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Terrain (rupa bumi), or land relief, is the third or vertical dimension of land
surface. When relief is described underwater, the term bathymetry is used.
Topography has recently become an additional synonym, though in many parts of
the world it retains its original more general meaning of description of place.
Terrain is used as a general term in physical geography, referring to the lie of the
land. This is usually expressed in terms of the elevation (dongakan), slope, and
orientation of terrain features. Terrain affects surface water flow and distribution.
Over a large area, it can affect weather and climate patterns.
Terrain
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1. Topography is the shape of the land. An areas topography may
be flat, sloping, hilly, or mountainous.
2. The topography of an area is determined by the areas elevation,
relief, and landforms.
3. The height above sea level of a point on Earths surface is itselevation.
4. The difference in elevation between the highest and lowest parts
of an area is its relief.
5. A landformis a feature of topography formed by the processes
that shape Earths surface. All landforms have elevation and relief.
6. A large area of land where the topography is similar is called a
landform region.
Topography
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Types of Landforms
There are three main types of landforms: plains, mountains, and
plateaus.
Plains
1. A plain is a landform made up of flat or gently rolling land withlow relief.
2. A plain that lies along a seacoast is called a coastal plain.
3. A plain that lies away from the coast is called an interior plain.
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Mountains
1. A mountain is a landform with high elevation and high relief.
2. Mountains usually occur as part of a mountain range.
3. A mountain range is a group of mountains that are closely related
in shape, structure, and age.
4. The different mountain ranges in a region make up a mountain
system.
5. Mountain ranges and mountain systems in along, connected
chain form a larger unit called a mountain belt. The Rocky
Mountains are part of a great mountain belt that stretches down
the western sides of North America and South America.
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Plateaus
1. A landform that has high elevation and a more or less level
surface is called a plateau.
2. A plateau is rarely perfectly smooth on top. Streams and
rivers may cut into the plateaus surface.
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Earths Four Spheres
Scientists divide Earth into four spheres: lithosphere, atmosphere,
hydrosphere, and biosphere.
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The outer part of the Earth, consisting of the crust and upper
mantle. It is about 55 km (34 mi) thick beneath the oceans and
up to about 200 km (124 mi) thick beneath the continents. Thehigh velocity with which seismic waves propagate through the
lithosphere suggests that it is completely solid.
Lithosphere
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Asthenosphere
The upper part of the Earth's mantle, extending from a depth of about75 km (46.5 mi) to about 200 km (124 mi). The asthenosphere lies
beneath the lithosphere and consists of partially molten rock. Seismic
waves passing through this layer are significantly slowed.
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Atmosphere
The outermost sphere is the atmosphere, the mixture of gases that surrounds
the planet. By far the most abundant gases are nitrogen and oxygen, but the
atmosphere also contains water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gases. When
water vapor condenses, it forms the droplets that make up clouds.
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Hydrosphere
Earths oceans, lakes, rivers, and ice form the hydrosphere. Most
of the hydrosphere consists of the salt water in the oceans, butfresh water is also part of the hydrosphere. Oceans cover more
than two thirds of Earth.
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Biosphere
All living thingswhether in the air, in the oceans, or on and beneath
the land surfacemake up the biosphere. The biosphere extends intoeach of the other spheres.
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Climate (iklim) encompasses the statistics of temperature, humidity, atmospheric
pressure, wind, rainfall, atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorological
elements in a given region over long periods of time.
Climate can be contrasted to weather (cuaca), which is the present condition of these
same elements over periods up to two weeks.
The climate of a location is affected by its latitude, terrain, altitude, ice or snow cover, as
well as nearby water bodies and their currents.
Climates can be classified according to the average and typical ranges of different
variables, most commonly temperature and precipitation.
Iklim dunia boleh dibahagikan kepada lima jenis yang utama, iaitu:
(i) Hutan hujan tropika: Panas dan lembap sepanjang tahun, tiada perbezaan suhu yang
melampau sepanjang tahun(ii) Kering: Menerima air hujan kurang dari 25 cm setahun, suhu yang melampau panas
dan sejuk
(ii) Sederhana marin: Kesan dari pengimbangan suhu dari laut, kerpasan yang tinggi
(iii) Sederhana benua: Kering, sejuk melampau
(iv) Kutub: Sejuk di bawah takat beku/dilitupi oleh salji, angin kering
Climate