Olana, Hudson

neighbors. Huguenot Street, arguably theoldest street in America with its originalhouses, includes three with portions thatdate back to the 1690s: the Bevier-Elting,Jean Hasbrouck, and Abraham Hasbrouckhouses. The buildings are of local stone,with steeply pitched shingled roofs andDutch jambless fireplaces.

Today, the legacy of the Dutch colonialvernacular is kept alive in more contem-porary historic buildings, many of whichwere influenced by Franklin Roosevelt.

In the 1930s, FDR was involved in thedesign of six regional post offices,

three schools, his own presidentiallibrary, and Top Cottage, his retreatat Hyde Park. By promoting nativefieldstone construction and usinghistorical models for new designs,FDR helped to preserve an impor-tant architectural tradition in theHudson River Valley.

The Hudson River Valley is known not only for its natural beauty but its architectural heritage. It was here that architects developed early residentialstyles, created mountain resorts, and designed spectacular riverside estates.

America’s first travel guides touted these architectural wonders 150 years ago. The invitation still holds: Visit the farmhouses of Dutch and French Huguenot settlers; tour the mansions and grounds along the river; and marvel at the creations of some of the country’s greatest 19th-century architects.

Dutch, Huguenot InfluencesThe houses built by Dutch colonists during the 17th and early 18th centuriesare the only examples of Dutch architec-ture in North America. Farmhouses, suchas Pieter Bronck’s brick residence (1663)in Coxsackie, feature distinctive pitchedroofs with gable ends, prominent roofbeams, and open fireplaces.

After the English took charge of thecolony in 1664, Dutch building traditionscontinued and can still be seen at theMadam Brett Homestead (1709) inBeacon and the Luykas Van Alen House(1737) in Kinderhook.

The French Huguenots who emigrated to the banks of the Wallkill Creek andfounded the settlement of New Paltzbuilt stone houses that combinedNorthern European and medieval build-ing traditions with those of their Dutch

Origins of the Great EstatesAs second- and third-generationcolonists became more prosperous,many early landholdings expanded.Frederick Philipse I, a Dutch carpenterwho emigrated in the 1650s, successfullyacquired a large amount of land and twomill sites, the Lower Mills in Yonkersand the Upper Mills on the PocanticoRiver in the village of Sleepy Hollow.The core of Philipse Manor dates backto the 1680s, but its transformation intoa country estate began under FrederickPhilipse III, who remodeled it into aGeorgian-style mansion in the 1750s.

Farther up the river, Robert Livingstonacquired a royal patent for a vast tract of land in Columbia County, and one ofhis sons built a Georgian-style countryhouse he named Clermont.

Lyndhurst, Tarrytown Steve Turner, courtesy Charles Davey LLC

Wilderstein, RhinebeckMontgomery Place, courtesy of Historic Hudson Valley

Boscobel, Cold Spring Martin Van Buren Home, KinderhookJames Vanderpoel House, Kinderhook

Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site, courtesy of Bill Urbin Kykuit, Sleepy Hollow

Philipse Manor Hall, Yonkers Steve Turner, AerPhoto, courtesy Charles Davey design LLC

Madam Brett Homestead,BeaconSteve Turner, courtesyCharles Davey LLC

Dutch Reformed Church, NewburghTom Daley

St. Luke’s Chapel, Clermont Tom Daley

Residential Architecture: the Cottage and the VillaDuring the first half of the 19th century,American architects experimented with avariety of styles, and it was during thisperiod of eclecticism that the valley’smost whimsical and exuberant houseswere created. Sunnyside, a “cottage” inTarrytown designed by writer WashingtonIrving in the 1830s, evokes this romanticspirit with its fanciful combination ofDutch, Scottish, and Spanish architecture.

Foremost among professional architectswas Alexander Jackson Davis, a youngNew Yorker who was a partner in thecountry’s first architectural firm, Townand Davis. By the 1830s, Davis had com-pleted the Custom House in New YorkCity and the Greek Revival DutchReformed Church in Newburgh. He alsoreceived a commission for a HudsonRiver estate, the Knoll in Tarrytown.

Bevier-Elting House, Huguenot Street, New Paltz

State Capitol, Albany

Hudson River ValleyNational Heritage Area, New Yorkhudsonrivervalley.com

Architectural Traditions in the Hudson River Valley

Map & Guide Series

Clermont established a new standard forthe country house and the prominenceof the Livingston family. Federal-eramansions, such as Ten Broeck Mansion(1789) in Albany, Boscobel (1804-07) inCold Spring, and Locust Lawn (1814) inNew Paltz, demonstrated the increasingwealth of the Hudson River Valley.

The Knoll was considered the first picturesque villa in America, and in the1860s it became the heart of Lyndhurst, amuch larger, more spectacular residence.

It was through the commission for the Blithewood estate in Annandale-on-Hudson that Davis met landscape architect Andrew Jackson Downing.

Together, Davis and Downing wereresponsible for developing the two keybuilding types that would define thenation’s residential architecture: the cottage and the villa. The bracketed stylewas an answer to the quest for a nativearchitectural style, particularly because itcould be adapted to a range of incomes.

In 1837 Davis introduced this new,romantic style in his landmark book,Rural Residences, which included theBlithewood gatehouse, the first publishedexample of a board-and-batten cottage in America. Over the next 15 years, Davis’ picturesque ideals were interpretedfor the public in Downing’s widely distributed books, Cottage Residencesand The Architecture of Country Houses.When Davis remodeled MontgomeryPlace, the Federal-style estate inAnnandale-on-Hudson, Downing servedas an adviser on the gardens and grounds.

Carpenter Gothic: anAmerican Church StyleBy mid-century, the romantic ideals ofDowning and Davis were commonknowledge, and the board-and-battenchurch had become the natural style forGothic revival church architecture inAmerica. The light and vertical woodenbuildings stood in sharp contrast to theheavy stone Gothic structures of England.

The architect Richard Upjohn earned areputation as the most talented designerof board-and-batten churches. Upjohnwas so busy by the 1850s that he publishedUpjohn’s Rural Architecture, whichincluded “do-it-yourself” church plans. A typical example of his work, St. Luke’sChapel (1857) in Clermont, displays the bell cote and intricate woodworkcharacteristic of this style, an importantcontribution to the history of Americanarchitecture.

At the same time, Frederick Clarke Withersbegan creating the monumental HudsonRiver State Hospital in Poughkeepsie, thecountry’s first use of the High VictorianGothic style for an institutional design.Calvert Vaux, Andrew Jackson Downing’ssuccessor, and Frederick Law Olmsteddesigned the innovative hospital grounds.

During the second half of the 19th century, some of the country’s greatestarchitects brought new residential stylesto the valley and renovated the old-fashioned estates of their predecessors.Vaux updated the landscape plan forWilderstein, the Queen Anne estate inRhinebeck, and worked with Frederic E.Church on his elaborate Persian-styleresidence, Olana, in Hudson. The next generation of prominent

A Tradition of Rural LeisureThe 1870s were an exciting time in thevalley. The renowned New York architectRichard Morris Hunt designed the StickStyle Howland Library in Beacon, andhis equally famous colleague, HenryHobson Richardson, was working with agroup of other designers on the NewYork State Capitol. A fire at the AlbanyCity Hall nearby resulted in a new archi-tectural commission, and Richardsoncreated another impressive civic building.At Poughkeepsie James Renwick, Jr.,designed the mansard-roofed main building for Matthew Vassar’s new collegefor women.

As urban centers were growing, theHudson River Valley remained an impor-tant resort destination, and, beginning in the 1870s, visitors could stay at theexpansive Mohonk Mountain House inthe Shawangunk Mountains.

Hudson River families called on the New York architectural firm McKim,Mead and White to remodel theirestates—Vanderbilt in Hyde Park andMills in Staatsburg—into more fashion-able countryseats.

Two early 20th-century sites representthe extent to which the Hudson RiverValley continued to attract some of thecountry’s greatest estates and to fosterthe tradition of rural leisure. Kykuit, the Rockefeller estate, boasts stunning

gardens and impressive collections of artand sculpture. Bear Mountain Inn (NPS)was built in 1915 and is among the earliestexamples of a monumental rustic parklodge. It was designed by Tooker andMarsh and has been completely restoredand is now open as a restaurant, inn, andconference center. And in 1917, a littleknown architect named Herbert Maierdesigned the first rustic trailside museumat Bear Mountain State Park. The museumbecame a prototype for rustic buildingsthroughout the national parks.

After the Revolutionary War, Americanscelebrated their independence througha new style of architecture that attempt-ed to shed the colonial trappings of thepast, but they still clung to the neoclassi-cism inherited from England. Severalimportant houses were destroyed duringthe war and rebuilt in the Federal style. Inits elegant post-war reincarnation,

Visit the Hudson River Valley today andimmerse yourself in the area’s fascinatingarchitectural history.

Clermont, Germantown

As tastes changed during the 1840s,accomplished architects like Davis andRichard Upjohn were called upon toremodel outdated federal-style housesinto more fashionable Italianate orTuscan villas. Davis worked with SamuelF. B. Morse to create Locust Grove inPoughkeepsie, while Upjohn designedLindenwald, a 36-room mansion inKinderhook commissioned by PresidentMartin Van Buren.

Sunnyside, Tarrytown

Trailside Museum, Bear Mountain State Park

Staatsburgh State Historic Site, photi by Andrew Halpern

Locust Grove, Poughkeepsie

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Hall

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Wilderstein

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Staatsburgh(Mills Mansion)

Olana

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VanderbiltMansion

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PortWashington

Glen Cove Huntington

HuntingtonStation

Syosset Woodbury

OysterBay

Purchase

Sites reflecting the region's architectural traditions are shown on this map of the Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area. For more information about these sites and other heritage sites and hospitality in the valley, use this website: hudsonrivervalley.com

North

0 1 5

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10 Kilometers

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Hudson River ValleyNational Heritage Areaboundary

Appalachian Trail

Long Path

Staatsburg

Rhinecliff

Bearsville

Latham

Schuylerville

New York State Capitol, Albany, ogs.ny.gov—This palatial building is a combination ofpopular architectural styles of the day,including Romanesque and FrenchRenaissance. Three prominent designers—Leopold Eidlitz, Henry Hobson Richardson,and Isaac Perry—replaced the originalarchitect, Thomas Fuller. Over threedecades of construction, the building suf-fered from financial and political difficultiesand the struggles of architectural collabora-tion. Richardson, with his assistant StanfordWhite, designed the restored SenateChamber. The result was a magnificentinterior that Richardson described as repre-senting “simplicity and quietness.” (NHL)

Albany City Hall, 24 Eagle St., Albany, albanyny.org—designed in the early 1880sby renowned architect H.H. Richardson

St. Peter’s Protestant Episcopal Church, 107State St., Albany, stpeterschurchalbany.org—Gothic revival church designed by RichardUpjohn in 1859 (NHL)

Schuyler Mansion, 32 Catherine St., Albany,schuylerfriends.org—18th-centuryGeorgian-style mansion, home of Maj.Gen. Philip Schuyler (NHL)

Ten Broeck Mansion, 9 Ten Broeck Place,Albany, tenbroeckmansion.org—18th-19th-century Federal-style estate of GeneralAbraham Ten Broeck

St. Luke’s Chapel, U.S. 9 (Old Post Rd.),Clermont—19th-century board-and-battenchurch designed by Richard Upjohn

Clermont, One Clermont Ave.,Germantown, friendsofclermont.org—18th-century home, with 1893 additions by Michael O’Connor, of seven successive generations of the Livingston family (NHL)

Montgomery Place, Annandale-on-Hudson,—A Federal-style mansion dating back to1805, Montgomery Place was transformedby Alexander Jackson Davis in the 1840sand further altered in 1863 in the neo-clas-sical style. The house features an exteriorcoating of richly detailed ornament. Davisalso designed outbuildings in the neo-clas-sical, gothic revival, and “Swiss” styles. Thelandscape design was influenced byAndrew Jackson Downing, who con-tributed extensive advice on the gardensas well as plants from his Newburgh nurs-ery. (NHL)

Wilderstein, 330 Morton Rd., Rhinebeck,wilderstein.org—Thomas Suckley commis-sioned John Warren Ritch to design thishouse as an Italianate villa in the 1850s.Three decades later, Suckley’s son Roberthired Arnout Cannon to remodel it into acontemporary Queen Anne estate. Theresult is a whimsical house with an addi-tional floor, veranda, five-story circulartower, and elaborate interiors by JosephBurr Tiffany as well as landscaping byCalvert Vaux. Wilderstein was the home ofMargaret “Daisy” Suckley, close friend ofFranklin Delano Roosevelt.

Staatsburgh (Mills Mansion), Old Post Rd.,Staatsburg, nysparks.com—19th-centurymansion redesigned by Stanford White forOgden Mills

Vanderbilt Mansion Albany Post Road (U.S. 9), north of the village of Hyde Park,1-800-FDR-VISIT, nps.gov/vama—This countryhouse was one of the finest residentialprojects of McKim, Mead and White’smature period. Constructed for Frederickand Louise Vanderbilt in 1895-99, the house

Gomez Mill House, 11 Mill House Rd.,Marlboro, gomez.org—Oldest Jewish residence in United States; 18th-centurytrading post

Mount Gulian, 145 Sterling St., Beacon,mountgulian.org—Built by a Dutch merchant in the 1730s; 18th-century barn noted for its cantilevered gables

Howland Cultural Center, 477 Main St.,Beacon, 845-831-4988—The HowlandLibrary, designed by Richard Morris Hunt in1872, is a distinctive example of stick stylearchitecture.

Madam Brett Homestead, 50 Van NydeckAve., Beacon, 845-831-6533—Dutch-stylehouse built in 1709 and 1715

Dutch Reformed Church, 125 Grand St.,Newburgh, —Greek Revival churchdesigned by Alexander Jackson Davis (NHL)Interior closed.

Boscobel, 1601 Route 9D, Garrison, bosco-bel.org—This neo-classical mansion fea-tures one of the country’s best collectionsof Federal-era furniture. Designed in 1804by States Morris Dyckman, a loyalist duringthe American Revolution, Boscobel reflectsthe style and detail of impressive Londonresidences. The house, which originallystood about 15 miles to the south, wassaved by preservationists.

United States Military Academy, WestPoint usma.edu—The nation’s oldest military school with buildings by RichardMorris Hunt, McKim, Mead and White, and Cram, Goodhue and Ferguson (NHL)

Bear Mountain Inn & Trailside Museum,Bear Mountain, nysparks.com—At BearMountain State Park, architect HerbertMaier created the nation’s first trailsidemuseum, a low, single-story building with a veneer of natural boulders set in a battered, sloping fashion. Visitors follow apath up the hill from the boathouse andthrough the building. The idea of diminish-ing the barrier between the park and themuseum set a precedent for rustic buildingsthroughout the National Park Service.

Lower Hudson

Mid-Hudson

Upper Hudson

Architectural Traditions in the Hudson River ValleyMap & Guide Series

exhibits the Beaux Arts style in its symme-try, heavy ornamentation, and severe classi-cism. Most of the original furnishings anddesigned interiors remain intact. (NHS)

Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt(Springwood), Albany Post Road (U.S. 9),south of Hyde Park, 1-800-FDR-VISIT,nps.gov/hofr—In 1915 FDR renovated theItalianate house in which he had beenborn into a Georgian or Colonial Revivalstyle mansion befitting his presidentialaspirations. He also expressed his love ofarchitecture and the local Dutch colonialstyle through the design of two cottageson his estate and through his work onnumerous public buildings in DutchessCounty. (NHS)

Vassar College, Main Building,Poughkeepsie, vassar.edu—Designed byarchitect James Renwick, Jr., in 1860, thecollege’s main building is an early exampleof the Mansard style in America. (NHL)

Locust Grove, 2683 South Rd. (U.S. 9),Poughkeepsie, lgny.org—Samuel F. B.Morse, founder of the National Academyof Design, had achieved a reputation as anartist by the 1840s, but it was his inventionof the electromagnetic telegraph andMorse code that allowed him to purchaseproperty for a new residence. He chose anold friend, architect Alexander JacksonDavis, to assist him in turning an existingFederal-style house into a “Tuscan” villawith dramatic views of the river. (NHL)

Mohonk Mountain House, 1000 MountainRest Rd., New Paltz, mohonk.com—Mountain resort established in the 1870son Lake Mohonk in the Shawangunks(NHL)

Historic Huguenot StreetHuguenot Street,New Paltz, huguenotstreet.org—Arguablythe oldest continually inhabited street inAmerica (NHL)

Van Cortlandt Manor, South Riverside Dr.,Croton-on-Hudson, hudsonvalley.org, 18th-century stone house and tavern (NHL)

Kykuit, U.S. 9, Sleepy Hollow, hudsonvalley.org—Neo-classical home offour generations of Rockefellers (NHL)

Lyndhurst, 635 South Broadway,Tarrytown, lyndhurst.org—AlexanderJackson Davis’ most famous early work inthe valley was the Knoll, a Gothic Revivalestate. Completed in 1842, the Knoll intro-duced a new kind of picturesque architec-ture to the region. In the 1860s Davisexpanded the mansion with an asymmetri-cally balanced scheme including a five-story tower. Today, Lyndhurst is consideredthe most significant extant Gothic Revivalhouse in America. (NHL)

Washington Irving’s Sunnyside, WestSunnyside Lane, off U.S. 9, Tarrytown, hudsonvalley.org—In the 1830s, the author of “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” createda romantic landscape and eclectic cottagecombining many architectural styles.Sunnyside exudes the charming qualities ofIrving’s tales and brings to life his literarylegacy. (NHL)

Philipse Manor Hall, 29 Warburton Ave. (at Dock St.), Yonkers, nysparks.com—ThisAnglo-Dutch Baroque house, constructedin three phases between the 1680s and1740s, boasts the earliest known east coastexample of an in situ papier-mâché Rocococeiling from the 1750s, wood carvings byHenry Hardcastle, and a Gothic Revivalchamber designed in 1869. The Manor Hallwas frequented by George Washingtonand was an inspiration for his MountVernon.

NHL = National Historic LandmarkNHS = National Historic Site

This brochure was produced by historian-writerSarah Allaback; editor Bruce Hopkins; KirilloffDesign; and Mapping Specialists. 2006Updated in 2016

Hart-Cluett House, 57 Second St., Troy, rchsonline.org—19th-century Federal-styletownhouse with distinctive white marblefacade

James Vanderpoel House, Route 9,Kinderhook, cchsny.org—19th-centuryFederal-style mansion with elliptical staircase

Luykas Van Alen House, Route 9H,Kinderhook, cchsny.org—This rare exampleof a Dutch 18th-century brick farmhousehas been carefully restored to its originalcondition. The two-room 1737 house andits 1750 additions include many featurescharacteristic of the Dutch building tradi-tion. (NHL)

Martin Van Buren Home (Lindenwald), 1013Old Post Rd., Kinderhook, nps.gov/mava—Retirement home of President Van Buren;1849 addition by Richard Upjohn (NHS)

Bronck Museum, U.S. 9W, Coxsackie, gchistory.org/—includes several significant17th- and 18th-century structures (NHL)

Olana State Historic Site, 5720 Route 9G,Hudson, olana.org—Frederic E. Church andthe architect Calvert Vaux collaborated onthe design for the Persian-style castle atOlana, Church’s estate overlooking theHudson River. Church’s artistic visionshaped Olana, which he referred to as hisfinest landscape. Together, Church andVaux created a storybook retreat withviews Church loved to paint. (NHL)

Hudson River ValleyNational Heritage Area, New Yorkhudsonrivervalley.com

Hudson River Valley National Heritage AreaThe Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area is a federallyfunded program created by Congress in 1996. The mission of theHeritage Area is to recognize, preserve, protect, and interpret the nationally significant cultural and natural resources of theHudson River Valley for the benefit of the nation. The HeritageArea and the National Park Service funded the production of thismap and guide. Please send your comments or map revisions toHudson River Valley Greenway, 625 Broadway, 4th Floor, Albany, NY 12207; call 518-473-3835; or email hrvg@hudsongreenway.ny.gov. hudsonrivervalley.com

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