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World War II: The World War II: The Road to WarRoad to War

The Rise of DictatorsThe Rise of Dictators

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Warm - upWarm - upWho was known as “Der Who was known as “Der FührerFührer

”?”?

Define the Define the National Socialist National Socialist German Workers’ Party German Workers’ Party --

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Warm - upWarm - upMatch the following;Match the following;

1.Hitler1.Hitler a. Britaina. Britain2. Stalin2. Stalin b. Spainb. Spain3. Mussolini3. Mussolini c. Germanyc. Germany4. Chamberlain4. Chamberlain d. USSRd. USSR5. Franco5. Franco e. Italye. Italy6. Churchill6. Churchill f. USf. US

4

TotalitarinismTotalitarinism►Government exerts Government exerts

total control over a total control over a nation nation

►Dominates every Dominates every aspect of life – using aspect of life – using terrorterror Examples: Hitler, Examples: Hitler,

Mussolini, and StalinMussolini, and Stalin

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FascismFascism►Emphasizes the importance of the Emphasizes the importance of the

nation or an ethnic group and supreme nation or an ethnic group and supreme authority of the leaderauthority of the leader

►Vicious form of communismVicious form of communism►Relies upon a strong, dictatorial Relies upon a strong, dictatorial

government government ►Doesn’t respect individual rights and Doesn’t respect individual rights and

freedomsfreedoms►Historically, Fascism and Communism Historically, Fascism and Communism

are fierce enemiesare fierce enemies

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Stalin’s Mass GenocideStalin’s Mass Genocide

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Joseph Stalin - Soviet UnionJoseph Stalin - Soviet Union

►Took power after Lenin’s death Took power after Lenin’s death (1924)(1924)

►Launched plan to modernize Launched plan to modernize agriculture and the building of agriculture and the building of new industriesnew industries Encouraged family farms to combine Encouraged family farms to combine

and a huge collective of farms and a huge collective of farms (owned and run by the state)(owned and run by the state)

Faced resistance – forced peasants Faced resistance – forced peasants off their land in the 1920’soff their land in the 1920’s

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Stalin – More resistanceStalin – More resistance

►Punished resistant farmersPunished resistant farmers Confiscated much or all their foodConfiscated much or all their food Millions die from starvation or move Millions die from starvation or move

to the citiesto the cities Millions are forced to work in labor Millions are forced to work in labor

camps in Siberia (Brrrrr…50 below)camps in Siberia (Brrrrr…50 below) Consequence: production fell Consequence: production fell

dramatically, food shortages, forced dramatically, food shortages, forced rationingrationing

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Stalin – Reign of TerrorStalin – Reign of Terror

►Efforts to gain political dominationEfforts to gain political domination Purges: process of removing Purges: process of removing

enemies and undesirables from enemies and undesirables from powerpower

““Purified” the Communist Party by Purified” the Communist Party by getting rid of all of his opponentsgetting rid of all of his opponents

The Great Purge (1934-1939): 7 The Great Purge (1934-1939): 7 million arrested, 1 million executed, million arrested, 1 million executed, millions ended up in labor campsmillions ended up in labor camps

Very Successful Very Successful

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Mussolini – Italy Mussolini – Italy

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Mussolini - ItalyMussolini - Italy►WWI wounded vetWWI wounded vet►Believed strongly that the Versailles Believed strongly that the Versailles

Treaty should have granted Italy Treaty should have granted Italy more territorymore territory

►Attracted support from dissatisfied Attracted support from dissatisfied war vets, opponents of the war vets, opponents of the monarchy, Socialists, and anarchistsmonarchy, Socialists, and anarchists

►Formed Fascist partyFormed Fascist party

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Mussolini – Mussolini – Il DuceIl Duce►Relied on gangs, blackshirts, to Relied on gangs, blackshirts, to

terrorize those who opposed himterrorize those who opposed him►Threatened to march on Rome … Threatened to march on Rome …

king panicked and appointed him king panicked and appointed him prime ministerprime minister Vowed to end Italy’s economic Vowed to end Italy’s economic

problemsproblems Suspended elections, outlawed Suspended elections, outlawed

political parties, and established political parties, and established dictatorshipdictatorship

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Mussolini’s EmpireMussolini’s Empire

►Ultimate dream was to restore the Ultimate dream was to restore the Roman EmpireRoman Empire

►““The country is nothing w/o The country is nothing w/o conquest”conquest”

►October 1935: invaded Ethiopia October 1935: invaded Ethiopia using warplanes and poison gasusing warplanes and poison gas

►““Italy finally has its empire”Italy finally has its empire”

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Hitler – Germany Hitler – Germany

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Hitler - GermanyHitler - Germany►Austrian painter & WWI wounded Austrian painter & WWI wounded

vetvet►Enraged by terms of WWI peace Enraged by terms of WWI peace

settlementsettlement Stripped Germany of land and Stripped Germany of land and

coloniescolonies Burden of debtBurden of debt War-guilt clause – Germany had to War-guilt clause – Germany had to

take blame for WWItake blame for WWI

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Hitler – Nazi PartyHitler – Nazi Party

►1919 joined National Socialist 1919 joined National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazi German Workers’ Party (Nazi Party)Party)

►Nazism: form of fascism shaped Nazism: form of fascism shaped by Hitler’s fanatical ideas about by Hitler’s fanatical ideas about Germany nationalism and racial Germany nationalism and racial superioritysuperiority

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Hitler – The Charismatic LeaderHitler – The Charismatic Leader►Powerful speakerPowerful speaker►1923: tried to overthrow gov’t. … 1923: tried to overthrow gov’t. …

Sentenced to 5 yrs. in prisonSentenced to 5 yrs. in prison Wrote Wrote MeinMein KampfKampf, an , an

autobiography, views on Germany’s autobiography, views on Germany’s problems and plans for the nationproblems and plans for the nation

Wanted to purify Germany – Wanted to purify Germany – removing the undesirablesremoving the undesirables

Promised to stabilize the economy Promised to stabilize the economy after depressionafter depression

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Hitler becomes ChancellorHitler becomes Chancellor

►1932: Nazi party is largest group 1932: Nazi party is largest group in the in the ReichstagReichstag

►1932: Hitler placed 21932: Hitler placed 2ndnd in in presidential racepresidential race

►1933: made chancellor – head of 1933: made chancellor – head of German governmentGerman government Suspended freedom of speech an Suspended freedom of speech an

presspress Used storm troopers to wage violent Used storm troopers to wage violent

campaigncampaign

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Hitler – Hitler – Der FührerDer Führer►Nazi Party dominates the Nazi Party dominates the

ReichstagReichstag in the March elections in the March elections 3 weeks later Reichstag mysteriously 3 weeks later Reichstag mysteriously

burns down – Hitler blames the burns down – Hitler blames the CommunistsCommunists

Parliament passes an Enabling Bill to Parliament passes an Enabling Bill to give him dictatorial powersgive him dictatorial powers

August 1934: becomes both August 1934: becomes both chancellor and presidentchancellor and president►Gave himself the title of Gave himself the title of Der FührerDer Führer

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ReichstagReichstagGerman German CapitalCapital

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Germany RearmsGermany Rearms►Secretly started spending money Secretly started spending money

on rearmament and expansion on rearmament and expansion army (violated Treaty of army (violated Treaty of Versailles)Versailles)

►Put unemployed back to work Put unemployed back to work AutobahnAutobahn and massive public and massive public

buildingsbuildings►1936: Industry prospered and 1936: Industry prospered and

brought Germany out of the brought Germany out of the DepressionDepression

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Increasing National PrideIncreasing National Pride

►LebenstraumLebenstraum: “Living Space”: “Living Space” Belief that Germans needed more Belief that Germans needed more

territoryterritory Goal: conquer Eastern Europe and Goal: conquer Eastern Europe and

Soviet UnionSoviet Union March 7, 1936: German Troops March 7, 1936: German Troops

entered the Rhineland (Violated entered the Rhineland (Violated Treaty of Versailles)Treaty of Versailles)

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Breakin’ the Law & No ResponseBreakin’ the Law & No Response

►Reality: Germany isn’t Reality: Germany isn’t ready for warready for war

►France & G.B. didn’t France & G.B. didn’t respond to his violationsrespond to his violations

►1936: Hitler signs an 1936: Hitler signs an alliance w/Mussolini alliance w/Mussolini (Axis Powers)(Axis Powers)

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Germany ExpandsGermany Expands►1938: Hitler invades “1938: Hitler invades “AuschlussAuschluss” ”

(Austria)(Austria) Austrian chancellor refused to surrenderAustrian chancellor refused to surrender Most Austrians warmly welcome NazisMost Austrians warmly welcome Nazis

►Oct. 1938: Hitler demands the Oct. 1938: Hitler demands the Sudetenland (Western Sudetenland (Western Czechoslovakia)Czechoslovakia) Munich Council: France & G.B. pursued a Munich Council: France & G.B. pursued a

policy of appeasement to maintain peacepolicy of appeasement to maintain peace France was bound to protect Czech. – France was bound to protect Czech. –

Problem: No one consulted them about the Problem: No one consulted them about the takeovertakeover

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SudetenlandSudetenland

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Franco – Spain Franco – Spain

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Franco - Spanish Civil WarFranco - Spanish Civil War

►General Francisco Franco led General Francisco Franco led Nationalists (rebels) vs. Nationalists (rebels) vs. Republicans (newly elected gov’t.)Republicans (newly elected gov’t.)

►Franco creates military Franco creates military dictatorshipdictatorship

►Germany provided planes, tanks, Germany provided planes, tanks, and soldiers to the Nationalistsand soldiers to the Nationalists

►Soviet Union sent arms and Soviet Union sent arms and supplies to the Republicanssupplies to the Republicans