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Work in the 21Work in the 21stst Century: An Century: An Introduction to Industrial-Introduction to Industrial-Organizational PsychologyOrganizational Psychology

by Frank J. Landy & Jeffrey M. Conte, 1/eby Frank J. Landy & Jeffrey M. Conte, 1/e

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Chapter 1

An Introduction to

Industrial-Organizational

Psychology

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Module 1:Fundamentals of I-O Psychology

• Importance of I-O psychology– Importance of work in people’s lives

• What is I-O psychology?– SIOP (Division 14 of APA)– Fields of I-O psychology

• Personnel psychology

• Organizational psychology

• Human engineering

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Demographics of I-O Psychologists

• In 2000, I-O psychologists represented about 6% of all APA members

• In 2000, 30% of I-O psychologists in APA were women

• Average salaries:– Ph.D. in I-O psychology: $90,000– Masters in I-O psychology: $67,000

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Where I-O Psychologists are Employed

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Figure 1.1Where I-O Psychologists are Employed.Source: SIOP Survey (2002).

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SIOP as a Resource

• www.siop.org– History of I-O psychology– Membership information (incl. students)– Quarterly newspaper: TIP– JobNet– Educational institutions that offer graduate

training programs in I-O psychology– List of SIOP publications

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Important Dates in theEvolution of I-O Psychology

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Figure 1.2Important Dates inthe Evolution of I-O Psychology

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Brief History of I-O Psychology

• 1876-1930– Hugo Munsterburg, James McKeen Cattell, Walter Dill

Scott, & Walter Van Dyke Bingham

– World War 1: Army Alpha & Army Beta Tests

– 1917 – First Ph.D. in Industrial Psychology awarded to Lillian Gilbreth

• Research in time & motion study → Human Engineering

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• 1930-1964– Hawthorne Studies, Human Relations– Human relations movement

• Theories of motivation

• Emotional world of the worker

• Studies of job satisfaction

– WWII– Civil Rights Act of 1964 & Title VII

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Brief History of I-O Psychology (cont'd)

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Challenges to I-O in 21st Century

• I-O psychology needs to be:

– Relevant

– Useful

– Grounded in scientific method

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Module 2: How This Course Can Help You

• Knowledge about 21st century workplace– Course will address issues such as work stress,

work-family balance, workplace discrimination, & leadership

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Changes in the Workplace Since 1980

• Personal computing• Telecommuting &

virtual teams• Videoconferencing• Providing a service vs.

manufacturing “goods”

• Nature of work more fluid

• Teams vs. the individual

• Little stability• Family-friendly

workplaces• Greater diversity• Global workplace

Milton Montenegro/Getty Images

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Preparing for a Career in I-O Psychology

• Education & training

• Getting into a graduate program– Consideration of GPA & GRE score(s)– Relevant coursework (e.g., statistics)

• More emphasis on coursework than major

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Module 3: Multicultural & Cross-Cultural Issues in I-O Psychology

• Multiculturalism– Culture defined

• System in which individuals share meaning & common ways of viewing events & objects

• Sharing of meanings & interpretations

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Royalty-Free/CORBIS

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Multicultural Nature of Work in the 21st Century

• Why should multiculturalism be important to you?

• Why is multiculturalism important for I-O psychology?– Issues surrounding the global economy,

expatriates, & the “West vs. the Rest” mentality

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Theory of Cultural Influence

• Hofstede’s 5 cultural dimensions• Individualism/collectivism• Power distance• Uncertainty avoidance• Masculinity/femininity• Long-term vs. short-term orientation

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Cultural Differences Among Countries

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Figure 1.3Cultural Differencesamong CountriesSource: Hofstede, 1993, p.91.

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Thoughts on Theories of Cultural Influence

• Triandis’ variation on Hofstede’s dimension of individualism/collectivism

– Horizontal cultures – those that minimize distances between individuals

– Vertical cultures – accept & depend on distances between individuals

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Cultural Determinants in the Workplace (Triandis)

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Figure 1.4Triandis’s View ofCultural Determinantsin the Workplace

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Module 4:Themes & Course Structure

• Themes:

A) Unified Science

B) Holistic Approach• Parts of the book:

1)Introduction

2)Industrial Psychology

3)Organizational Psychology

4)Work Environment

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Module 4 (cont’d)

• Resources– Paper (I-O Journals/Books)– Electronic: I-O websites (e.g., www.siop.org)

• Case study– Provides example of complexity of work

behavior

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Permissions

Slide 5: Figure 1.1 adapted from 2002 SIOP Survey. Used by permission of the Society for Industrial & Organizational Psychology.

Slide 12: McGraw-Hill Education Digital Image Library, Milton Montenegro/Getty Images, Source Image ID: AA005305, Filename: SS40056.JPG

Slide 14: McGraw-Hill Education Digital Image Library, Royalty-Free/CORBIS, Source Image ID: DBU2005, Filename: DBU2005.JPG

Slide 17: Figure 1.3 from Hofstede, G. (1993). Cultural constraints in management theories. Academy of Management Executive 7, p. 91. Copyright 1993. Reprinted by permission of Academy of Management Executive via the Copyright Clearance Center.

Slide 19: Figure 1.4 adapted from Triandis, H. C. and Bhawuk, D. P. S. (1997). Cultural theory and the meaning of relatedness. In P. C. Earley and M. Erez (Eds.), New perspectives on international industrial/organizational psychology, pp. 13-51. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. This material is used by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.