos t i l e (ad j . ) 'impat ' ient (ad j . )i n te r ( v . ) , . . .m i t i ga tPz (v . ' " . ' 'n O V i G e ( h . ) i ' r r ' -o r i g i na l (n . ) ^ _

. lrC_

o r i g i na l (ad j . ), FOr i tY (n . ) ' , , rresume v. )sh r i nk (v . )sobep / (ad j . ) ' , , '- t . -su f f i ce (v . ) L :vacan t (a01 .1

l ( | t l - t ' ' ' t ' '. , i- : l ? 1 , . ; , , - rApply What You Have

1 l ( ' r l ' l ' / a :

Qgn'!.extsWiih Contrastinq Words (11'{erd Studv 1

MEANINGpersonwho is not a member f the mi l i tary , orpo l i ce , o r f i r e f i gh t i ng fo rcesno t s imp le o r easy ; i n t r j ca te : " ' : " ' u ' '

_ ' ' . * agree; be of the sameopin'ionstate or prove the t ru th of ; substant id t ' ' 'tu rn as ide; ge l o f f the main subject ' in speak ' ing.i.. or wri t i nSpient ' i fu l ; abundant ga lore always fo l lows the. wor,l i t rnodi ies )act , - ta l1y e ing what i t is c ' la imed r seems o be;t rue ; rea l ; au then t i c- o f or re la t ing to an enemy r enem' ies; nf iendlyanx r)L'snot pat ent ; not w'i ' li ng to bear de1 y; rest I es;, r. anx ous' t * pu t in to t he ea r th o r a grave ; bury- rnake ess severe; I essen; sof en; rel ' ieve: - cne v. l " ros new to a f ie ld o t ' act iv ' i ty ; beg innera v,rork reated f irsthanci and f rom which copiesare madebe long ing o the beg inn ing ; f i r s t ; ear l i es tsomethinguncommon,inf requent, or rare- beg in aga in! - dre,'rvack; recoi 11 not drunl(- //.' 'c ' l ' " : 2. ser ious; f ree f rom exci tementor exaggerat ion- ' be enough ,adequa te , r su t f i c i en t- ernpty; unoccupi d; not tre' ingused J .

Learned

c. coward lyd. brave

c . p " l en t i fu ld. prof ess'ional

1 , .

Exerc ise 1: In the space prov ided, wr i te the le t ter o f t l ie word or express ionthat has rnost nearly the SAMEMEANINGs the underl ined word.I r n , - '

a va l ian t foea . hos t i eb. weakentertai nmentOi.jorea . exc i i ngb . f ree

' ! .

4


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3 . the o r iq ina l ownera, true c. newb. f i rs t d . lega l

4. fragi le packagea. expensiveb. genuine

5. concurr ingopin iona) agreeingb. 'impati ent

6 . qu i te a ra r i tya. attract ionb. clever deed

7. pr ivate interment

a. exc' i tedb. drunken10. unsubstant iatedeport

COLUMN1 . s t i c k t o t h e m a i n t o p ' i c

c" , . surprr ed. uncomrnonhi ng

c. breakabled. i n t r ' i ca te

c, anxiousd. d isagree ing

c. hu r r iedd\ serious

a . en t rance , . r ' , c . r ecep t i onb. bur i a l d . . ex i tJ8 . unm ' i t i ga ted u ry 7 i , r "3

/^'\a. not lessened c. softenedb. decreased d. unchanged' l ' t c9. sober judgment

a . au then t i c c . fa l see, unconf i rmedl ' : ' ' - d. not t rue

Exercise 2: Each word or expression in column I has an ANTONYIIopposite) incolumn I1. Insert the'letter of the correct ANTOIf/pln the spaceprovi ded,

r! ' z. strongC 3. d i d no t sh r i nk

MLUMN Ia . f ra i lb. vacantc. noviced . genu inee. reco i edi 5 . s imp le_--.--rJ-_


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- ? 6 -

A , , - , , r , " i: ,_ 6. not be ing $rhat t is c la ' imed .o be f . concurU 7 oc:up'iedi g. c lerv

, ' 9. S;ClrCeI '.1' ' l n r l i rr v . u r S d $ l

Iai. common

g. abundant" 1l 'r. di gressi . con f i rmj . comp1icated

Exerc ise 3: Whichof the two term$ makes he 'serr tence orrect?Wri te the le t ter o f the correct ansv/er n the spaceprov ' ided.

1 . In your op in io r , i s the repor ta. genu ne)

or authent ic?b . lrnt rue

2. The ' invest iger t ion has --_ , but i t i s expected o resume oon.a. begun b. stopped

3. By thei r ___-*_ to the arrresting cf f icer, the vio'trators hoped tom i t i g a t e t h e ' i r o f f e n s e . i . ' !a. expl anert on

. . . .4 , W i l 1 t h e s e s U p p ] i e s s u f f i c e , o r ' a r e t h e y . - ?a. enougn

5. Once in our centra l reg icns, the whooping rane is nowa rar i ty ' .

t , r a a ; ^ + - ^ ^ ^L J . r e 5 l S L C l l l u E " "

b. unknown

Exercjse 4: Fi l l each blank with the rnost approtrr"iateword from the vocabu'laryI i s t be low . j . '. , / i J\ , , , i . . l Isuf f ice ' nov ice vacani host i ' ie adequate complcatedor ig ina l impa t i en t c i v i ' l i an reco i 'ed d jg res r ;ed resumed

L . . ! - i 11 The shov{erssitoppeda feu' momentsago, bu:: they have now-r [ ' ' ' 'Z. You should heiveno troubie fol l ,Owii 'rg heso directions. They are not

, ; " ' ; 1 , , ,3. I can't understandwhy Terry has become () t' t ' . - to me'We "rarle lways been f rierrds.4. My couisin's fani ly hopes lc move,ntc our l:ui ld' ing as soon as an apartme,ntbecomes-l{: j :- '^\ ." \rt ' , i i ' i

L 1I ' i "


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5 .o .

-37 -

( l g ' ' t \ ' 'The reprdduction was so clever that only an expert could d' istinguish i tf r o m t h e t " r r Itdhensomeoneasked Cathering howsa id f i ve wou ' l d e t ' r ' q r ' \ r ' L many ltore chairs would be needed, she

8 .

7. Don ' t expect Paul to play the piano as we1l as Lor i . Af ter a l l , he ison l y a (an ) , t ' ' i . . . l . ' ' ' ' 'Mrs,spears stopped Vincent as soon as he -rlr ' ;tt '" and suggested thathe return to the main opic. ,

9 . hlot a s ing le ' was appointed to the d ic ta to r 's cab ine t . 'Al ' l the posts weregiven to mil i tary of f icers.The supervisor never - ''t !:: from doing her duty, even though itm'ight sometimes have been unpleasant.

, { :\ ( ( o { i i . l f t " - r ' ' : ' o \ f ( ' \ i } ' \ -10.

* * * * * ) t * * * * * x : f * *i {


42/87

r , . 1 (

WORD:a o i o u r n ( v . ) ; .

ext r i ca te (v . ) , , , 'f o r fe i t ( v . ) ( "i 11es ib le ad j . ) \ ' linadvgrtent ' ly adv.

. r \ r l ! . ' . ; ' t ' . , . t ' t , i l . . . ," ' inappropriate (aC1 I

' . 1 .

,rl:'l' '^d

l ' l u c ra t i ve (ad j .permanent adj.p roh ib i t ( v . )punc tua ' l ad j .1rebuke (v. )t rans ien t (ad j .r ' { ' l it rans ien t (n . )I. ,:*r! r t l : i i : : l L

Exerc ise 1: In the spacethat has most

-38 -

Contexts Wi h Qontas t ng U/ord 2)Word Study 2

MEANING'- c lose a meet ing;suspendhe businessof a meet ' ing;d i sband ' : -shrewd; ^r isb;craf ty ; cunning 'act o f b laming; express ionof d isapproval l rost . i ' lec r i t i c i sm; rebuketear down; destroy; raz.e . , ,

u n l O a d r " ' , r 1 i - ' l i - " , , t - j " 'd i f fe r in op ' in ion ; d isagree ; ob jec tfa ' i r t o a l I concerned ; us t ( ; : ' ,composed r spokenw'ithout preparation; offhand;, impromptu; mprovised- f ree f rom di f f ici l frt" ieE')disentangle .lose or have to give up as a penalty for someer ro r , neg l c t , o r f au ' l t- not ab le to be read; very hard to read; not 1egib leno t doneon purpose ;un in ten t iona l l y ; , , , ,thouEht less ly ; acc identa ' l ino t f i t t i ng ; unsu i tab le ; unbecoming ; o tappropri atemoney-makingprof i tabl e- ias t ing ; endur ing ; in tended o las t ; s tab leforb ' id ; ban , .on t i rne; prompte.{pressd isapproval o f ; cr i t ic ize sharp ' ly ;censure severely; reprimand; reprove- not last ing; passingsoon; f ' leet ing; shor t - l jved;momentary* v i s i to r o r gues t s tay i ng fo r on ly a sho r t t ime

prov ided, wr i te the le t ter of the word or express ionnearly the SAIIEMEANINGs the underl ined word.

4t .

)

vote to adjourna . j o i nt'(D . O t sband- \ r rcater to transients- - - . 1

' ' 1 t / ( r \a. c iv i I ansh . ' shor t - t imev is i to rsseverely censured

bannedobj ected

di sapproveapprove

permanent uestsnovices

d'ischargedrebuked

ri

n

at ,u,.

3 .


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-39 -

4. recordof punctual i tya. promptnessb. attendance

a. fa i rb . cra f ty

7 omi ted i nadvertentl i l i io"t

c. achievementd. lateness

c. unw' ised . un jus t

5 . tempora ryi ' l l i nga. not 'intendedto last c. endur'ingb. fragi ' le d. not painfu ' l

6 . inequitable treatment

a. temporari I y c.,' acc'idental i yb. on purpose d. permanently8. discharcin q suppl es

' a . . un load ing ( , . l c . unsu i tab leb . des t roy i ng ' " i d . f l ee t i ngf. impromptu emark

a. ' inappropr ia te c. host i leb, cunn'ing dl-l extemporaneous10. complete iy exonerated

a. set f ree c. d isproved'b : ' f reed from b lame d. proh ib i ted

Exercise 2: In the space provided, write the letter of the word hCITRELATEDnmeaning o the other words in each l ine.1 . a . ob jec t b . d isagree c . demo lsh d . d i ssen t r l "" ^ t i I ; t2 . a . ban b . exone ra te c . p roh ib i t d . fo rb i 6 C ' " ' i c t r i3 . a . s tab ' l e b . leg ib le c . permanent d . l as t i ng l n r ' 'a4. a. abundant b. p lent ' i fu l c. lprcnat ive d. galore r '" . r "5. a. h inder n. ou"lbuiO"n c. encumber d. d ischarge ' ' ' r ' "

, . . ' 1 ' l '6 . a . ' imp rov i sed b . so f tened c . m i t i ga ted d . ' l essened v tS i7 . a , temporary b. momentary c. prompt d. shor t - l ived i - ' '


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8. a . appropr ia te b. t rans ient c. becom' ing d. su i ab ie I -9 . a . repr imand b. for fe i t c . censure d. reprove

10. a. shr ,ewd l ) . extemporaneousc. o f fhar td d. impnomptu - - -Exerc' ise 3: l t/hichof the two terms mak,eshe senl:ence orrectlrWr i te the le t ter o f the correct answ()r ' in he spaoeprov ided.

1. The nscr ip t ion on the c-r ldmonumer l ts hard 1.o ead; i t is a lmosta . ' l egi b1e b . ' r 11eg ib1e

Z. i f the j ury's verdi ct ' is _--_-___, the clef ndant wil l

be exonerateda . gu i tY b. rrot gu'i ty

3. Rhodahas a'lready had two sl ices of pizza, while somecf, us haven't hadeven one. I t ' isn' ta . inequ i tab le

!' ' b.-: equi abl e

4. I f you are impat ' ient , you rnay a l l in to a trap from which ' i t w ' i l ' l be hardto yourse l .a . ex t r i ca te b. l ' aze5 .Shou td thenewk lus inessF , r c )Ve juc ra t i ve ,mar ty i nves to rsw , i . | l - i t 'a . enter b. avo'id

Exercise 4: F'i i ' l each blank withr the fi |ost appropriate word from the vocabularyI s t be l cw .shor t - l ' i ved in tent igna l ly for fe i ' [ed permanent ' lyrazecl astute di ssen'ied e;(temporanous1yt 'rebuked or ig inaf inadver^tent ' ly complcated

1. I t was no acc ' icent . I d ' ic l t - t ' ' ' i . -_ ':Z. Joan fai]ed to appear for her scheduled retnatch. As a result, accordirrgio the t91i,fiT.ilt .:otes, s;he 16s 'r t:'\rr{ -.-_ the same.3. I wil l have to speak:___f:i ::-, ' i inasmuclr q3 I did not expect to beasked o give e. a lk , . :_ , , : , , , ,eyr , ,or4. Dad 's ; ef t harrc ls i . . \ I ' "J ' L scarred as the resu i t o f a ch i ' ldhoodacci clent


45/87

-41 *

5. Threeof the club members ho \ :r.",6. Is the tpt ,ru""n,, l i ;* ' ft vacant' or are there some tructures on it that wiil be

- 7. Lucki ly, the power ai lure was ., , l - r , ; in a matter of moments,heljghts wereon again- 8' I:" t",TJJ#'J [J-:iltrv wasukhothajlater t was hansed9. you should l '* .expecta novice at chess o be as ' , \ (exper.ienced layer. as an10. The o f f i cen d i rec t i ng t ra f f i c , . t - , 1 , ' D l " " : 'makea p"ottioited turn. -% the driver who had tried to

*.* ,3* * * rf * * : t : f , t ** * *


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-4?*

Contexts VJith $itui.1a.!.-!t lot-dsi )WordStudv Q

WORD MEANIN(]cache (n. ) . , - h ' id ing place to s tr l re someth ingcommendv,) ' : - pra ise, ment ion fa ' rorab lycur (n . ) wor th less dogdespot ic (ad j . ) o f a despot (a monarch aving absolu te power) ;\ ' \ . ' dom' ineer ing ; i c ta . to r i a l t y rann i ca l. id i spu te (v . ) , t , . , ; , - . ' a r "Oub bou t ; .deba te ; dec la re no t t r ue ; ca l l i n to.,, quest'lon; opposeed i f i ce (n " ) re ra (n . ) h i s to r ' i ca l per iod ; per iod o f t imein i t i a te (v . ) . * 1 , beg in ; i n t roduce ; o r i g j na ter " ' i , " " 2 . admi t o r induc t i n to a c lub by spec ia lceremont sJo1 ly Roger n . ) . , ^ p i ra tes ' f l ag ; b la r :k 1agwi th wh i te sku l l andcrossoones rmu ] t ' i t ude n . ) c rowd; th rong ; hor r ie ; swarmperce'ive (rr. ) bercomewareof th^ough the senses; see; note;- / oklservepor ta l (n. ) . - dcnr ; entrance, es6rec ia11y, grandor . impress ivereserved*ci.l ?il3t."tned n speer:hr actlon; uncommunicat'iverestrain il,. .,. i- '.), '.r rrcrid'ack;crreik; ;urb; epress ,:, ' - ' re t ract (n. ) i - ' ' l ' t , , ; d t 'awback; w i thdrat^r ; ake backspine (n.) cha in of smai l boners own he midd le of the back;a .. i berckbones t ro ]1 (n . ) ' , { r r ,' " t imo rous ad j . ) , , f u ] l o f fea r ; a f ra i d ; t im ' i dtu i t ion (n. ) perymentor instrur : t ionvers ion (n. ) - 1 . ac-count r . descr ip t ion from a par t icu lar poinl :

. . , , , . , . : . ' ' ( ) T v l e w ; i' ) 2 , t r ans la t i on

Ex_erc ise : In the g;p, lc efore r :achexpress ion i r r co lumn , wr i te the le t ter ofi ts equ ' iva]ent romco]umn I .COLUMN COLUMNI

i 1 . inouct ( ' in to erc' tubor soc' iety)by a" curspecial ceremonies2 , i rnpress ive u i d ing3. h ' is tor i ca l per iod

I 4 . h ' i d i n g p l a c e.,\\ o . ' innpressi ve doc,r

b. cachec, , spi relessd . por ta le" th i r teen


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-43-

!i 6 . account f rom a part ' i cu ' lar v iewpoint f . in i t ia te7, without a backbone8. baker 's dozen \ ' ' . " ' , " ' "9. worthless dog

10. b lack f l ag w i th wh i te sku l l and j . ed i f i cecrossbonesExercise 2: Eachword or expression in column has an ANToN\?fopposite) incolunn II. Insert the'letter of the correct ANTONIYIVIn.ttre

"pa"erovided.

g. Jo ' l ly Rogerh . e rai , ve rs ion

@LUMN'l and'r l l .q r t v g u . .

2. not afra idi 3, censured u - .

4. ran

l ^---=- 6. democrat c| 7, reserved

- 8. smal l group

:i 10 . not argued about j . ,Jespot ic

Exe.rcise3: which of the two terms makes he sentence correct?write the letter of your answer .in the space provided.1 . I sn ' t i t a p ' i t y tha t th i s beau t ' i f u l ed i f i ce i s go ing to be

a. ra ised f' 2 ,2. Sandra shou'ld have been

COLUMNI^ ^ l q A l 1 - Jq . . S L t ( J i i t t u

b. perceivedc. mul i tuded. d isputede . i n i t i a tedf . re tractedg. commended : " r'h . t imorous

, b . r faZed -" ' 'for be ing punctua l .

a. commended b. reprimanded3. When t comes nto power, a despotic governmentusually freedomof speech and press

a. bans b. permi ts


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' f T

4. I f you , there is noth ing to d ' i : ;pute.a. d'issent

..bj ooncur

b. vv' ihed5. Haven't you somr:times ished that you couid retract somethingyouyou had sa'id?

G." regret ted!

Exercise-4: Fi ' l l each blank with the most appropt' iate word frem the vocabu'laryI ' i s t be ' low.impat ient perce ivec i tu i t ion restra inedt im id , " ' . ' i nduc teddi sputed ' version ' val i ant " retracted

. 1I, r .. ,+. ;1. The rivals were going to tfa+e blolvs, but 1.managedo hold one of themback and my f r i end ! r:'ir- "' \ tri'leother '

Z, The firm must,expand o se,rve hr-. ncreasing numbersof cl ients knockinga t i t s ! ' ' \ ; r 1 - - '3. I was about to take the wrong bus, but ' luc | l i ' l y I ' my mistakei n t ' ime .4. No one our picposa'l for sharingl the expensesl. i t seemedperfect ' ly equ ' iabl e . ,b. If ycu go to en out-of-toq'n col lege, you w:l ' l have expenses or roomand'. 'r ' ' i


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1 \ , , . , \ A t C

aggressor n. )a l t i tude (n. )ca ]ami ty n . )congregate v. ) ,'convene v. ) ,co rd ia l i t y (n . ) , . . l

-crony (n. ) , .- de l ibe ra te ly (adv.1. . . 1d ispense v. )

dubious aOi.) r r . ,. rex t remi ty n . -h ibe rna te v . ) .host (n. ), ' , ' : . ,

i n t im ida te (v . )preface (n. )t r . . 'preface (v. )

reco i l ( v . ) - , . .r e f l ec t i on (n . )

. . . : . 1 "' la. / t r -a /l ,

i , . .J \ j '

WordStudv 4

in f luence by fearpersonwho receives a guestutmost1 mi

-11

MEANINGpersonor nation that beginsa quarre.l; assailanthe igh t ; .e leva t ion ;h igh posf t ion ; emi fence- , ; , , , ,, . . , : . .great misfortune; c_e!Ag_!e"FJre;jsas{eFl.: ,, . , .*come ogether into a crowd; assemble; ather .meetor come ogether in a group for-a-specificpurposefr iendl iness; warmth f regard \c' losecompanion;nt imate ir iend; chum,, , . . . i , If . in a carefu l ly thoughtout manner;-onurpo"";purposely?, in an.unhurr iedmannei s. low.lye, ' - ' ( fot lowed by the preposi t ionwit l r l Oowithout;get along withoutdoub t fu l ; upcer ta in ;quest ionab le , . , : , , . t .ve ry end ; u tmost im i t " "1. large number;mult i tude; throng; crowdZ. personwho receives or entertains a guest orguests (Note also; hostess_a$/omanwhoserves as a host) .,,. . . . . ,f r ighten;. . in f uenceby fear; coul;overaweintroduct4on (to a bookor speich);-ioieword;7. ,pro iogue . ,r . , . .in troducbor beginwith a preface; usher . in;precededraw back because f fear; shrink; wince; fl inch1 thought . especi 11y carefu'l thought i"i,,- . ; ; : ,

re l i nqu i sh (v . )to l e ra te (v . ) - . : "-- forecast( .tI, , , , r , . , , i ' i i . .

2 : b lame ;d i sc red i t ; r ep roach . ! . , , ,g ive 'Lp; abandon;Jgt go; re lease; surrender{ \ :endure;bear; p'..$jr;"itx, ;iff i; 'd;;iE"vs' r"pred ic t , fo re te l l , p rophesy i . . , , :> : , . ."

. ' : l ' " ' : (' "

- - ' r 1 ' '' ^ ;

! *: t . i o \ . r n , r 'i , l : i. ,- 1 ., -, ,t .

\ '" r 1 ' ' / / ' '! . t {Exerc' ise : In the spacebefore eachexpression n column , wri te the letterof i ts correct SyNOt{yMromcolumn I.COLUMN

-_+__ 1. meet or a specif c purpose2 : in t imate f r iend host

nnr r { . i a' l i * r ,v v r s r s t t L J ,

extremi yca'lamiy

COLUMNIa . i n t im ida teb .

d .3 .+ .

e .


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-46 -

lvar^mthf regardspend he w'internat: ion hat slarts erquarre lin an unhurr i r ;dmannergreat misfortune

In the 's f laceprov ided, wr i te the le t ter ofmeaning1:o he other words in each 'l ine.

de1 berate ' lyconvene I rh i bernatecronyaggressor

the word NOTRELATEDn

Y .h

i .

6 .7 .

9 .

f .

-- J+Exerc i e 2 : :

1

23 .4 . . ' , {A

6 .

10.

b. assemb'lehr. quest ionablehr . b lameb," endure1 ' . - i " , ' , t

kr. f l incfib. spectatortr . forete l; ,- b . e l eva t i onb" surrenderb. overawe

In the $pace prov'ided,SAME s or the OPPOSITEr ., i l t i r 6, a ,i i. . , i" ., i

1 . boo,1 .Jr i . . ,.

i narjvertent y. ' r . ' - \ lchurn

c. congregatec " ce r ta l nc . d i sc red i tc . bearc. reco ic . mu ' l t i t ude rc. pred ' ic tc . a ] t i t udec. banc . f r i gh ten

prophecyt i e. . ' , , . ,de1 berate lyqu ick l ynovi cef ri endd'r ressproh ' ib ist resspract i ce

, ld . p inch i I '-..-d. crord

d. gatherd . dub iousd . re f ' l e c t i ond . to l e ra te

d. forego )d. em'inenced . re f i nqu i shd . i n t r ima te

. [ j t i ' t ;

/ , . 1

7 .8 .9 .

10 .i f . i ' . ' . ' ' ' , , n t - ,

wrlte the lett,er of the word that means heof the word r : rn he le f t .I : " . ' , a. connect c,n c.

h

h

h

2 .J .

4 , for' lei tpre'Face

l i . . , i ,

ca1 mi ys1ow1se l domdi schargeobject .

. i . ' ' . - ' 're1 nqu ' is ;hforb i drepeatusher in' /

e)a .

6b .


51/87

Exe rc i se4 : F i l l each b lank wi th thel i s tbe lov .

-47 -

mostappropriatet .' dispensedconvened .'preface

word from the vocabu'lary/ L ,

toieratedrel nquishedProphes ied - io . .

rrvers cannot bei i - ', i r ( r , /

hi bernatedguestref lect ioni nt i midatedproh'ibi ed -host

1 .

2 .

3 .4 .5 .

6 .

7 .8 .L10 .

was I surprised when he book I had left on the bus was returned to me! assureyou I had rt , - ' ' , , . .a l l hopeoi g" l t ing i t back. . vI f I l eave someof my d inner , Mother akes i t as a (an) t , ' , . . - . , on hercooking.The socia ' l commit tee a ' r ' ' ( ,^_ in Room 19 after school to p lan theThanksgiving Dance r=r ewr\r\',, te Pfu 3 ie a \ , /erypcor for tune- te l le ; . Whei . reve i -ou have ,rae, . . : , \shouldwin, we have ost. '- r. :1.7 l -, ,, tNext week, al1 members f the study..groupare invited to my house.I sha l l be g ' lad to be the i r , , -_Grandpa wi th ,hi s ear'ly morning st ro1 today because i t wastoo windy. r 6 r . . i i i . ' ' ' : " j : ^ t - " j "Most textbooks begi 'nwi th a (an; . 1 . , , , - -_ and end wi th an index.Manyasea voyager in the olden t.imesyyas i , 'rr i ,^ri ,whenhe saw he JollyRoger f ' l y ihg from the mast of a sh ip . - - - - - r . r . , - . rIn ' la te .March,the pat ient re turned from Fror ida whereshe had ,p. , ,si nce chr i stmas. v ' ' vs i r ' rsr e r I IThedumging f poisonous hemicarwastes into 'rakesandV " " , - "

' r t - / \ /, \ " ' . i r r v ( ' r ' i h 7 ' i i ' " ' i ' l l - : ; r

* * * ) r * * * * * * * * * * * *


52/87

. l a ' ' r rn lj ,

' ] '' . r - l

WORDcaps i ze (v . ) r "contend ('r. ) ' '

'r j 1.1.4: i . ' .'d e c e a s e ( n . ) " \ . : id i n ( n . ) , ' , i Id i s t i ngu i sh (v . ) ' 'd i v911gev ' ) - r " 'd rough t (n . ) ' . ' 1 , ' , t .f am i h (v . ) , ' ' ' l' . f1 r tuminate v. ) ' ' ; '1 r 'i naud ib ' l e ad j . ) " ' t ' .. i ncense v . ) '' i : nundate (v. ) i , 'jeopardy (n . ). r lagn i fy (v . ) ' ;mun i c ' i pa1ad j .1Puncture ( 'v . ' ' - ' /' -. t a . - : i " ; . : t t trummagev. )

, simultaneously, ' - r ' "6ubsequentlyadv., i , 'surv' ive (v. ) . . , , i - , , , ' - .f i ' r , 1 a " U " f S e ( V . ) r .v e i c c i t y ( n . ) ' '

' 5 l ' ,

- .1n --r v;l l

;., :, ., Com$lrnsenselQentextsL!-)Word Study 5

MFANING- o ' r 'e r turn; upset1 . comper te ;i e ; take par t in a .con tes t ; f i gh t ;s t ru$gle2. argue; mainta in as t rue; asser t- d,:ath, I rf,udnol se uproar* ' t , a l 1 ape r r t ;d i f f e ren t ' i a te' ! - - makeknown; eveal ; d ' isc ' losel,lng per-i_odf dry weather; lack of rain; dryne;sstarve; be or makeextremelYhungrYi ' 1 i gh t up ; make r i gh t w i th I i gh t, ' " ' - i r rcapab le f be jng heard ; no t aud ib le- makeext remel ang y; enrage; madden; infuniatr:- f ' l ood ; sw imp ; tdu t i ,g6 ' : ' - ' 'dange r ; pe r i ' l t ) ' "' : i - cari" to be or I ock 'larger; enlarge; amp'lf y- of a c' i ' ty or town rr ,' ' ; : ) * make ho le w i ^ th t po in ted ob je rc t ; p i e rce ;Pa r fo ra t :e A fL : " ' ' ' : ' ,' , ' - ' - sea rch horough ly by tu rn i ng ov 'e r a l l t he

c,cntents; ransack - )-a t the s;ameime; concurrent iY' " la ter ; a f terwards: . , . . . - ' r - l i ve ' l onge r than ; ou t l i ve- pass across, over , or through; cross Ispeed; r;wi tness; 9e.i,9i :Y

of us knpul

EIgggj-gg-l: Which of the two terms mal


53/87

t " i.1 |

\ ,-.I'':

tak ing the championship i l lmatch.

t " ' \ |

be in jeopardy if sheSunida's hopes fortoday 'sa. ]osesThis room is poorlya . a i r

' r . i

4 .

5 . l , ii:lvT'"il.o;

*49-

b .,we need

b .

winsmore

Exefc' ise 2: In the space befcre each word incorrect meaning rom column II.@LUMNi 1 puncture

2. decease,t---------r-

2

droughtsurvivorransackedcontenderd inaudibl emunic ipa ldi st i nguishable

l i gh tco lumn, wr i te the le t te r o f i ts

COLUMNIone whotakes part in a contest4 L ^ . - - . . - t - r -rnoi'ougiiy searcheci hroughloud notsecapable of being told apartof a c'i ty or townlong period of dry weatherone who outl ivesdeathhole madeby a pointed objectcapab'leof being heard

the 'letter of the word NOTRELATEDineach 'li ne .

J .

4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 .

10 .Exercise jl : In themeani g1 . a . upse t2 . a . pe r i l3 . a . 1a te1y4 , a . ve loc i t y5. a. razed6 . a . amp i i f i ed7 . a . s t rugg leB. a. ransack

space provided, writeto the other words inb . i n t im ida teb. jeopardy

c. over turned d. capsizedc. safety

b. subsequent ly c. la ter. - . . !b . c l a r i t y c . rap id i t y

d. dangerd. afterwardsd. speed

c. destroyed d. demol ished ctr t t 'a Ic. contracted d. en'larged

b. de iugedb . magn i f iedb. competeb. t raverse

c. conmendc. search

d . v i ed. rummage


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-50 -

most approp^'iateword from the vocabular.,rxerc ' ise4: Fi I I eac l ' b lank wi i l r theI i s t be ' lcw.t raversed -inundaterd :concurrentl y capsizeclcontended subseque,nty

h

b ,9 . a .

10 . a .

.l

contendenraged

reprovemaddened

asserti ncensed

d . ma in ta i nd, argued

A i- L ^ . , 1 : f l | . (I was ' ' ' _ by the time I go t homeb,ErcdusFrench 1 must be taken before Frerrch2. Thel,maynot;Th ' ismorn ing _ ' ' thrcugh the chest for thew i thou t f i nd ing i t .

4 . R.ice f . iel ds are ' ' : 't r ! ' ! : r l because i t take::

perforateddi vu1 edd ' i f f e ren t i a ted

had sk'ipped unch.be stridi edmate o a greensock,

a great deal of water toput ' in doubl ,

grou/I

by

t . if rom he orig' ina1

, \ , ' . ' . lrummagedl eoparrlyfam ish r :d ;

o .

8 .

i l rce.5 . The Bi l l of Rights says no persor)sha] l bebeing tr jed twioe for the r jame f fense.

Two former employees, whoselnameshave notquestioned by tl .repolice alput th9 robberV.Thecopy is so p,r fect hat i t ca6hard ly bei

* ) F * * * * * * * * * * * * *

I have always-- - ' l : ' . tnat i t is bet ter to get a good night 's s leepbefore an impor l :ant est i l ran to s i t up hat f the n igh i s tudying.on our dr ive from Bangkt iko Rayong, " -1 ' - ' , - ( * cho lbur i , Bangsaen,Pa t tayaand Sat lah ip .

Ibeen -i . ' l ' ' , are beingq

After stepp'ingoll the tack, i qu'ickly removecl yshoe and examined he soleof my foot. Lr,rcki ly, the skin was not g1_l:__!( .


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t , , ,

t'{ORD6 . ( : i ' Iaccommodatev. )

- t l . ,L + . / | \ \ !

apprehendv. ) - . 'c leave (v. )conceal (v, )con ten t ad i .1 .: cu lp r i t (n . ) ,e l m ina te v . ) . .f a a a f . i a r r o t / a a l i \ .r v v r \ s v J . / ,fut_iguev. )i n fa ' |1 \b le ad j . ) - ,p i fe r ( v . )province (n. )re f lec t (v . )reverse (v. )reverse (n. )sha ' l low ad i . ) ' . ' :superf luous adj. )surmount v. )u rban ad j .1v i c in i t y (n .voca t ion n. ) r - . , . .Exercise1: Eachword

co lumn I .provided.

-5 t -

Commonsenseontexts (2 )WordStudv 6

MEANING1. hold without crotd.ing or inconvenience; haveroom for2. ob l ige; do a favor for ; f r i l i ih wi th someth ingdesi redr . antisiBale*(f.qresee)"rriih t"ur; dread2. arrest ' ,st i ck; adh6're'; ' 1 ing; be f ai thf ul .keep secret; w.i thdraw rom observation; hidesa t i s f i ed ; p l easedone gui l ty of a fau ' l t or cr ime; of fender ldrop; exclude; remove;get r jd of ; ru le out-. g ive i - r o. ok ing; not to be taken ser . iousty ; wi t tyt i re ; exhaust ; wearyincapableof error ; sure; cer ta in ; absolu te lyre l iab les tea l ( i n sma l ] amoun ts ) j . , . , 4proper business or duty; spheie ; jur . isd ic t ion


56/87

- \ 2 -

l ' ' ' t I r t . . . . t 'Kl 7 . v i c . :o r y +d ,4 t ' . 1 . t i g . un re l ' i ab l e

B. sha l owI . f a.t gued '/ r ' , ' ' ':L 10, acrc,)mmodate_ ,i . i conceal|d

.\ - i - . i

Exe rc i se? : I n the speceprov ided , w r i te the ' l e t te r o f the word or express ionthat hasr nost nearly the Sr\ME EANINIis the under"l ' inedword.

1. notr ing to dreASta, conceal ,ft( apprehend | 'b . in t im jda te I r :1 . annu l

- i ' r ' l r ' (

2. st ' i I c l eavinqa " tu rn i ng o . exc lud ingb4 ' ' c l ' ing ih ! ' - , , i l . jok ' ing

3. su!e.! I uous rrmarksa, , necessary (1. wi tYb, addi ior ra l A( needlesr ;

4. ghel ' lowd' isha. not f i l led r,-. deepb. emPty i. not deep

5. t jnre to med'i.ate/,a: ref l ect "' "' ' ^v 11. wi thdraw'b , res t

6. wil:hin Your iiUfSqLSf":Sna. - judgmen'! : . knowledgebr . ' ' p rov ince . , : ' ; " ' C. ab ' i l i tY-"

7 unlinowncul pt j ta . v i c t tmb, enemy

8. glitd to .qggsmlnodate

C . C f O n Y * ^ " ' ' . ' . 't. offender

ga do a fa',ror c. get togetherb. remove d. let go

fr el imi nated1, neverse


57/87

9, far from contenta. fu l I d ' . sat is f . iedb. displeased '{r*-' 1.",' o,Jt.^\6. unfrappy

10. commoni ' l f erer,E th ie f , ' , 1 . . . - , c . c r im ina lb. jeopardy d. novice

Exercise 3: lr/hichof the two termsmakes he sentence orreot?write the retter of your answer n the spaceprovided.' , \ r \ n , , l

' ., . l .1' Medica] help was remote. There was ---..---------..physic

1. vocabulary skill

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