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Bert Harms, Madeleine van Mansfeld, Peter Smeets

Alterra, Wageningen UR

Agro Parks:Keystone for sustainable agriculture

in Metropolitan Areas

Stichting Onderzoek Wereldvoedselvoorziening van de Vrije Universiteit

5

25

50

100

500

2500

5000

Population DensityInh./km2

Time

Pop

ulat

ion

(bln

)

987654321

1950 1975 2000 2025

Growth urban (red)and rural (grey) population

• Metropoles are the nodes of the 21th century network economy

• Agro production is in transition towards metropolitan agriculture

• The distinction between urban and rural areas within metropoles is vanishing

• Spatial organization of industrial agro production systems is still based on traditional land dependant forms

The world is urbanising

• Farmaceuticals• Functional Foods

• Flagrances• Flavours• Flowers

• Fruits• Vegetables

• Food Crops• Fodder

• Fibers• Fuel

Diversification of demand in Metropoles:From food to fashion to pharmaceuticals

Consumers demand sustainable development

• From licence to produce towardslicence to deliverbased on triple P criteria

• From retail backwardsquality management is forced upon everysingle link in the chain.

• Autonomous control in Control upon controlsystem

AVAILABILITYGovernment, laws, choice of suppliers

FOOD SAFETY

FOOD QUALITY

ETHICS

CHAIN QUALITY

All productsAll products

Selected productsSelected products

Example China

0 – 10

10 – 20

20 – 30

Percentage land in agricultural use

Total agriculturalland use in China: 11%

Population density Suitability for agricultural production

Why Agro Parks?

• Increase of demand for diverse, convenient and high quality (fresh) food

• Lack of fertile land and water

• Environmental pressures

• Veterinary risks

• High tech developments

Sustainable development of agriculture: Agro Parks

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What is an Agro Park: An innovation in urban agrofood production and processing

• Application of the C2C principle: waste is a valuable resource

• Spatial clustering of different agro8production chains

• Spatial combination of agro8 and non8agro functions (buildings, industrial and city waste etc)

• Scale increase through industrial production and processing

• Reduction of transport and by doing this: reduction of veterinary risks

Agriculture: from traditional production towards chain production

RawMaterials

Processing

Agriculture: from chain production towards Agropark

RawMaterials

Processing

RawMaterials

Processing

RawMaterials

Processing

Agropark

Waste = Food = Business

Livestockfarming

solidmanure

(co-)fermentation

gas-engine

vegetables-growing

fertilizers

import of basic fodder

livestock

thicken

processing

slaughterhouse

biogas

leaves loss

vegetables

electricitynitrogen concentratefor agriculture

meat

Import of co-products

heat

CO2

dryingdigestate

urinefraction

animal by- products

Example Agro park network

electricity

feed-production

mushroomgrowing

heat

mushrooms

heat

heat

CO2

heat

Co-digestionplant

Agropark: Combining production, processing, R&D, Trade and Social Functions

AFP

Modern Farm ClustersGreen Houses

Livestock farmsMushroom Nursery FP Zones

Utilities & Services

CommercialComplex

R&DIncubation

QCL

Commissaries &Packaging

SocialInfrastructure

AgribusinessMgt. Trg. Inst

Convention CenterIT/ Library

Training Center

Agro tourismWellness &

Nutrition

Terminal MarketsLogistics

Cold StoresRipening Chambers

Warehousing

PrimaryAgri

Centers

PrimaryAgri

Centers

PrimaryAgri

Centers

PrimaryAgri

Centers

ProductionProcessing

R&D

Trade

Soc

ial

Agropark

Farmers Collection Points

Collection Centres

Primary processing

Centres

Distribution

Domestic markets

Export markets

Retail

The Agrologistic Network: network elements

• Farmers

• Rural Transformation Centre (RTC)Combining collection and storage of farmers’ products with rural development services

• AgroparkCombining production, processing, R&D, education, training and showcase functions

• Distribution & Consolidation CentreServes a metropilotan market througout the whole year. Seasonal products notavailable from local producers are being supplied from storage or by trade

1 2

3

4

1

2

3

4

Primary \production

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Agrologistic Network: network elements

METROPOLE

Export Market

ConsolidationCentre

Agro Park

RuralTransformation

Centre

1414

Agriport A7 (operational)

Centre for growing vegetables, agribusiness industry

and logistics from fresh vegetables.

� Growing vegetables:

� Large scale glasshouses : 1.000 hectare

� Field crops : 40.000 hectare

� Vegetables industry, logistics and services

� Business park Agriport A7: 70 hectare

� Location near highway A7, 30 min. to Amsterdam

Fresh Park Venlo (operational): Distribution & consolidation

• Storage, distribution, processing, trade and services,

• Serves a metropolitan market, 7 mlnconsumers in German Ruhr Area

• In a consumer responsive way• Throughout the whole year• Seasonal products not available from local

producers are being supplied from storageor by world wide trade

Agro Park Example : New Mixed Farm (under construction)

• Agro and other activities:– chicken farming &

slaughtering

– bio8energy production + (including manure

processing)

– supplying heat for glasshouses

– compost production for mushrooms

Mixture: Biopark Terneuzen(under construction)

Agro and industrial activities� 200 ha glasshouses

(will use residual heat and CO2

from industry)

� Biogas production (manure processing)

� Bio8diesel production

Agro Park: ExamplesWAZ8Holland Park, Changzhou, China

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Combination of agropark, market place and sightseeing park in WAZ8Holland Park

Market place:

•Education

•Showcase

•Hotels & restaurants

•Sales

Sightseeing Park

•Recreation

•Education

•Demonstration

•Restaurants 26 km2:

• Agro Food Park

• Trade Centre

• Demonstration Centre

Metropolitan agriculture: Greenport Shanghai

Agro Park: Greenport Nellore

Why Agro Park?

• Higher primary productivity

• Reduced spoilage/wastage

• Higher price realisation

• Aiming:

• at top market segments

• out of season products

• new products

For up to 6 mln consumers

(growth rate 8 – 10%/y)

in Bangalore8Chennai region

First Stone Laying of Agropark Nelloreon March 21, 2008

Experiences with Agropark development

China:• Active since 2004• 2 masterplans: Wujin en Greenport

Shanghai• Support by local government• Cooperation with Universities (NAU,

Jiaotong)• New project startup in Wuhan,

Cangzhou and Caofeidian.

India:

• Active since 2005

• Strong pan8India partner:

• Feasibility studies for 7 Agroparks

• Support by federal en local government

• Involvement of small farmers

• AP Project IIFCO Greenport Nellore

• AP Project AURA Greenport Gujarat

Feasibility Studies: Oman, Mauritius, Southern Africa, Egypt, Korea?

The Netherlands:• Active since 2000• At present in operation:

4 Agro Parks• At present planned and under

construction: 6 Agro Parks

To summarise…

Agroparks provide:

• high quality food

• Reduction of waste

• Profit and employment

• Efficient logistic networks

• Safe and convenient food, fresh and processed year round

• Reduction of transport

• Less veterinary risks

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Agro Parks: Key stone for a sustainable development

in agriculture

Thank you for your attention!bert.harms@wur.nl

www.agroparks.wur.nl

Power Generator

CO2

Power

Heat

To greenhouse athmosphere

For coolingNatural Gas

Colder period

For processing or to heat exchanger

To grid during rush hour

Hot period

Innovative technologies (1): closed greenhouse & energy

Power Generator

CO2

Power

Heat

To greenhouse athmosphere

Natural Gas

For processing or to heat exchanger

Innovative technologies (2): closed greenhouse & energy: Power producing Greenhouse

Infrared filter mirrors heat to photo-voltaic cells

Generated power used for additional air conditioning

Remaining visible light homogeneous and on high radiation level in Greenhouse

Innovative technologies (3): Integrated poultrychain

Integration reduces transport and veterinary risks

Better meat quality because of stress reduction

Reduction of contamination and prevention of loss of taste

Added value stays within primary production

Large scale and industrial mode of production enablesradical environmental technology:

Smell reduction

Ammonia emission reduction

Fine dust reduction

Mother animals

Genetics

Egg production

Breeding

Broilers

Slaughtering

Processing

Short

chain

broiler

production

manure

CO2

Energy

Retail

Feed

Innovative technologies (4): thermophylic co-digestation

Co-digestation at 55°C, very efficient

Biggest operational plant processing 120.000 ton organic waste/yr, producing 4.5 MW power

Co-digester is core of industrial ecology in agropark

Manure

(Urban)organicwaste

Power

Heat

Digestatefor compost

Irrigationwater

& fertiliser

Slaughter-housewaste

Co-digestionplant

Industrial Agro parks example: Zuid8Groningen