1.05 climate and terrains

8/12/2019 1.05 Climate and Terrains

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Terrain (rupa bumi), or land relief, is the third or vertical dimension of land

surface. When relief is described underwater, the term bathymetry is used.

Topography has recently become an additional synonym, though in many parts of

the world it retains its original more general meaning of description of place.

Terrain is used as a general term in physical geography, referring to the lie of the

land. This is usually expressed in terms of the elevation (dongakan), slope, and

orientation of terrain features. Terrain affects surface water flow and distribution.

Over a large area, it can affect weather and climate patterns.

Terrain


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1. Topography is the shape of the land. An areas topography may

be flat, sloping, hilly, or mountainous.

2. The topography of an area is determined by the areas elevation,

relief, and landforms.

3. The height above sea level of a point on Earths surface is itselevation.

4. The difference in elevation between the highest and lowest parts

of an area is its relief.

5. A landformis a feature of topography formed by the processes

that shape Earths surface. All landforms have elevation and relief.

6. A large area of land where the topography is similar is called a

landform region.

Topography


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Types of Landforms

There are three main types of landforms: plains, mountains, and

plateaus.

Plains

1. A plain is a landform made up of flat or gently rolling land withlow relief.

2. A plain that lies along a seacoast is called a coastal plain.

3. A plain that lies away from the coast is called an interior plain.


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Mountains

1. A mountain is a landform with high elevation and high relief.

2. Mountains usually occur as part of a mountain range.

3. A mountain range is a group of mountains that are closely related

in shape, structure, and age.

4. The different mountain ranges in a region make up a mountain

system.

5. Mountain ranges and mountain systems in along, connected

chain form a larger unit called a mountain belt. The Rocky

Mountains are part of a great mountain belt that stretches down

the western sides of North America and South America.


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Plateaus

1. A landform that has high elevation and a more or less level

surface is called a plateau.

2. A plateau is rarely perfectly smooth on top. Streams and

rivers may cut into the plateaus surface.


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Earths Four Spheres

Scientists divide Earth into four spheres: lithosphere, atmosphere,

hydrosphere, and biosphere.


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The outer part of the Earth, consisting of the crust and upper

mantle. It is about 55 km (34 mi) thick beneath the oceans and

up to about 200 km (124 mi) thick beneath the continents. Thehigh velocity with which seismic waves propagate through the

lithosphere suggests that it is completely solid.

Lithosphere


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Asthenosphere

The upper part of the Earth's mantle, extending from a depth of about75 km (46.5 mi) to about 200 km (124 mi). The asthenosphere lies

beneath the lithosphere and consists of partially molten rock. Seismic

waves passing through this layer are significantly slowed.


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Atmosphere

The outermost sphere is the atmosphere, the mixture of gases that surrounds

the planet. By far the most abundant gases are nitrogen and oxygen, but the

atmosphere also contains water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gases. When

water vapor condenses, it forms the droplets that make up clouds.


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Hydrosphere

Earths oceans, lakes, rivers, and ice form the hydrosphere. Most

of the hydrosphere consists of the salt water in the oceans, butfresh water is also part of the hydrosphere. Oceans cover more

than two thirds of Earth.


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Biosphere

All living thingswhether in the air, in the oceans, or on and beneath

the land surfacemake up the biosphere. The biosphere extends intoeach of the other spheres.


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Climate (iklim) encompasses the statistics of temperature, humidity, atmospheric

pressure, wind, rainfall, atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorological

elements in a given region over long periods of time.

Climate can be contrasted to weather (cuaca), which is the present condition of these

same elements over periods up to two weeks.

The climate of a location is affected by its latitude, terrain, altitude, ice or snow cover, as

well as nearby water bodies and their currents.

Climates can be classified according to the average and typical ranges of different

variables, most commonly temperature and precipitation.

Iklim dunia boleh dibahagikan kepada lima jenis yang utama, iaitu:

(i) Hutan hujan tropika: Panas dan lembap sepanjang tahun, tiada perbezaan suhu yang

melampau sepanjang tahun(ii) Kering: Menerima air hujan kurang dari 25 cm setahun, suhu yang melampau panas

dan sejuk

(ii) Sederhana marin: Kesan dari pengimbangan suhu dari laut, kerpasan yang tinggi

(iii) Sederhana benua: Kering, sejuk melampau

(iv) Kutub: Sejuk di bawah takat beku/dilitupi oleh salji, angin kering

Climate

1.05 climate and terrains

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