100 Science Questions

Integrated Science 1: Chapter 6

Question 1

What is the relationship between atoms, cells, and molecules?

Atoms make up molecules, and molecules make up cells.

Question 2

How do you know if something is made up of atoms or cells?

If it’s matter, it’s made up of atoms. (So, everything is made up of atoms!) If it’s alive, it’s made up of cells!

Question 3

What is an organic molecule?

Organic molecules are molecules that are built with chains or rings of carbon atoms.

Question 4

What are the six most abundant elements found in living organisms?

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur.

Question 5

Why is Carbon important in living things?

Living things are made up of organic molecules. Organic molecules contain carbon.

Question 6

What are the four basic organic molecules found in all living things?

1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic Acids

Question 7

What is a macromolecule?

When smaller molecules link together into larger chains or molecules.

Question 8

What is a carbohydrate?

Carbohydrates are organic molecules build from C,H,O

Question 9

What are some examples of carbohydrates?

1. Glucose2. Starch3. Glycogen4. Cellulose5. Chitin

Question 10

What role do carbohydrates play in cells?

1. Glucose – primary energy source2. Starch – long term storage of

energy in plants3. Glycogen – storage of energy in

animals4. Cellulose – structure and support

Question 11

What is the formula for Glucose?

C6H12O6 a simple carbohydrate

Question 12

What is starch?

A complex carbohydrate formed when many glucose molecules are bonded together.

Question 13

What are lipids?

Lipids are fats, and are composed of C,H,O (but not in a fixed ratio)

Question 14

What role do lipids play in cells?

1. Long term storage of energy2. Used in the construction of cell

membranes

Question 15

What is a saturated fatty acid?

Single bonds join the carbon atoms, so each carbon atom is “saturated” with hydrogen atoms.

Question 16

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

Double bonds join some of the carbon atoms

Question 17

What are unsaturated fats liquids at room temperature?

The bends from the double bonds mean that molecules can’t pack as closely together as saturated fats can.

Question 18

What are steroids?

Steroids are a type of lipid that provide signaling between cells

Question 19

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Proteins are made from a unique sequence of amino acids.

Question 20

How many amino acids are found in proteins?

20 amino acids are found in proteins.

Question 21

If there are only 20 amino acids, how is it possible for more than 100,000 proteins to exist?

Proteins can consist of thousands of amino acids. The order of the amino acids determines the structure and function of the protein. So countless combinations are possible.

Question 22

What are some examples of proteins in cells and organisms?

Enzymes, antibodies, skin, hair, muscles

Question 23

What role do proteins play in cells?

1. Combine with lipids to make cell membranes

2. Messengers and receivers of messages

3. Defend against disease4. Assist in chemical reactions

Question 24

What are enzymes?

Enzymes are special protein molecules that assist the chemical reactions that occur in cells

Question 25

What role do nucleic acids play in cells?

Nucleic acids carry the instructions for cell processes

Question 26

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides

Question 27

What are some examples of nucleic acids?

1. DNA2. RNA

Question 28

What does unicellular mean?

A unicellular organism is an organism that consists of a single cell.

Question 29

What are some examples of unicellular organisms?

Bacteria, Amoeba, Paramecium

Question 30

What does multicellular mean?

Multicellular organisms are those that are made up of multiple cells. They can be made up of trillions of cells.

Question 31

What is a prokaryote?

Prokaryotes are cells that do not have a nucleus. They are simple, usually single-celled organisms, and were probably the first life on earth.

Question 32

What is an example of a prokaryote?

Bacteria

Question 33

What is a eukaryote?

Eukaryotes are cells that have a nucleus. They can be either single-celled or multi-cellular. They are more complex and have organelles.

Question 34

What are examples of eukaryotes?

Plants, animals, fungi

Question 35

What are organelles?

Organelles are membrane-bound compartments in eukaryotic cells that perform specialized functions within the cell.

Question 36

Why are organelles useful?

Organelles allow different chemical reactions to happen in the same cell without interfering with each other.

Question 37

What is the function of the nucleus?

Control center of the cell. It contains the genetic information of the cell and controls the basic functions of the cell.

Question 38

What is the function of the plasma membrane (cell membrane)?

The cell membrane encloses the entire cell and determines what can get into or out of the cell.

Question 39

What kind of cells have a cell membrane?

ALL cells have a cell membrane

Question 40

What is the function of a cell wall?

A cell wall protects the cell and provides support.

Question 41

What kind of cells have cell walls?

Plant Cells and bacteria. Animal cells do not have a cell wall.

Question 42

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Mitochondria is the energy producer for the cell. Mitochondria break down sugars and convert them to energy the cell can use.

Question 43

What is the function of the lysosome?

Lysosomes digest and dispose of unused or undigested materials in the cell.

Question 44

What is the function of the Golgi Bodies?

Golgi Bodies modify and package proteins, and send them to their final destination.

Question 45

What is specialization?

When a group of cells works together to perform a particular function. Specialized cells form tissues, organs and systems.

Question 46

What does semi-permeable mean?

Semi-permeable means that some things can get through, while others cannot. Synonym: selectively permeable

Question 47

What are the 3 tenets of Cell Theory?

1. Cells are the basic unit of life2. All living things are made of cells3. All cells come from pre-existing

cells.

Question 48

What is a solute and solvent?

A solvent is a substance that dissolves a solute.

Question 49

Salt is dissolved in water. Which is the solvent and which is the solute?

Water is the solvent ; salt is the solute.

Question 50

What does hypertonic mean?

Hypertonic refers to a solution that contains a higher concentration of solute than another.Hyper = more

Question 51

What does hypotonic mean?

Hypotonic refers to a solution that contains a lower concentration of solute than another.Hypo = less

Question 52

What does isotonic mean?

Isotonic refers to a solution that contains an equal concentration of solute as another.Iso = equal

Question 53

Solution A is ____________ compared to B.

hypotonic

A B C

Question 54

Solution B is ____________ compared to A.

hypertonic

A B C

Question 55

Solution C is ____________ compared to A.

isotonic

A B C

Question 56

What is the random movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration called?

Diffusion

Question 57

What is a concentration gradient?

A difference in concentration over a distance

Question 58

Sketch a concentration gradient.

Question 59

What is the diffusion of water across a membrane called?

Osmosis

Question 60

How do most molecules enter and exit cells?

Diffusion and Osmosis

Question 61

When can you see evidence of molecules moving across cell membranes?

If there is a concentration gradient, then molecules will move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. You will see the cell membrane shrink or grow.

Question 62

Is the solution hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic (compared to the cell)?

Hypotonic (the solution has a LOWER concentration of solute than the cell.

Question 63

Which way will water move?

Into the cell because the concentration of water is higher outside the cell.

Question 64

Is the solution hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic (compared to the cell)?

Hypertonic (the solution contains a HIGHER concentration of solute than the cell).

Question 65

Which way will water move?

Out of the cell because the concentration of water is higher in the cell.

Question 66

Is the solution hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic (compared to the cell)?

Isotonic (the solution contains an equal concentration of solute to the cell).

Question 67

Which way will water move?

Water will move in and out at equal rates

Question 68

What is passive transport?

Passive transport is the movement of molecules across membranes in such a way that does not require energy.

Question 69

What are some examples of passive transport?

1. Diffusion2. Osmosis3. Facilitated diffusion

Question 70

What is facilitated diffusion?Diffusion of a substance across a membrane using a transport protein

Question 71

What is active transport?

Cells use energy to move substances across a membrane against their concentration gradient.

Question 72

What type of transport would Oxygen use to into or out of a cell?

Diffusion – no energy required because it is moving down its concentration gradient. Oxygen is small enough to move directly through the cell membrane.

Question 73

What type of transport would Water use to into or out of a cell?

Osmosis – the diffusion of water is called osmosis. No energy required because it is moving down its concentration gradient.

Question 74

What type of transport would Glucose use to into or out of a cell?

Facilitated diffusion – glucose is too big to pass directly through the cell membrane so a transport protein is required. No energy required because it is moving down its concentration gradient.

Question 75

What type of transport would Sodium ions use to into or out of a cell?

Active transport – ions need to move through a special transport protein called a pump because of their charge. Energy is required because the ions are moving against their concentration gradient.

Question 76

What life of a cell from it’s “birth” to the time it divides is called __________?

The Cell Cycle

Question 77

What are the two main stages of the Cell Cycle?

Interphase and Mitosis

Question 78

Why is mitosis important for organisms?

1. Growth2. Repair and replacement of

old/damaged cells3. differentiation

Question 79

How do organisms grow?

Through an increase in the number of cells. Mitosis is the process that increases the number of cells.

Question 80

Why can’t cells grow to be too large?

Because diffusion and osmosis take time which means that cells need to be small enough to get the nutrients they need in a timely fashion.

Question 81

What are the stages of the Cell Cycle?

IPMAT – Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Question 82

What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?

Interphase

Question 83

How many daughter cells are created in Mitosis (from one parent cell)?

Two

Question 84

How does the DNA of the daughter cells compare to the DNA of the parent cell?

The DNA is identical in the parent cell and the two daughter cells. Mitosis makes sure that each daughter cell gets the exact same copy of all DNA.

Question 85

When is DNA duplicated?

Interphase

Question 86

Why does DNA need to be duplicated?

So that there is enough DNA to give a copy to each daughter cell.

Question 87

In animal cells, which organelle begins the process of Mitosis?

Centrioles

Question 88

In animal cells, which organelle begins the process of Mitosis?

Centrioles

Question 89

What happens during Prophase?

1. DNA condenses into chromosomes (made up of sister chromatids)

2. Nuclear membrane breaks up3. Centrioles move to opposite sides

of cell.

Question 90

What happens during Metaphase?

1. Chromosomes line up across the middle of the cell

Question 91

What happens during Anaphase?

1. Sister chromatids separate from each other

2. Spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids to opposite sides of the cell.

Question 92

What happens during Telophase?1. Chromosomes unwind (back into

chromatin)2. Two nuclear membranes are

formed (around each set of genetic material)

3. Cell membrane begins to pinch together in the middle (animal cells)

Question 93

What is Cytokinesis?

When the single cell that has gone through Mitosis is divided into two daughter cells.

Question 94

What phase is this?

Prophase – because you can see the chromosomes, and they are randomly scattered in the nucleus.

Question 95

What phase is this?

Metaphase – because you can see the chromosomes lined up along the middle.

Question 96

What phase is this?

Anaphase – because you can see the sister chromatids being pulled to opposite sides of the cell.

Question 97

What phase is this?

Telophase – because you can see two nuclei in the cell.

Question 98

What phase is this?

Interphase – because you can only see the nucleus, but no chromosomes can be seen yet.

Question 99

What is the process by which new cells specialize and become different in appearance and function from their parent cells?

Differentiation

Question 100

How does differentiation happen?

Chemical signals cause different cells to use different parts of their genetic information. Remember that each and every cell in an organism has the same exact set of genetic information. The cell only uses the information that it needs for its function.

Question 101

How is mitosis different in plant and animal cells?

Animal cells have centrioles, which start the process of mitosis. Plant cells don’t have centrioles.Cytokinesis is different in plant and animal cells.