10th American History10th American History Unit V- A Nation Facing Unit V- A Nation Facing

ChallengesChallengesChapter 18 Section 4Chapter 18 Section 4

Changes and ChallengesChanges and Challenges

Fighting Discrimination (05:08) Fighting Discrimination (05:08)

Changes and ChallengesChanges and ChallengesThe Main Idea

Continued social and economic inequalities caused many young African Americans to lose faith in the civil rights

movement and integration and seek alternative solutions.Reading Focus

• Why did the civil rights movement expand to the North? • What fractures developed in the civil rights movement, and what

was the result?• What events led to the death of Martin Luther King Jr., and how

did the nation react?

The Civil Rights Movement The Civil Rights Movement Expands to the NorthExpands to the North

► The civil rights movement had done much to bring an end to de jure segregation—or segregation by law.

► However, changes in law had not altered attitudes and many were questioning nonviolent protest as an effective method of change.

► In most of America there was still de facto segregation—segregation that exists through custom and practice rather than by law.

► African Americans outside the South also faced discrimination—in housing, by banks, in employment.

Expanding the MovementExpanding the MovementConditions outside the Conditions outside the

SouthSouth►Most African Americans Most African Americans

outside the South lived in outside the South lived in cities.cities.

►African Americans were African Americans were kept in all-black parts of kept in all-black parts of town because they were town because they were unwelcome in white unwelcome in white neighborhoods.neighborhoods.

►Discrimination in banking Discrimination in banking made home ownership and made home ownership and home and neighborhood home and neighborhood improvements difficult.improvements difficult.

► Job discrimination led to Job discrimination led to high unemployment and high unemployment and poverty.poverty.

Urban UnrestUrban Unrest►Frustration over the urban Frustration over the urban

conditions exploded into conditions exploded into violence.violence.

Watts (Los Angeles) in Watts (Los Angeles) in 19651965

Detroit in 1967Detroit in 1967►President Johnson President Johnson

appointed the appointed the Kerner Kerner CommissionCommission to study the to study the causes of urban rioting.causes of urban rioting.

Placed the blame on Placed the blame on poverty and poverty and discriminationdiscrimination

The Movement Moves NorthThe Movement Moves NorthThe riots convinced King that the civil rights movement needed to move north. He focused on Chicago in 1966.

The eight month Chicago campaign was one of King’s biggest failures.

Chicago’s African Americans did not share his civil rights focus—their concerns were economic.

King discovered that some northern whites who had supported him and criticized racism in the South had no interest in seeing it exposed in the North.

Expanding the MovementExpanding the Movement►Why did the civil rights movement Why did the civil rights movement

expand to the North?expand to the North?►RecallRecall – What is de facto segregation? – What is de facto segregation?►AnalyzeAnalyze – Why is it more difficult to end – Why is it more difficult to end

de facto segregation than de jure de facto segregation than de jure segregation?segregation?

►DevelopDevelop – Why do you think the civil – Why do you think the civil rights movement began in the South rights movement began in the South rather than the North?rather than the North?

Expanding the MovementExpanding the Movement►RecallRecall – What reasons did the Kerner – What reasons did the Kerner

Commission give as the cause of urban Commission give as the cause of urban rioting?rioting?

►AnalyzeAnalyze – Why is it more difficult to end – Why is it more difficult to end de facto segregation than de jure de facto segregation than de jure segregation?segregation?

►DevelopDevelop – Why do you think the civil – Why do you think the civil rights movement began in the South rights movement began in the South rather than the North?rather than the North?

Fractures in the civil rights Fractures in the civil rights movementmovement

► Conflict among the diverse groups of the civil rights movement developed in the 1960s.

► Many SNCC and CORE members were beginning to question nonviolence. In 1966 SNCC abandoned the philosophy of

nonviolence.► Huey Newton and Bobby Seale formed the

Black Panther Party and called for violent revolution as a means of African American liberation.

► Malcolm X and the Black Muslims were critical of King and nonviolence.

Sports and Games II (03:15) Sports and Games II (03:15)

Black Power• Stokely

Carmichael became the head of SNCC.

• SNCC abandoned the philosophy of nonviolence.

• Black Power became the new rallying cry.

• Wanted African Americans to depend on themselves to solve problems.

Black Panthers• The Black Panther

Party was formed in Oakland, California, in 1966.

• Called for violent revolution as a means of African American liberation.

• Members carried guns and monitored African American neighborhoods to guard against police brutality.

Fractures in the MovementFractures in the MovementBlack Muslims

• Nation of Islam was a large and influential group who believed in Black Power.

• Message of black nationalism, self-discipline, and self-reliance.

• Malcolm X offered message of hope, defiance, and black pride.

Nation of Islam and Black Nationalism (04:17)Nation of Islam and Black Nationalism (04:17)

The Assassination and Legacy of Malcolm X (02:27)The Assassination and Legacy of Malcolm X (02:27)

Fractures in the MovementFractures in the Movement►What fractures developed in the civil What fractures developed in the civil

rights movement, and what was the rights movement, and what was the result?result?

►RecallRecall – What was one of the first major – What was one of the first major signs of trouble in the civil rights signs of trouble in the civil rights movement?movement?

►SummarizeSummarize – What was Black Power? – What was Black Power?►Draw ConclusionsDraw Conclusions – Why do you think – Why do you think

that discontent developed in civil rights that discontent developed in civil rights organizations in 1964?organizations in 1964?

Fractures in the MovementFractures in the Movement►ExplainExplain – Who were the first Black – Who were the first Black

Muslims?Muslims?►DescribeDescribe – In what ways was Malcolm – In what ways was Malcolm

X different from Martin Luther King Jr.?X different from Martin Luther King Jr.?►AnalyzeAnalyze – Why do you think Malcolm – Why do you think Malcolm

X began to call for racial harmony?X began to call for racial harmony?

The Promised Land (02:33) The Promised Land (02:33)

The Death of Martin Luther The Death of Martin Luther King Jr.King Jr.

King became aware that economic issues must be part of the civil rights movement.

King went to Memphis, Tennessee to help striking sanitation workers. He led a march to city hall.

James Earl Ray shot and killed King as he stood on the balcony of his motel.

Within hours, rioting erupted in more than 120 cities. Within three weeks, 46 people were dead, some 2,600 were injured, and more than 21,000 were arrested.

April 4, 1968: MLK is Assassinated by James Earl Ray (02:41)April 4, 1968: MLK is Assassinated by James Earl Ray (02:41)

A Dream Deferred (03:05) A Dream Deferred (03:05)

The Assassination of KingThe Assassination of King►What events led to the death of Martin What events led to the death of Martin

Luther King Jr. and how did the nation Luther King Jr. and how did the nation react?react?

►RecallRecall – Who murdered Martin Luther – Who murdered Martin Luther King Jr.?King Jr.?

►ElaborateElaborate – What did Robert F. – What did Robert F. Kennedy as the nation to do following Kennedy as the nation to do following the death of King?the death of King?