10th science tamil-3

8/6/2019 10th Science Tamil-3

1/104

msLfUf

myF

14aa


2/104

aa

230

gl 14.1.

S2 S1 clwcnyhfcUiscUistotjiy

ghJfhgrlmik

jiynfh

tiunfhL

Utotrl nfh

mogil mayhd aa,aif kW aif ffissFwJ. J msjagL

ma MF. vdnt aabghUfis mswJ. aavj xU jJtK cW nehakW msjagl ffSlxJnghf ntL. aayhfL ofgl gntW msjfUfS, msit KiwfS kwmafSF,rKjhaF

aafbgabfhilvdyh.mjifa bfhil UF ms

xUmsjfUahF.

14.1.UFms

fa bghUfgkhzfis 0.001 br.. msF

Jakhf msf gagL fUUFmsMF.

UF ms U totcnyhfrl csJ. ( gl 14.1 ).

rl xU w clw XcnyhfcUisbghUjgLsJ.

cUis cw fbrJfgoUF. D UFxWaFwJ.

cUis nkw, U

mRFizahflmsfFfgl msnfh csJ. JnfhvdgL.

U jiygFnahL clwcUisbahW izfgLsJ.mj Fj Kid 100 fshffgLsJ. J jiynfhvdgL.

U kWKid rkjskhf csJ(S

1) mjF ne v, mj guF

izahf F ( S2) xW csJ.

U jiy gF cs grl

mik, UF msF mfkhfUfgLtijjLwJ.

UFmsjJt

UF ms UF jJtmogil ntiy brwJ. xU

iyahd kiuF aF UifRWnghJ, mj Kid Kndh

efU bjhiy Rwgl RWfvifFnejfUF.

ilu

xU KG RWF U KidefU bjhiy, U mLjLjfSilna cs bjhiyFrk.JiluvdgL.

14.msLfUf


3/104

231

myF-14

msLfUf

gl 14.2.

RiHVJiy

UFmsws

U jiygF, jiynfhxU msF RwgLnghJ,U Kid efU u, UFmswsMF.

nfhUFefj

bjhiy

jiynfhRaRWfvif

ilu=---------------------

UFmsRiH

UF Kid rkjsguvnus F rkjs gu

iznghJ jiynfhR, nfh tiunfhLl

izjh RiH VJiy(gl14.2).

ilu

jiynfhf

vif

ws = ---------------------

neiH

FnHhL U KidiznghJ, jiynfh R nfh tiunfhLF

mikjh iH neiHvdgL jiynfh n-MtJ nfhtiunfhLlizjhiHneiHMF(gl14.3).

gl 14.3.Z.E. = +(n x L.C.),

RUj

Z.C. = -(n x L.C.)

viH

FnHhL U Kid iznghJ jiy nfh R nfh tiunfhLF nk

mikjh iH viH vdgL.jiynfh n-MtJ nfhtiunfhLlizjhiHviHMF(gl14.4).

gl 14.4.

Z.E. = - (100 n) x L.C.

RUj

Z.C. = +(100 n) x L.C.

neiH

viH


4/104

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232

UFmsiagagLbkaflfhz

Kj UF ms il uij, wsit fLof

ntL. RiH, RUjij fzl ntL. UF ms U

rkjsgufSF ilna bka fia itf ntL. grl mikcjahUifU,ewhffiagbfhSkhWbrantL.

nfh fhL msit, (P.S.R) nfh tiunfhLl izjiynfhmsit(H.S.C.) FJbfhsntL.

fl=P.S.R. + (H.S.C. x L.C.) Z.C.

fbtntWgFfisUFmsrkjsgufSilnaitJnrhjidia Ug bra. msLfis mltizgLj. filflmikmsfruhrflkhF.

t. v.nfhms

P.S.R.mm

jiynfhxH.S.C.

H.S.C. XL.C.mm

bkhjmsP.S.R. + (H.S.C. xL.C.) Z.C.mm

1.

2.

3.

ruhr

14.2flbjhiyfismsj

UJ y myJ nfhx bjhiy nghw lbjhiyfis fzl, wKiwf gwgLwd. nuonah

vbuh Kiw nyr Jo KiwlkhW njhwKiw nghwit fl bjhiyfis fzlgagLwd. mjifa lbjhiyfis msf, tha myFkW x ML nghw myFfgagLwd.

thamyF: ikaUJNa ika tiu cs ruhrbjhiythamyFvdgL.

1thamyF(AU)=1.496x 1011m

x ML : xahdJ, btlXMobryToabjhiyxMLvdgL.

xU Mo btl xfljbjhiy=xirntf x1ML

~1xML= 3 x 108ms-1 x1ML(behof)

= 3 x 108 x 365.25 x 24 x 60 x 60

= 9.467 x 1015m

jfhyyfKiw(digital)UFms bfhL msLf vjhf

cldoahfnkbfhsgLwd.


5/104

233

myF-14

msLfUf

kL

gF-m

1.________________ tiu gkhzKs bghUf gkhzfis msf UF

msgagLjgLwJ.(0.1 cm., 0.01 cm., 0.1 mm., 0.01 mm.)

2.UFmsjiynfhRnfhtiunfhoFmikwJ.vRiH________________

(neF,vF,iy)

3.UFms________________lijmsfgagLwJ.

(flghiu,bkaf,bfgJ)

4.xUxMLvgJ________________MF.

(365.25 x 24 x 60 x 60 x 3 x 108 m , 1 x 24 x 60 x 60 x 3 x 08 m ,

360 x 24 x 60 x 60 x 3 x 108 m )

5.tha myF vgJ ikaF ________________ ikaFilglruhrbjhiy.

(yh,Na,brth)

gF-M

1.fhQTWfcsjtWfisrbrf.

m) tha bjhiy vgJ guF, Na guF ilglruhrbjhiyMF.

M)xMLvgJlF3 x 108mntfxahdJxUMogazbrbjhiyMF.

2. AbjhFiaBbjhFnahLbghUJf.

t.v bjhF-A bjhF-B

1. agkhzf nyhl

2. bgagkhzf UFms

3. mfbjhiy msnfh

4. abjhiy xmL

Mo-l


6/104

aa

234

3.nfhollfisuf.

flbjhiyfismsfgagLwKiwf_________,_________MF.

(nyrJoKiw,xMLKiw,nuonah-vbuhKiw,thaKiw)4.wsitvgJ UF msnahL bjhlila Ka fUJMF.UFmswsitvgjbghUisczJf.

5.UFmsglfhQghffisFf.

m)jiynfhM)nfh)mR


7/104

iraffS

myF

15aa


8/104

aa

236

gl15.1

15.iraffS:

X iy cs xU bghUisaf bra, af csxU bghUis X iyF bfhL

tu ekJ Ka njitgLtijmwhl th eh fhnwh. xUbghUiyiakhwbghJthfehmijjSnwh,GnwhmyJcijnwh.

irahdJ bghUfis jSjGj myJ cijj tmogilyhdJ. iriaghfnth,Ufnth ayhJ. ekh irisit kL fhz myJ czuKo. xU bghU J irbragL clhF ismogiljh iria sf

aY. jSj, Gj kWcijj Ma braghLf_y xU bghU J iriabrYJnghJ bghU aFwJ.vdnt,xUbghUXiyianahmyJ af iyianah khWwmyJkhwKawbrairvdgL.irxUbtlms.mjS.ImyFl.

15.1.rkkhdkWrkkwirf

gl 15.1 xU fd brtfkufil ilkl nkir JitfgLsJ. kufil vKff X kW Y vd uL

fflgLsd.

X GfgLnghJ filtygfkhf efU. mnj ngh Y GfgLnghJ lgfkhf

efU.filJUwKrkGirbfhLfgLnghJ, virY

efuhk rkiy UF. thWxU bghU J bragL irfbghU X iyianah myJ

af iyianah khwhk UjhmirfrkkhdirfvdgL.

rkkw U irf kufilJbragLtjhf fUJnth. kufilmfirirefU.btntWv kbfhl UirfbjhFga,xUbghUnkbragLmjid afbrkhdh, mUirfSrkkwirfvdgL.

tU vLJfhL rkkhdkW rkkw irfis bjthf

sFwJ. y xU bgoiabrhubrhughd jiu js Kabrwhf. xUt kL bgoiajSnghJ bgo efuiy(gl 15.2.(a)). cuh ir jSir irF virbragLwJ. jiu kW bgoguF ilna bragL cuhir jS iria rk brtjhbgoefuiy.

(a)

(b)

(c)

gl15.2


9/104

237

myF-15

iraffS

Ut bgoia jSnghJbgoefuiy.(gl15.2.(b)) Vbdcuh ir jS iria rkbrwJ. _t f mf Kal

jSnghJ jS ir, cuhiria l mfkhf UF.

UrkkwirfbjhFgairbgoefU(gl15.2.(c)).

15.2affhdKj

fnah rhjs bghUfafijMbrjh.bghUfJirbraglhjtiumitkhwhjntfaFtjhfTdh.

fnah ir kW afga fUJfis l MuhJbghUf af ga _Wfis btlh. mit l

affvdgLwd.

l Kjgo rkkwwirbahW bragL khWtiu vj xU bghUS jdJ X

iyianah myJ xnu nenfhomikj uhd af iyianahkh bfhshk bjhlJ mnj

iy UF. j _y vyhbghUfS jkJ af iyVgL khwij vF jik

cilaitvdbfhsyh.wirfbraglhj iy X iycs bghU xW bjhlJ X

iyYafiycsbghUxWbjhlJuhdafiyY

UF. bghJthf bghU giykvdgL.vdnt,lKjiaiykvnwh.

bga : fnahw :15.02.1564wjl : nul,jhkiw : 8.01.1642w : thaMaakW fj

fh gaz brnghJ ekFVgL mDgtij iyk iabfhL sfyh. XLe fhiu

Wj jilia(brake)brYJtiu

eh e UifnahL XiyUnwh. jilia brYJnghJfh Obud X iyia milwJ.MdhehbjhlJafUfKanwh. vdnt, KndhGnwh. Obud jiliabrYJnghJekFfhaTlVglthcsJ.

jF khwhf Obud afMuF ngUJ x W

bfhoUgt ndh Gwh.ngUJ Obud aFnghJgafhyongUJlKndh

aFwJ.MdhclwgFfX iy Uf KagjhgandhGwh.

kGJ (car) xW mfntfFWa tis UnghJ ehxU gfkhf rhnwh. jfhdfhuz iyk _y bgwgLwJ.

fhJmjafiriakhWtif v rk braglhjiriabrYJnghJehbjhlJnenfho af Kagnj

jF fhuz. fhQ bra_yK bghUf iyk gigsfyh.

gl15.3csthWxnukhahd

nfufhfisgyifmLf.

bra15.1

gl15.3


10/104

aa

238

kbwhU nfu fhia bfhLmLfgLs fhf mogF ilklkhf mof.moF tik nghJkhdjhFnghJmoYs nfu fh ntfkhf

efwJ. kw fhf iykfhuzkhfbrFjhfnfugyifJGtijfhzyh.

15.3iykkWiw

nkny bfhLfgLs vLJ

fhLfS brafS, bghUfmtDila af iyVgL khwij vgij eFczJwd. X iy csbghUfbjhlJXynyna

Uf, af iyYsbghUfbjhlJafiynyna

Uf Kawd. bghUg iyk vdgL. vdnt,xU bghU jirahf jhnd

jdJ x iyianah myJ xnunenfho mikj uhd af

iyianah kh bfhs ayhjjikiykvdtiuaWfgL.

xU bghU iykgg mjiwia rhjJ. eh xU fhgijcijjhmJfntfkhfefU.mnjirl xU fiy cijjh f

efuhJ. khwhf fh fha clhF.

xU a jS toF mf ntfjU irah xU bjhl toiaefj KoahJ. Vbd jStoialbjhltoiykmf. bghU iyk mj

iwdhmslgLwJ.

15.4cj

ekJ mwhl th fG

y ffis fUJnth. nlbl gJ isahL u Jglh mtUF fha VglhJ. mnjneu ntfkhf brY bf

gJ ghitahs J glh gyjfha VgL. f fdkhd outorhiy Xu FnghJ vjgh iy. Mdh mj tobkJthf brYnghJ xUt Jnkhdh mt wJ Lth. xUbghU VgLJ jhf mj

iwia ir ntfij rhjJvd mayh. vdnt, xU bghU

iw ir ntfK izJ

cUthFKaaamscjvd ldh mKfgLjglJ.xU bghU iw(m) kW mjirntf(v)MatbgUfgycjvdgL.

p = mv

cjF v k, ircL.JxUbtlms.cjir, ir ntf irnynamik.mjmyFkg m s-1.

15.5affhdulh

fy gGjilj xU fhvid af 1 -1 ntfnjitgLtjhf bfhnth. xUtmyJ Ut fhiu nenfhoObud j (rkkw ir) 1 -1ntfijbfhLjhvafhJ.Mdh bjhlJ j fhUFgogoahfKLfbfhLFnghJfh

1 -1 ntf bgW v afbjhlFwJ. fh Vgl cjkhwiriakLrhuhkmJbragL neuij rhUgijmnwh. vdnt, xU bghUVgL cjkhwfhd ir, cjkhw fj fhy jij rhJmikwJvdyh.


11/104

239

myF-15

iraffS

l ulh afgo cj khWghLj rkkwirF nejf miktnjhLmirirnynamik.

m iw bfhl bghU ubjhlf irntf nenfho

aFtjhf fUJnth. mjJF vw khwhj ir bragL uhfKLfkilJ t dhof v vw

WirntfijmilwJvf.

bghUbjhlfcj =mu

bghUWcj = mv

bghUVglcjkhWghL=mv mu

= m(v u) ---------- (1)

cjkhWghLj=cjkhWghL

fhy

cjkhWghLj=m(v u)

t

-- (2)

vdntbragLirF =m(v u)

t

lulhgoJirna.

MdhKLfa =

(a - irntfkhWghLj)

v-u

t

~ F ma

F = kma ------- (3)F k-j kh. k - k1-Mf UFkhW ir myFnjbjLfgLwJ.

vdnt,F = ma --------------------------- (4)

irmyF=1kg x 1 ms-2 = 1l

ir myF kg m s-2 myJl.mjFpLN .

xU nyhuh iws xUbghU J 1 -2 KLfijVgLJir1l(1N)MF.

vdnt,lulhafxU bghU J bragL iriamsF Kiwia jUwJ. mjhtJir vgJ bghU iw kWKLftbgUfgyMF.

vLJfhL15.1

10 iws bghU JxU khwhj ir 4 dhofSFbragLwJ. bghU irntf.

2-1

UJ8-1

MfkhWwJvirkigfhf.

bghUiwm =10

bjhlfirntfu =2-1

Wirntfv = 8 -1

irF =

F = = 15 N

m (v-u)

t

10 (8-2)

4

vLJfhL15.2

2 iws bghU J 4ms-2 KLfij VgLJ ir,3 iw J 2 ms-2 KLfijVgLJir.tWvJbgaJ?

ir F = ma

fzgom1=2

a1

= 4 ms-2

m2=3

a2

= 2 ms-2


12/104

aa

240

~ F1

= m1

a1

= 2 x 4 = 8N

kWF2

= m2

a2

= 3 x 2 = 6N

vdnt, 2 iws bghU

J4ms-2

KLfijVgLJirbgaJ.

Jghjhdafir

gl15.5

15.6affhd_wh

gl 15.4 csthW xwhfizfgl U juhRfisvLJbfhnth.

gl15.4

AB

juhRmikKid BRtiyahfbghUjgLsJ. juhRmikkWKid A-xUiriabrYJnghJ U juhRfS xnumsit fhLwd. UJ AjuhRBjuhJbrYJir BjuhR AjhuhJbrYJir

vzs rkkhf virYUwJ. A juhR B juh JbrYJiridvdgL.BjuhRAjuhJbrYJirvidvdgL.

l _whtJ goxbthU idF mjF rkkhdMdh vir bragLtJkhdX vid cL. id,vidUntWglbghUfJbragLwJ.

Jgh RL nghJ FL mfirl Kndh ghtJidahF. jF rkkhdvirl FL JghiandhjStJvidahF.

J Jgh afFfhuzkhwJ(gl15.5).

Jgh iw Foiwial mfkhf Ugjh,Jgh KLf FoKLfijlFiwthfcsJ.

15.7cjkhwhnfhghL

rkkw wirf braglhj tiuxU mik bkhj cj khvgJcjkhwhnfhghLMF.

bkj

m1, m

2 iws A, B vw U

bghUfis(gJf) fUJnth. mitKiwna u

1, u

2 irntff xnu

irnenfhoaFwd(gl15.6a). mt J rk braglhj

wir VJ bragliy. u1>u2vf.gl15.16b- fhlgLsthWU bghUfS xw J xWnkhbfhwd. nkhjnghJmit bjhLbfhwd. bjhLbfhoUjneu tdhof.bghUA, bghUBJF

1vwiria,B,

AJF2

vwiriabrYJwJ.A BnkhjYFv

1, v

2ir

ntffnkhjYFKaamnj

ir nenfho aFwd.(gl15.6c)

lulhgo

Bjhdir(id)F1= B

iwX BjhdKLf

m2

(v2-u

2)

tF

1= ----- (1)

JghFLjhdKLfir


13/104

241

myF-15

iraffS

nkhjnghJ

Ajhdir(vid)F2= A

iwX AjhdKLf

m1

(v1-u

1)

tF

2= ----- (2)

l_whgo

F1 =-F2rkghL(1),(2) UJ

m2

(v2-u

2)

t

m1

(v1-u

1)

t= -

m2(v

2-u

2) = - m

1(v

1-u

1)

m2v

2- m

2u

2= m

1u

1- m

1v

1

m1v

1+m

2v

2= m

1u

1+ m

2u

2

vdnt,m1u1+m2u2 = m1v1+ m2v2nkhjYF K mik bkhj

cj nkhjYF bkhjcjF rk. wir braglhjnghJ nkhjdh U bghUfbkhjcjkhwVgLtiy.

J gy bghUfSF ilnaahdnkhjYFbghUJ.

f bga g xiw vLJbfhL KGtJ fhwh

ug.fGJgFiayh

fl. xL giliagagLcRFHhiagguJxl.

f cR FHhD xU U Kidfis gl 15.7fhosthWbghUj.

f nghJgfGfosiy mf. g thtahffhWbtnaW.

f nghJ cR FHh efUiria ftf.

bra15.2

vLJfhL15.3

15uh iws JghFL 100 -1 ntf RlgLwJ.

Jgh iw 2 v mjafirntffhf.

Foiwm1=15.=0.015

Jghiwm2=2Fobjhlfirntfu

1=0

Jghbjhlfirntfu2=0

FoWirntfv1= +100 -1

(FolUJtykhdafirianeFahfvLJbfhtJku)

gl15.6

(C)

nkhjYF

nkhjYFK

gl15.7

cRFHh

gfhW


14/104

aa

242

gl15.8

P

bjhiy d

F

JghndhFirntf= V

RLKbkhjcj=m1u

1+ m

2u

2

=(0.015x0+2x0)

= 0 Kgms-1

Rlbkhjcj=(0.015 x100+2V)

=(1.5 +2V) Kgms-1

cjmikgo

Rlbkhjcj=RLKbkhjcj

1.5+2V

= 0

2 V

=-1.5

V

=-0.75-1

vF FL efU irFv ir Jgh afmiltijFF.

15.8ir Uw kWuil

irUw

UF FwL vw fUah

bragLjgL irahdJ UFkiu(nut) xiw RHW myJ,f(hinges) J fj RHYnghJ, irahdJ, bragLjgLirnyna bghUis aFtnjhLkLkyhk bghUis RHYkhWbrwJ. RH mR, irbragL nfhoid btlbrahJ, mjF izahf

UfhJ. RH gid

ir U is myJFl mir bghUj irU w vdyh. ir F Uw v kghdJ irv k kW ir bragLnfhoUJ m brFJbjhiyMatbgUfgydhfvLJbfhsgLwJ.

gl 15.8 fhoathW bghUJs P vw ir F

bragLtjhf fUJnth OitbghUJir F Uw= ir v k X irirF Uw fhzglntoa F ilnaahdbrFJbjhiy= Fx d

bghUJbragLir,OitrhJ bghUis lRirRHdh mUw lRUw vdgL. bghUis

tyR ir RHdhmUwtyRUwvdgL.irUwmyF

ll.lRUwidneFY,tyRUwidvFYFLtJku.

uil

bghUbsh J U irfizJ bragL, Uwid

myJUisitVgLjToagy vLJfhLfis eilKiwfhnwh. rfu x X kWY f U ff flgL,rfubjhLnfhLftnaUrkkhd(F)virfbragLtjhf

UfL. (gl.15.9). rfu, mjika O- bghUjgoUjh,

ir

T = Fd


15/104

243

myF-15

iraffS

O-it bghUJ lRirRHY

X

90

90O

F

F

Y

gl15.9

bragho nfhLf xWlxWbghUjhk,braglToaUrkkhd vbu irf uiliacUthF vd auaTwgLtJL.

15.9


16/104

aa

244

m1, m

2 iws U bghUf

gl 15.12 csthW d bjhiymikJsd.UbghUfSF

ilnaahd


17/104

245

myF-15

iraffS

15.9.4


18/104

aa

246

iwama

1958 #& 2- eh krhmzhJiu wjh. mtuJbga, ehLkf xbthUt

yY gagLjgLbgauhdJ. kf aKl mtiuruha mzhJiu vdmiHF msF fbgwt.1982 ML vyuha JiwM.E., gl bgW, mnj Mo

a bt M ika(ISRO) gnrjh.

mzhJiu braifnfhJiw Kd bjh Eg

tYduhth.jnghJmtruhaI kW ruha II t l

aFe Mth. Fiwj bryruha totik t gFFljfJ. jidia LmtuJ ngRf a khztfilna Jiw Mtij

LtjhfcsJ.

ruha

tUtdmjrhjidfy

f y k _YTWfmf gu guUgijfljJ.

f ruha fk tiu

fU(Moon minerology Mapper),yKfhyKYcUaiyUjijcWbrwJ.

f Inuha bt ikagaRik - ruha I glkhFX-f ( CXIS) wkhiykh,24F nkgl tik FaNaxafisgbrjJ.

ruha

ruha I ygazfhdxU fy. J yF mDggl

ah Kj MyhEzh MF. 2008M MLmnlhg khj MukhyYs$AnfhlhUJ ISRO-M VtglJ. J 2009-M ML MfL khj tiu

braglJ. j M tytU kW jiuwF tiffiscslaJ.JISRO-IJgaRikfis vLJbrwJ. nkY, J

mbkfhNASA btika,Inuha btika ( ESA),gnfa btika t6 gaRikfis ytrkhfvLJbrwJ.

ruha 312 ehf braglJ. mnghJ llgl

yFf 95 rjjij iwbrjJ.


19/104

247

myF-15

iraffS

f ruha I- bghUjgly tiugl xglfUmbkfh mnghnyh 15,mnghnyh11yfyfy

jiuwa lfis gbrJsJ.

f yfktsgajftfca gFw wkhiykh _ybgwglJ.

f y nyr bjhiyt fU(LLRI), y JUtf kWKa gFf ga jftfis

mjJ.f CXIS X-f glfU, y

mYa, bka kWfhtjilafisgbrJsJ.

f gnfa gaRikahd fR ffh fU(Radiation Dose Monitor - RADOM)ruha Vtgl ehnyna

bragLjgL Weh tiubraglJ.

f 75 ehf ruha ifglfU 40,000F nkglglfisFmDaJ.

f ynkLgsfisytiuglxglfU g brjJ.

ygu mf gsjhFfis

bfhlJ.f KG totij

KjKiwahf g brJmDaJ.

ruhaIygukjfciwlkhfgagLgyFiffisfljJ.

FbjhEg(Cryogenic Technique)

Fa vw brh ciw FvWbghUgL,nufbrhUJ

cUthdjhF.

aa Fa vgJ fFiwj btgiyia cUthFjY(123KFFiwthf)mbtgiybghUf braghLfismtJkhF. f Fiwj btg

iyYs bghUfisgfwgt Fashs Mth.Fa bf btgiy

msL Kiw gwgLwJ. utieu#, ut a nghwit gyF gaghLf KakhdjhF.fgo ehLfilna bgw

aYtJ, F bjh Egmf gagLtJ ut ieu#MF. ut a f Fiwjbtgiyia bgw bghJthfgagLjgLwJ.6mocauK3molK bfhl th FLitf

utfitfgLwd.ulh cyfngh nghJ

Fa Jiw tsailjJ.mayhsf f F%lglcnyhff cWjikmfgij fljd. JF tYgLJj vdgL. vvgtuh 1966M ML thg bragL F bjhrhiy

cUthfgLcygHikahdFWtdkhfkhaJ.

ut ieu# nghw Ff,FF kW ciwa brgaghLfgagLwd.

i)uhbf

F bjh Eg KagaghL F vbghUshF. ut


20/104

aa

248

iAu# bgUks uhbfovbghUshfgagLjgLwJ.

ii)fhjxirgkhf(MRI)

fhj xir gkhFKiw tYf fhjyijkj cl cSWf CLUtbrJ tfnzhl ( Scanning)

lgLwJ. tikahd fhjyut aD itfglflJ fRUfis gagLcUthfgL. ut a RUbtgiyia Rkh 4k tiuFiwabr. jifa jhj

btgiy mf gFw bfhlgfisbgwyh.

iii)bgUefufwmDL

bgUefuf wj iyff tna w mDjfodkhdjhF. Mdh momikfgl f tlf wmDj nghJ btgiy cathw zhfgL. jid jf

utkhfgl F thf ftlf J bjfgL mjbtgiyjilFiwfgL.

iv)czgjgLJj

nghfG gFf, yeLfghj gFf MatFmf ms gjgLjgl czbghUfis mDtjF FthfgagLjgLwd.

v)jLCkUJcbjhEgjahfgL

jL C kUJfSF ieu#F%LKiwmtakhdjhF.

btiya

bt Fl fhy jMgf nkbfhtjfhf

kjdhtotikfglJbtiyakhF.

ed bt iyaf,bt y thuf myJ

y khjf myJ y tUlfj Mgf nkbfhtjfhftotikfglit. mnk{, rtir, ifny, nghwit

tifbtiyafshF.

bt iyaf, lehbt jFtjh kjcl VgL isfisMuha gagLjgLwd. kw

fyfis ngh myhkmf eh bt j, mfvifyhdMfnkbfhs

it mojskh mikwJ. uhQtgagLafilbtiyar5MF.J1976kW1977Mo nrha Foau mnk{lgogagLjglJ.

bt iyaf bghJthfUtifgL. r ifnyMait xiw mLF tifahF.

it Kj VtgL bt

MthsuhteljgL.njitahdbghUf kW M fUfSlVtgL, mit gagLjgllfyiflgL.

r 6, kW r 7 Maity khwfis csl UmLFKiw cUthfgld.

J, ulhtJ bt Mths


21/104

249

myF-15

iraffS

a fy _y mjidbrwiltjF bghUfisbfhLnrfttFjJ.

jdh bt iya

Mthsuh bjhlJ teljglJ. ifny uil mLFtifia rhjJ. ulh mLFgagLjgliy.ulhmLF

lfhyMFttFF.

ulh tifia rhj ,kW gdhL bt iya( International space Station-ISS)Mait jahf Kj VtgL,

njitahd gFf gogoahfmjDl izfglJ. tifbt iyafis V tjFf w thj xiw Vthfdnjitiy.czkWfUfis

Jizfyf _y njitahdnghJbgWtjnfg bt iyatotikfgL. vdnt, l fhyMF jid gagLbfhsyh.

f Fiwj kWRHj,mf fR, Fiwj


22/104

aa

250

2.nfhollfisuf.

m)ir=iwxKLfvcj=________________

M)utiAu#uhbfogagLwJv

________________MRIglojgagLwJ.

3.ruha-1lnjhLbjhlilayWtdfbgafnHbfhLfgLsd.Mdhy bgaf mnjhL bjhlyhjit. bjhlyhj Wtdf bgafis goaLf.(a bt M ika, ghgh mQ Muh ika, ehrh bt ika, InuhabtTlikWtd,cyfRfhjhuika,vbzvthfHf)

4.fhQTWfjtWfVJUrbrf.

m)xUlirvgJxUuhiwsbghU1ms-1KLfijVgLJirmsitFF.

M)idvidvnghJxnubghUJbragL.

5.FbjhEgKakhdgaFvghUMF.FvbghUvgjbghUisczJf.

6.lRUwid _________ FY, tyR Uwid ________________FYFLtJku.

gF-

1.m)lKjafirgigsFwJ.TiwahagLJf.

M)10..,20..iwsbghUfKiwna10ms-1, 5ms-1 ntfbrtijglfhLwJ.mit nkhbfhwd. nkhj nghJ mit bjhL bfhS neu 2 dhof.nkhjYFmitKiwna12ms-1, 4ms-1ntfbrwdvF

1, F

2tiwfhf.

nkYma

f

1. Advanced physics - M.Nelkon and P.Parker, C.B.S.Publications2. College Physis - R.L.Weber, K.V.Manning Tata McGraw Hill

3. bghGJnghFbgsf -ah.bgbukhbrRA

izajsf

http://www.brittannica.com

http://www.zonalandeducation.com, www.wiki.animers.com

http://www.arvinguptatoys.com

10 Kg 10 Kg10 Kg20 Kg 20 Kg 20 Kg

10 m/s 5 m/sF1 F2

12m/s

4m/s

2.m)btiyaf,lehbtjFtjhkjclVgLisfisMuhagagLjgLwd.TidahagLJf.

M)F = Gm1m

2/ d2vgJl


23/104

ndhlaYMwY

myF

16aa


24/104

aa

252

bga : iknfghlnu

w : 22.09.1791

wjl : l,yhJ

kiw : 25.08.1867

w : ildnkhitfLojt

16.ndhla

ed rKjha rhu fKakhd gid twJ.Lf, gf, kUJtkidf,bjhrhiyf t gytifgaghLfSF yFthf,

trahf gagLjgL MwdhwyhF. dhw vthWcUthfgLwJ?

R ndhl vthWghwJ?xURndhlijxGFgLJ fhuf ahit?

ghlgF dhfSfhdilfisfhngh.

16.1ndhlkWRW

fh af, Xl itekFeFbj.MXodhmij nuhl vnwh. mnjngh}lf xU fl XodhmJ ndhl vdgL. xUif (lh) s cs fy,}lfis XlbrJ sFvtjfhd ndhlij VgLJwJ. rhia _LnghJ kLjhsFvwJ.rhvdbrwJ?rh fyF, sF

ilna izig VgLJwJ.ndhlbjhlJgh_oaghijRW vdgL. RW VjhtJ xU JofglhndhlbrtJjilgLsFvahJ.

ndhlij eh vthWtiuaWfyh? xU dho neufl xuyFgu tnaflJ brY }l ms

ndhl vd tiuaWfgL.RUfkhf }l gh jndhl vdgL. cnyhfflf vyuhf aF}lfshf bragLwd.vyuhf aF irFvir ku ndhl irMF.

Q ms }l xU fl

VjhtJ xU FWFbtLgutna t dhofghjhflndhl

I = Q / t.

}l SI myF TY. 1TYvgJ6 x 1018 vyuhf}lFrk.

ndhlmyF Ma (A)MF. Ma vgJ bu ehLmamPbgauhF.

nknycsrkghoUJ

Q = 1 C ,t = 1 S

v I = 1 A

xU TY }l xU dhoneuflVjhtJxUFWFbtL gu ghjh flndhl xU Ma.xURndhlijmsfmlvwrhjdgagLwJ.

vLJfhL16.1

xU sF 0.75Andhlij 10 lfSFgagL bfhwJ. v Rgh}lmsahJ?


25/104

253

myF-16

ndhlaYMwY

: ndhlI = 0.75 A

fhyt = 10 lf

=600dhof

Q = It

Q = 0.75 x 600

}lQ = 450 C

gl16.1fy,sF,mlkW rh tiw bfhl RiwFwJ.

gl 16.1

16.2dGj kW dGjntWghL

xU fl }lfis

af brtJ vJ? ilklkhd

FHhghahJ.FHhxUKidia

nkkl bjhol izF

nghJjhFHhghwJ.mjhtJFHhUKidfSilnamGj

ntWghL cUthfgLnghJ xU

KidUJkWKidFghwJ.

mnjnghyxUcnyhfflU

KidfSilnadGjntWghL

xW cUthfglhjh fl

tna ndhl gh. dGj

ntWghL xU R xW myJ

xWF nkgl fyfsh

cUthfgLwJ.

fy xU fl RizfgLnghJ R dGj

ntWghLcUthfgL}lf

a R ndhl gh. xU

R U fSilna

dGj ntWghL vgJ xU

UJ kbwhU F XuyF

ne}lijefjbragL

ntiyMF.

U filna dGj

ntWghL(V)=ntiy(W) /}l (Q)

V = W / Q

dGj ntWgho SI myF

nth(V)

1 nth=1#&/1TY

ndhl gh fl U

fSilna1TY}lijvLJ bry bragl ntiy 1

#& v mU fSilna

dGj ntWghL 1 nth MF.

dGjntWghilnthliu

bfhLmsnwh.

16.3RWgl

vikahd FpLfis

gagL xU R gntWcWfis izJ bgwgL gl

RWgl vdgL. bghJthf

tHfkhf gagLjgL

cWf bgafS mt

FpLfS nH cs mltiz

16.1bfhLfgLsJ.


26/104

aa

254

t. v cWf FLj

1. fy

2. nglmyJfybjhF

3. rhmyJRR(wjJ)

4. rhmyJRR(_oaJ)

5. fiz

6. izgwfFWnfbry

7. sF

8. jil

9. khWgLjilmyJjilkh

10. ml

11. nthl

mltiz16.1

vLJfhL16.2

xUR10V dGjntWghLsUfSilna5C ndhlij

efjbraglntiyahJ?:

}l Q = 5 C

dGjntWghL V = 10V

}lijefj

braglntiy W = V x Q

W = 10 V x 5C

W = 50J

16.4 X

bga : #h{irkX

w : 16.03.1789

wjl : vyh#,b#k

w : 06.07.1854

w : X

xU fl KidfSilnacs dGj ntW ghoFfl gh ndhlFilna bjhl clh? fhQbraghilghngh.


27/104

255

myF-16

ndhlaYMwY

bra 16.1f gl 16.2 fhlgLsthW xU Rid

mikf. R 0.5m sKs XYvwienuh f, ml, nth l, 1.5V dGjKs ehF fyf it

izfgLsd. ( ienuh vgJ f,Fnuha, khfR kW U twh Mdcnyhffyit)

Kj ienuh fnahL xnu xU fyijizbfhLJmlmsL I. nthlmsLV tiwFJmltizgLj.

f nkny brhdJ ngh uL fyfis R izJ mlmsLI, nthlmsV MatiwFf._Wfyf,

ehFfyfvdizJxbthUKiwml,nthlmsLfismltizgLj.

f xbthUKiwV kW I msLfjfzl.

gl 16.2

t.v

R

gagLjgl

fyfvif

nuhf

ghndhl

I ( ampere )

nuhfKidfSilnadGjntWghL

V ( Volt )

V/ I

(Volt /

ampere)

bragho V/ I khahfUgijfhzyh.

1827 M ML b#k ehLaa mP #h{ irk X xUfl gh ndhl IFfl KidfSilnaahd

dGjntWghL VFkhdbjhligfljh.

Xgokhwhbtgiyflx tna gh khwh ndhlmj KidfSF ilnasdGj ntWghoF nejf

UF. I-ndhlij,

V - dGjntWghilFjh

V I myJ V/ I kh.16.5.fljil

Xgo

V I V = IR

FlbtgiyxUcnyhfflF,R xUkh.Jfl jil vdgL. J }lf afF xU jiliajU.jilSI myFX.jFpL .


28/104

aa

256

bra 16.2

f ienuh f, if sF (Torch), xcilnahL,ml

f ( 0 5AbeLf ),rh,jsizFfMatiwvLJbfhs.

f gl 16.3 csthW 1.5 V cs ehFfyfismlUlbjhluhfizJRidcUthf.glcsthWXYilbtl.

f ienuhfiaXY ilbtizJrhia_l.mlmsitFf.rhiawf.

f ienuhfFgyhfifsFgigizJmlmsitFf.

fnghJ XY ilbt x cilnahil ( LED ) izJnknybrhdJnghmlmsitFf.

f nknybrhdvyhbrafYmlmsLxnukhUjjh?UJvdbjwJ?

f nj nghy ntW y bghUfis XY ilbt izJnrhjidiabra.xbthUKiwmlmsitFf.

f gfisMbra.

R =V

I

1 X = 1nth1Ma

vLJfhL16.3

xU_yUJ5A ndhlijxUbtg_ovLJbfhSnghJmj KidfSilna dGj ntWghL 60V v KidfSF ilnadGjntWghL120 V MFnghJvLfgLndhlvts?

:-

dGjntWghLV = 60V

ndhlI = 5AXgoR = V / I = 60 / 5 = 12 X

dGj120 V MFnghJndhl: I = V / R = 120 / 12 = 10A

~btg_ovLFndhl=10A

xU fl KidfSilnadGj ntWghL 1 nth MfcsnghJflghndhl

1 Mavfljil1XMF.

gl 16.3


29/104

257

myF-16

ndhlaYMwY

F xbthU cWigizFnghJ ndhlkhWwJ.VkhWwJ?ycWfvjhf ndhlij mt

tna mDkwJ. y cWfndhlF mf jiliabfhLwJ

16.6jilahfbjhF

gntW RWf eh jilahfisbtntWizfgagLjyh. jilahfis

UKiwfizfyh.mit

m)bjhliz,M)gfizbjhlizjilahf

gl 16.4 csthW jilfR

1, R

2, R

3 tiwxUfy,rh

tWlbjhluhfizf.

gl 16.4

xbthU jilahY rkndhlI ghwJ.jilfbjhF KidfSilnacs dGj ntWghL, jjjilahfSilna cs

dGj ntWghLf TLjYFrk.mjhtJV = V

1+ V

2+ V

3-------(1)

bjhliz csjilahf,R

1, R

2, R

3 t

bjhFgajiliaRs MgLbraKo.mnghJRdGjntWghLV kWndhl I itkhWglhJ.

RW KGtjF X iagagLj

V = IRS

jj jilfSF XiagagLj

V1

= IR1

V2

= IR2

nkY V3

= IR3

tiwrkghL1ul

IRS

= IR1

+ IR2

+ IR3

myJ Rs = R1

+ R2

+ R3

vdnt, bjhl izizfgL jilahfbjhFga k Rs jjjilahf (R

1, R

2, R

3)

jilf TLjYF rk.bjhFga jil k vj xUjgl jilah jilkiglmfkhfUF.

vLJfhL16.4

18X kW 6

X jilf6V fy mLFl bjhluhf

izfgLsd. v, 1. Rbkhj jil 2. R ghndhltiwfzLf.

:-

1) bfhLfgljilf

R1 = 18 X

R2 = 6 X

~Rbkhjjil

Rs = 18 + 6 = 24 X

2) fy mL KidfSilnadGjntWghLV = 6V

~RndhlI = V/RS

= 6/24

I = 0.25 A.


30/104

aa

258

gfizjilahf

R1, R

2, R

3 k bfhl _W

jilahf gf izizfgLwd. j bjhF

gl 16.5 csthW xU fymLF kW rh tWl

izfgLwJ.

gl16.5

gf iz bjhF xbthU jilahF FWnfdGj ntWghL rkkhf UF.mj k V. bkhj ndhlxbthU isY cs ndhlTLjYFrk.

I = I1+ I

2+ I

3------------------- (1)

Rp vgJ gf izYsjilahf bjhFgajil vf. jilahfgfizbjhFFXiagagLj

I =V

RP

XgoI1

=V

R1

I2

=V

R2

I3

=V

R3

jkfisrkghL1ul

= + +V

RP

V

R1

V

R2

V

R3

= + +1

RP

1

R1

1

R2

1

R3

myJ

gf iz izfgLsjilahf bjhFjil jiy k jjjilahf jiljiy kf TLjYFrk. bjhFga jil R

izfgLs jilahfjilWkiglFiwthf

UF.

vLJfhL 16.5

5X10 X 30 X jilfxU R gf iz

izfgLsd.RbjhFga

jilfhf.:- R1 = 5 X

R2 = 10 X

R3 = 30 X

itgfizcsd.

1

RP

1

RP

1

R1

1

5

1

R2

1

10

30

10

1

R3

1

30

10

30

=

=

=

+

+

+

+

Rp= 3 X


31/104

259

myF-16

ndhlaYMwY

16.7.ndhlbtgis

f xU fy, sF, rh,(bulb)

izf tiwgagLgl16.6csthW Rid mikf.rhia _o s tnandhlijghabra.

f ndhl bjhlJl neu s tnaghnghJsfhdJ(bulb)btgkilwJ.

bra 16.3

gl 16.6

fy xU dhw _y

vgJ ekF bj. mjU thfSF ilnasdGj ntWghL, jil tnavyuhfis a ndhlijcUthFwJ. ndhl ghafy mj Mwiy bryLbfhnlUfntL.jMwvd MwJ? xU iabjhlJlneuRHybrnghJvd fwJ? Mw xU

gF gaDs ntiyahf khWwJ.( wiffis RHybrjnghy),jKsMwmjidbtggLzhwJ.RwhdJKGtJ jilah MdJ v_yMwbjhlJbtgtozhwJ.ijndhlbtgis vnwh. ndhl

btg isth gy fUf bragLwd. rhu bgo,buho RL mL, mL, Nnl nghwit ndhl

btg is g mogilbragLehmjrhjdfMF.

16.8#&btg

R jils jilahtna gh ndhl I vf.jilah KidfSilnadGjntWghLV vf.

t dhofjiltnaghndhl Q vf. Q }lij

V dGj ntWgho afbragL ntiy VQ. vdnt_ykhdJ t dhof VQ vwMwiy mf ntL. vdnt_ydh RWF tHfglMw

P = V ( Q / t ) = VI

myJ R tahf _y tneubfhLjMwPXt. mjhtJVIt. j Mw vd MdJ? jMw jil btgkhf khbtnaWwJ. vdnt, iyahdndhl I xU jil tahfghnghJt dhofcUthfglbtgH = VIt

XiagagLjH = I Rt

J #& btg vdgLwJ.go xU jilcUthfgL btgkhdJ (1)

Fl jilF mj tnagh ndhl UkoF(I) ne jY (2) FlndhlF jilah jilF (R) nejY (3)jilah tna ndhlgh neuF (t) ne jY

UF.

rh

g


32/104

aa

260

vLJfhL: 16.6

4XjilKidfSilnadGj ntWghL 20 V v mclhfgLbtgjahJ?

:-

dGjntWghLV = 20V

jilR = 4 X

fhyt = 1 S

XgoI = V/R = 20/4 = 5A

clhfglbtgjH = I Rt

H = 5 x 4 x 1

H = 100 J16.9.cUgF

#& btg is bghJthdgaghL R gagL cUahF. (fuse). J xUcnyhf fyitah Md f MF.(37% fha, 63%


33/104

261

myF-16

ndhlaYMwY

ndhl

f

f

eLiyf

cU

thk

l

KjikRR

gl16.7 cU L cgnahf R

xUKamftwJ.ndhl

f, eLiy f vghuhjkhf neuoahf bjhLnghJ mfgSthf khW. mnghJ Rndhl mfF. ijFWF RW vnwh. mjifajUzf cU, cU,Riw, rhjdfisgGjhtUJghJfhwJ.

16.11.w

ntiy bragL j wvdgL. dhw vLJ

bfhsgLjwvdgL.

wP = VI

myJP = I R = V / R

w SI myF th (W).xUnthdGjntWgho,xUMa ndhl bragLrhjdgagL bfhS wxUthMF.

vdnt1 W = 1 nth x 1 Ma

= 1 VA.

th vgJ fa myF MF.vdnt eilKiw eh nyhthvw bga myif gagLJnwh.1nyhthvgJ1000thLfMF.dhw vgJ w kWfhy bgUf gydhF. vdnt

dhw myF th - k MF(wh). xUthkvgJ1thwxUkneugagLjgoUgijFwJ.thgdhwiynyh th k vw myfh (kwh)msnwh. mJ bghJthf vdgLwJ.

1 kwh = 1000 th x 3600 dho

= 3.6 x 106 thdho

= 3.6 x 106 ( J )

vLJfhL: 16.7

xUsF220ValizfgLsJ. ndhl0.50A vswahJ?


34/104

aa

262

:-

adGjv =220V

ndhl I = 0.50 A

vswp = VIP = 220 X 0.50

P = 110 W

16.12.ndhlntis

f iflgl U gir fyfUJ uL fhgjLfisftdkhfvLf.

f cnyhf Kidfiscjh bfhL njJ

ikgLj.

f cnyhf Kidf jhufiaWfkhfRw.

f ffis gl 16.8 csthWxU fy mLF kW xc ilnahL (LED) tnwhLbjhluhfizf.

f sho myJ ugbfhfy cs vYirrh fhg jLfisitf.

f LED xwjhvdftf.

f vYir rhW ndhlijflJwjh?

bra 16.4

gl 16.8

vYir rhW ndhlflJtijczuyh.

16.13dhgF- fyf

fkntamyf,fhufmyJcffiurfftnandhl gh nghJ fiurfntaifmilwd.jifafiurf gF utf vdgL.fiur tna ndhl ghJnta khwij cUthFtJdhgFj( Electrolysis ) vdgL.

ntafy

bga : nthlh

w : 18.02.1745

wjl : nfhnkh,jh

kiw : 05.03.1827

w : KjfyijcUthat

ntid _y dhw bgwcj fyf ntafyfvdgL.

nthlh fy, fzho

ghu cs j fjfmyD jhu kW JjehfMaUthfitfgLsd.(gl16.9)

gl16.9

vYirrhW

xcilnahL

jH2SO

4

fzhoghu

Jjehfjhu


35/104

263

myF-16

ndhlaYMwY

fyF btna, thffah izfgLnghJ, ndhl, btR jhuUJ

JjehfF, fyD

JjehfUJjhuFgh.fy ne th myJ

Mndhlhf jhuK, v thmyJ nfnjhlhf JjehfKmik. j fjf my gFutkhF.

}l bgw mafaf mogil fybraghL sfgLwJ. vth Jjehf mQfmaahfgL Zn++ mafshffiurD brwd. jdhvthUvyuhfisbgWv }l cilajhwJ. mnjrka jhu ne thUJ

U vyuhfisvLJbfhL,U iAu# maf (2H+)btgLwd. jdh jhune}l cilajhwJ. Jj

ehf mfgoahd vyuhfcstiu f bjhlJ fG.vdntbtRndhlgh.

j va fy bjhlJ ntMwiy dhwyhf kh jUmikghfbragLwJ.

U jfLfY cs vbu}lffhuzkhfjhukW

JjehfjfLfSilnadGjntWghL njhWfgLwJ. F

jhu Jjehfij l mfdGj mik. UthfSFilgldGjntWghL1.08 V MF.

16.14.Kjik kW Jizfyf

Kjikfy( Primary Cell )sayhjntidf_ybjhlJ

dhwiy bgw cj mikfKjikfyfvdgL.Kjikfy gF bghUfshdthfkWjFjgFut

MatiwnrFnghJaFiriabgwyh.byyhfyvw Ka Kjik fybraghLf F sfgLwd.

tif fyid ndhlijgagL L ndw bra

ayhJ.

byyhfy(Leclanche Cell)

byyh fy xU

fzho ghu mnkhaFnshiuL fiuryh uggLsJ.mnkhaFnshiuLfiurgFutkhf bragLwJ. mnkhaFnshiuL fiurD xU JjehfjL, xU E JisghlK

WjgLsJ. EJis ghlfhg jil bfhLsJ. fhgjil RY khf-il-MirL kW shfgl fhg

Jff fyit itfgLsJ.fhg jL ne thahf

Jjehf jL v thahfbragLwJ.

gl 16.10

fhgjLJjehfjL

EJisgl

mnkhaFnshiuLfiur

fhg,khfRilMirLfyit

fzhoghu


36/104

aa

264

PbPbO

2

H2SO

4

fzhomyJug

fy

gl16.11fhamynrkfy

mnkhaFnshiuL,mnkhakWFnshiuLmafshfwJ.FnshiuL ma Jjehf jilnehefJvJffismF

goabrwJ.vdntJjehfjLv Rik milwJ. JjehfjL nt idah JjehfFnshiulhf khWwJ. mnkhamaf fhg jil neh

efJ m gowJ. nghJ fhgjLneRikmilwJ.fhgjil, Jjehf jil xUflah izFnghJ fhgjoUJ,JjehfjoFfl

tnandhlghwJ.byyhfyaFir1.5.V

Jizfyf(Secondary Cells)

Jiz fyfis Lndw (recharge) bra aY.

Jiz fyf eilbgW ntidf idf MF. btRndhlij brYJnghJcUthF ntbghUfis, btUJ ndhlij vir

brY, L bgwyh. JizfyUJ ndhlijbgW nt f wf(discharge) vdgL. fha mynrkfy bghJthfgagL JizfydhF.

fhamynrkfy( Lead Acid Accumulator)

16.15.Mw_yf

Mw khWgl totfilwJ. nkY xWkbwhwhf khwglToaJ.Mw mfToajhfnth myJcUthfToajhfnth Ujh,Mw _yf ga jid

eh viyaw brafis fJw bgwtfshf Ungh. iy,vd fhuz? cau UJxUjileheGtlh,mJjiunkhJnghJjoDilaiyMwbgUgFxMwyhfkhwgLwJ.

eh xU bkGFtia gwitjh,mJvwnghJbkGntMwbtg Mwyhf, x MwyhfkhwgLwJ.

jifa cjhuzfcgnahfToatocsMwcgnahf ayhj to NHYFzofgLtij eh ghnwh.vdnt ntiy bra eh cgnahFvj MwY brytfgLtJl,UggagLj Koahjit. clciHig (iwntw) fJtjFjirf Mwiy cgnahnwh.gntW rhjdfis af

dhwiy, czit rikfmyJ thfdfis af ntMwiy eh cgnahnwh.vyh xU _y UnjilwJ. cgnahf to MwiybgWtjF njitgLw Mw_yij vthW njbjLgJ vW

ehmUfntL.

fy

+-


37/104

265

myF-16

ndhlaYMwY

wj Mw _y vgJ X myFiwFmfmsntiybraToaJ.vjhf ilf ToaJ. nrgJ

lkhwbrtJvjhfUfToa

kWf Kakhf iykthfUfToaJMF.

16.15.1kurhMw_yf

1.gokvbghUf

gilfhy wnf fKa Mw _ykhf UjJ. gh

kW fh Mw FiwjbrafSnf cgnahf gLjglJ.

jifa cgnahffis cdh

fKowjh? Mw_ykhfyf gaghL bjhuiarhakhaJ. bjh kakhf,cyfyha Mw njitia bgUntf cau brUwJ.cUthf Uw Mw njitts bgUks gok vbghU,

yf kW bgnuhaijrhJsJ. jifa vbghUfa fzfhd MLfSF

K cUthfglit. nkYfFiwjnrkLnkcsJ.gokvbghUf Jf ayhj Mw_yf MF. vdnt mitfis ehghJfhfntL.jifa_yijmr_L ntf gagLJtJbjhljh, ekJ Mw JnghF.

ij jgjF khW Mw_yfMbraglntL.

gok vbghUf, fhW khRgl,

mykiHkWgRikafthfcUthf nghw a isfbfhlJ.

2.mdMwTl

Mw iyaf xbthUehS dhwiy cg bra,iu btggLj bgU msyhdgok vbghUf vfgLwd.

xnu bjhiyF yf (m)bgnuhaij bfhL brtijl,MwiymDtJfvjhdJ.vdnt md Mw Tlf yf

myJ vbz tafSFmU WtgLwJ. dhwyhfkhwgLw btg Mwiyclhf vbghU vfgLwfhuzjh J md Mw TlvWmiHfgLwJ.

3.uhwTl:

kbwhU ghuga Mw _y,gh af Mw myJcau cs iy Mw. Mw Tlf Gw iyMwiy Mwyhf khWwd.cgnahfgLj Toa iyMw _ykhf xUy fnscs nghY Mw TlfmizfLfSliznjcsd.flj who cyf KGtJbgU vifyhd mizfflgld. eh fhgJ ngh

ah,ekJMwnjitfh

gF Mw Tlf _y bragLwJ.dhwiycgbrtjfhf bga njff

iunrfgjF, nuhlij jilbra M J f caukhdmizf flgLwd. klcawJ. nkY braKiwgh af Mw iyMwyhfkhwgLwJ.mizcaklUJ, miz

mokl cs irahFFHh _y bfhL brygLwJ.xbthU Kiw kiH bgif

njf uggLtjh ( MwJfToaMw_ykhF).

Mw_yfiscgnahFnghJ,gok vbghUfis ngh xU ehJ ngh L vW ftiyglntoaiy.(gl.16.12)


38/104

aa

266

gl 16.12

dhwflJftlf

kh

mizfL

cgiya

irah

FHh

a

btnaWt

nrWfj

njf

4.cMw

eh K FlJ nghl fhykhf wF vbghUshfgagLjgL tUwJ. ngha

kuf elgLtJ ekh cWbragLkhdh, w bjhlnahf cW bragL.vbghUshf tuo cgnahgij

feFbjUfntL.

J Tl xU uhd vbghU_ykhfcWafToanj.btbghUf jhtu kW yFfcg bghUfshjyh, jifavbghU _yf c Mw

_yf vdgLwJ btbghUf vwnghJ mfbtgij cUthfhJ. nkY mfms ifia btLwJ. vdnt

tif vbghUf widnkgLj bjh Eg tfhlmtakhwJ. msthd M#nahf wif vf mcs kW MahF bghUfmfwgLwJ. vrkhf kufjFwJ.Rlvwkufifmwjhf UwJ. nkY fmfbtgcUthFwbfhlJ.

mnjngh khLrhz, jhtubghUf, gf mWtilFija bghUf, L cgnahfff it ijJ c thitjUwd. F bgUghY

khLrhzgagLtjhrhzvthvdgLwJ. rhz vthfymikgl16.13fhlgLsJ.

5.fhWMw

fhafMwntiybragagLjgl ToaJ. j Mwflj fhy au ntiyiabrtjF fhwhiyf _ygagLjglJ. (v.fh) caJg fhwhiy RH af xU

z UJ iu caJtjFgagLjglJ.dhwiycgbra fhW Mw gagLwJ.mogil bga ia xjmik Mfgl xU fhwhiycWahd jhJ mf cau

WtgLwJ.

dhwiy cg brafhwhiy RH afa irahia RHy

bragagLjgLwJ.xUjjfhwhiy btpL Mw fFiwthdJ. nkY tjf nehgagLjgl KoahjJ. vdnt,mf vif, guj gufhwhiyf WtgL mitffhwhw giz vdgLwJ.tjf ms dhwiy

gl 16.13

thbtnaWt

thfy cu

rhz

FH

brfbrmik

vUbtnaWt

rhzrhz


39/104

267

myF-16

ndhlaYMwY

gl 16.14

16.15.2kurhuhMw_yf

ekJ thif Kiw khbfhoUwJ. nkY, nkY ekJbrafis bra eh aufiscgnahnwh.vdnt,ekJMwnjit mfwJ. eh nkY,nkY Mw _yfis njLtJmtakhwJ.ehilwMw_yfis wikl gagLj

f cdJ jhjh, gholUJmyJ bgnahflUJmJbfh.

f mtf vthW gFbrwhf?

f mtf Wtfshf UjbghGJ mtfsJ mwhl

njitfSF iu vthWbgwd?

f vj khahd bghGJnghFfis mtfnkbfhld?

f nkfl gfis bghGJjifa brafis vthWbrwhvgJlxL.

f ntWghL Uwjh? M

v bt _y UJmf Mw vj fcgnahfgLwJ.

bra16.5

1.NaMw

Na Vuhskhd ms Mwiyjnghija ntf flj IJa MLfshf btLbfhnlUwJ.JnkYVwjhH5 a MLfSF nk JbjhlU.NaMwxUWgFkLnk thnfhs btmLiftjilwJ.thnfhstna flwnghJ m ghcftugLwJ, na guigtjilwJ.

bgw xU giz xbthUfhwhiybtLMwxwhf

izfgLwJ.

fhwhw RWNH eilaJ.nkYwFjJfToaMw_y. dhw cgF bjhlbryfnjitglhjJ.irahFnjitahd ntfij iyWjfhntf15./kialfmfkhfUfntL.

bjhEgijnkgLJnth.nkYa Mw _yfis njLnth.

bghGJ mikfhy Mw_yfytiwehfhngh.


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aa

268

f U TFLitfisvLJ xWF btiskbwhWF fU tzK

R.uiluhu.

f TFLitiamiuKjxUk neu tiu neuoahf Naxitf.

f TFLitia bjhL. vjxWNlhfcsJ?

f xU btgiykh bfhLuoY cs

btgiyiamslyh.f cdJ mwhl thflj gagLjglToatfiscdhnahfKowjh?

bra 16.6

vbuhfglNaff

fzhofzhoghu

Fig. 16.15

gl 16.16

xU fUgu xj iykw gufisl mf btgijcftU. Na btg_o mjbrafgiggagLJwJ.Mofis cgnahJ Na ffisFgj _y Na rkafyfca btgiyia milwd.Na rkafyf fzho jlh_lgLwJ.

f Na rkafy myJ Na - btg_o bra kWmikig ma. Fghf mJvthW fhlgLwJ, nkYbgUkmsbtgcftvthWcWbragLwJvgijgo.

f ilf Toa k iybghUfis cgnahJ Narkafy myJ -btg_oia

totikJcUthF.nkYcdJNa mL vd btgiyiamilwJvdgnrh.

f Na rikafy (m) btggKocgnahftu(f)kW mj wf vd vdfyJiuahL.

bra16.7

Nafygyif


41/104

269

myF-16

ndhlaYMwY

jifa rhjdf gfbghGFl neu kL gaDsjhf

UwJ. Na MwiygagLJt cs j tu

Na Mwiy dhwyhf khWNa fyij cgnahJbt bfhsgLwJ. eilKiwcgnahfF ngha dhwtHf Toatif, Na fygyifvdgLwXmikbgUvifyhd Na fyfxizfgLwJ.(gl.16.16)Na fyJl izj KjikmDTyf, mitf aFgFf yhjit, Fiwj guhknjitgLwitvgjhF.knwhmDTy dhw mD ftl mikf mf brythf ToaxJFwkhd gFf mitf

WtglToait.

16.15.3mQfUMw

mQfU Mw vthW cg

bragLwJ? mQfU svdgL braKiw, fdkhdmQfU,FiwntfuhbfhLjhfgL nghJ, nyrhd mQfUfshf sgl TL. J

fjgLnghJ mf ms MwbtgLwJ. _y cfU iw,cUthd cfUf iwfTLjiy l J mf. xUmQfU myJ nua

s yf xU fhgmQ vwnghJ cgahFMwiyl 10 a klF mfMwiycgbrwJ.MwcgfhftotikfglmQfUciy, fLgLjgl Kiw,

iy Wjgl mQfU sbjhl id Mwiy btLwJ.

btgL Mw uhia cUthdhwiycgbrwJ.

bga : bAbgbfhu

w : 15.12.1852

wjl : gh-uhR

kiw : 25.08.1908

w : faffLo

16.15.4faf

mj fthd faf1896 bA bgbfhuvgtuh fLofglJ.mt fUjhdh Rwgl

xgl jfL, nua cUJ btgL y CLUffsh ghfgLtijfljh. d %j~nghLmUJ tU fR thitmaahF w bgUjijfLojh.maahffhuzkhfclhd ndhl bghUDilafaf bra msthf vLJbfhsglJ.

xU y tUlfSF nklnkmtfztaFj fR bfhl jkfshdnuoa kW bghnyhaijfljd. bghU fafbra_WtiffRfshd , kW g isthf UF vdfhlgoUwJ.mQv82Ilmfkhdfdkhdjkf, kWg

nghw mf CLU ffisjirahfbtLmjffaf vdgLwJ. firbtL bghUf fafjkf vW miHfgLwJ.faf f jirahdJ.nkY btgiy mGj, fhjkW yf nghw vj wfhufshYghfglhjJ.


42/104

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270

f fdkhd mQfU, ngusMw btpLl U JLfshfsfgLbraKiwmQfUsvwiHfgLwJ. mQfU s

uhbtpnlhLizjjhF.

92U238clMdmQfUsid

tUkhWFlgLwJ.

92U235+

0n1

56Ba141+

36Kr92+3

0n1 + 200 Me V

nkflvLJfhomQfUs id 3 uh kW 200a vyuh nth MwbtpLlfJbfhoUwJ.

2.mQfUiz

uL myJ uoF nkglnyrhd mQfUf izJfdkhd mQfUf cUthFbraKiw mQfU iz MF.cUthF cfU iw, nyrhd

cfUf iwf TLjiylvbghGJ Fiwthf UwJ.IO iw Mw bjhlgo[E = mc]. iw ntWghL Mwyhf

khwgLwJ. mQfU izbraKiw 107 K vw cabtgiy kL fjglToaJ. Vbdwh jifabjhU cabtg iy kLnkmQfUf mitf guguviriabtbfhsaY.vdnt, mQfU izFKnyrhdmQfUfbtgiygyaocaUfntL.

mQfU iz id btgmQfU idf vdgLwJ.mQFL btoj clnd ouhkW olh bghUjkhd nrxidfgLwJ. fLghlwKiw nyrhd mQfUf

izit rhjfkhd btgiyJtFwJ.JngusbtgMwiybtLwJ. Jjh iAu#

FLMF.iAu# Fo mQfU

izidahdJ

1H2 +

1H3

2He4 +

0n1 +Mw

vLJfhL16.8

xU nyh uh iw KGtJMwyhf khwgL nghJ ilFMwiyfzL.

:Mw E = mC2

iw m = 1kg

xirntfC = 3x108 m s-1

E = 1 x (3 x 108) 2

= 9 x 1016J

16.15.5 mQfU s kWmQfUiz

1.mQfUs

b#k mayhsf MnlhAh kW uhnk 1939nua mQfU uh bfhLjhfgLnghJ Mw btpLl,xlToa iwfSila U JLfshfsgLtijfLojd.

gl16.17

mQfUsiz


43/104

271

myF-16

ndhlaYMwY

gl 16.18

16.15.6.mQfUidwf

mQfU id vgJ mQfUciyiaMgUJghJfhfcjxU ggsthF. fhyij rhJ

mQfU ciy uhfvif khwij KngmJbfhscjggsthF.

mQfU ciyahdJ KGbragL nghJ m cUthfgl

uhf vif,gagLjgl uhfvifrkkhfUF.nghJmQfU idR MF. mQfU

idneFahfcsnghJ,mQfUciyMgjhdiycsJvdyh.

16.15.7 mQfU Mw aisf

, kW f Rfah maahfij cUthFfRf MF. f Rfc br _yTWf mikigkhW w bfhlit. vdntca mik tHfkhdbraghL khWghLF cgLwJ.kj cayik khWghodhVgLghms

i)f ms kW mjcftj

ii) cl vgF fRFcgLwJ nghw fhufisrhJ mikwJ. jifaghf nehia clhfyh

myJfisghfyh.

f ms uh# vwmyfh mslgLwJ (R). xUuhfh1.6 x 1012n#homafiscUthF f ms xUuh# vdgL. fghJfh viy xU thuF250uh#MF.

Kbdrifeltoiff

fR Mtff gahWgtf tU Kbdrif

eltoiffisifahsntL.1)faf bghUf joj-

Rt bfhl fha fyfitfglntL.

2)MgJ gFf g bghGJ, fha nky, fha ifiw gagLjglntL.

3)xUaEa xgljhgil mF ggtfSFmfgL, rkfhy

ilbt mt bgW fmsnrhfglntL.

4)mQfU rhjdf bjhiyfLghL Kiw (RemoteControl) ifahsglntL.

5)ggFfcsfaf

ff Kiwahf RjbraglntL.

1.1.8. iwa ma :- flUJMw

1.miyMw

ghiwKf

FWaw

irah

njf


44/104

aa

272

3. khfl btgMw

flmyJkhflMgF Fah Uw

bghGJ, nkgu NadhbtggLjgLwJ. btgiycs ntWghL khfl-btg-Mw khw fy Mwiybgw gagLjgLwJ. 2kmMH cs UF nkgucs UF ilyhd btgiyntWghL 293 K (20C) myJmfkhf Ujh, jifal bragl Ko. nkgubtgkhd mnkhah nghwMahFutfisbfhfitfcgnahfgLjgLwJ. utM a irahia

af cgnahfgLwJ. khflMH cs Fj nknybfhLtugLMLutkhfFfgLwJ. fl UJilw Mw f mfkhf

UwJ. Mdh wF tjfgaghofodkhfUwJ.

fhWcFt

a

irah

miy

ir

gl16.19

RHYJujhdkhfru


45/104

273

myF-16

ndhlaYMwY

kLgF-m

1.20Xjilsf0.2AndhlcUthfnjitgLdGjntWghL-----

(100 V, 4 V, 0.01 V, 40 V)

2.UsFfjilfj1:2.mitbjhluhfxURizfgLwd

vmitvLJbfhSMwfj-----

(1:2,2:1,4:1,1:1)

3.nyhthkvgJ------myFMF.

(dGjntWghL,w,dhw,}l)

4.xjgjidf------gukwgufislmfbtgijcftwJ.

(btik,brhubrhughd,fUik,kr)

5.aiffafjkmQv------

(82Ilmf,82IlFiw,tiuaWfgliy,FiwjJ92)

gF-M

1.fhQTWfXnahLbjhlyhjijvGJf.

m)ndhl/dGjntWghL=kh

M)dGjntWghL/ndhl=kh

)ndhl=jilx dGjntWghL

2.nfhollfisuf.m)dGjntWghL :nthlv

ndhl :------------

m)iya :kurhMw,v

NaMw :------------

3.kurhuhMw_yfbgafnHjugLsd.MdhmtWyjtW.jtwhdtiw

goaLf.

(fhWMw,NaMw,Mw,mQfUMw,miyMw,-mdMw)

4.fhQTWfcsjtWfisrbrf.

m)wjMw_yvgJXmyFiwFFiwjmsntiybraToaJ.

M)cgnahfToatocsMwiyL,LehgagLjyh.

5.vikahdFpLfisgagLxURgntWcWfisizJbgwgLgl

RWglvdgL.gntWcWfvgijvthWJbfhsyh.


46/104

aa

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A B

6 V

1 ohm

1 ohm 1 ohm

1 ohm

11.mil FF bfhLfgLs brhf cadtiw njbjLJ fhQ

mltiziauf.

(Jjehf,jhu,fhg,fha,fha-ilMirL,mYa)

neth nlafy

vth byyhfy

7.fhkhffaiffafjkfshbtlgLMgjhdfrhF.

m)aiffafjkfbtLntWfRfahit?

M)fhQTWfisnknybrhYfRfnshLbjhlgLmltizLf.

(i)mitfhjfRfii)mitmfCLWwbfhlit

(iii)mitvyuhf(iv)mituhfisbgUwd.

8.1.5VaFirbfhlUfyf5X,10X,15XjilfkWrhtiw

bjhluhfbfhlxURWglidtiuf.

9.cU__________cUFiyiabfhlJ.cnyhffyitahMdfMF.Jmf

jilia____________cUFiyiabfhlJ.

10.fhQRWglijcWnehABFilnabjhFgajilfhf.

1. Electricity and Magnetism, by D.C Tayal Himalayam publishing house.

2. Sources of energy, by C. Walker, Modern curriculam press.

3. bghGJnghFbgsf -ah.bgbukhbrRA

Website : www.reprise.com, www.wikipedia.org

nkYmfmtjF

6.fhQtiuglVkWIbjhligfhLwJ.

glUJdGjntWghL0.8 VkW1.2VcsnghJV/I -kfvdthfUF.


47/104

ndhlfhjisxaY

myF

17aa


48/104

aa

276

btisjhis tiugyifJgircjahbghUJf.

f jh ika rl fhjijitf.

f rlfhjijRYUJffist.jFciagagLjyh.

f nghJgyifiabkJthfjoml.

f ehfhgJvd?

bra17.1

afhjCkWrlfhjijvLJ bfhs ntL. rl

fhjij tiugyif ikabghUjgLs btisjhika itf ntL.btisjhis gyif bghUjgir bghUfis gagLjyh.fhj viyia tiuJbfhsntL.

fhj Cia rlfhjtlKidFmUitfntL.mJ vthW bragLwJ. fhjC bjKid rl fhjtlKidia neh wJ. fhjC tlKid rlfhjtlKidUJ y F. fhjC UKidf iyiaFJ bfhs ntL. fhjCiaaiyFefjntL.

nghJ mj bjKid Kj

bra17.2

bga : Xabl

w : 14.08.1777wjl : bynyblkh

kiw : 09.03.1851w: fhjl M

17.ndhlfhjisxaY

17.1.fhjyKfhjirnfhLfS

rl fhj mU bfhLbryglfhjCyfyiltJeh

mjnj. fhj C yf miltJV?

UJff jhkhf nkfltot mikabgW. J gl17.1 fhlgLsJ. V thWmikwJ. J ekF czJtJvd? fhj mjid Rsbt mj MfijbrYJ. vdnt UJff xUirF cgLjgL. ir

UJfffis Flto xUfikF. fhjijRY mj ir czugL gF

fhjy vdgL. UJffsh

xUfikfgL cUthF nfhLffhjirnfhLfvdgL.

gl17.1


49/104

277

myF-17

ndhlfhjisxaY

tlKidlbgwiyiabgW.j braKiw gogoahf fhjC rlfhj bjKidiamiltiubraglntL.gl17.2. fhlgLsJ. fhjFfglsfisnghfhdtisnfhlh izf. Jfhj irnfhLfis FF.nkfl braKiwia L,L brJ awtiu mfnfhLf tiuantL. jnfhLf gl 17.3. fhosgomik. jnfhLf fhjij

Rs fhjyij FF.it fhj irnfhLf vdmiHfgLwJ. fhj irnfhLf tna fhj Cia

efJ nghJ mj yfiyft. JUtij beUf beUffhjCyfmfF.

gl17.2

gl17.3

fhjy vk irbfhl msthF. fhjyirahdJ mjD itfglfhj C tlKid efU

irahf bfhsgLtJ ku.tHfkhf ynfhLf fhjbjKid bjhl tlKidKotjhf fUjgL. J gl 17.3.fhlgLsJ. fhj cnsynfhLf bjKid bjltlKidKo.fhjynfhLf_oatisnfhLfshF.itxUnghJxiwbahWbtobfhshJ.

17.2.ndhl brY flahVgLfhjy

neuhd joj jhufiaRW gl 17.4. fhosgo XYfilnaizf.XYfiafhj jsF brFjhf

UFkhWmikfntL.

jhufFmUafhj

CiailklkhfitJCiyiaft.

rhia _o R tnandhlij brYj. fhjCiyVgLkhwij,yf iria ftf.fy thf izigkh ndhl iriakhw. fhj C yfiy

irVgLkhwijft.

bra17.3

gl17.4


50/104

aa

278

fy (12V), jilkh,

ml (0-5A

), rh kW lneuhd,jojjhufMatiwvLJbfhsntL.

jokdhd fia brtf tocs joj mil ikatna mj jsF brFjhfitfntL. mil nkY G

efuhk xnu l iyahfUFkhWbghUjglntL.

jhufia gl 17.5.( a)

csthW fy, rh, ml,jil kh tWl bjhluhfizf. mil J UJffis uhf t. (ciagagLjyh).

jil khia xU Fliy itJ ml fhLndhlmsitFf.

bra17.4

nkfhbra_ycnyhffltnaghndhlmjidRfhjyijcUthFvdmayh.ndhl xU ir gh

nghJ,(X

UJY

F) fhj CtlKid HF iria nehyF. ndhl virghjh (YUJ XF) fhj Cvir mjhtJ nkF irianeh yfyil. ndhlghtjhnjhWfhjyir,ndhliriarhjJvdmayh.

17.2.1.ndhlghneflahVgLfhjy

fl x tna ndhlghtjhnjhWfhjymikig

zgJvJ?ymikfltotij rhjjh? jfhdsfij tU bra _ybgwyh.

rhia _o f tnandhlijbrYj.XkWY filna izfgLsjhuf brFjhf csij

cW brJ bfhs. bkJthfmilia yKiw jl.

bghGJ UJffmikJs totij ghf.

Jff jhu fia RYbghJikatlfxUfikJbfhtij fhzyh. jid gl17.5.(b)fhzyh.

bghJika tlf vjidFwd? it fhj ir

nfhLfis FF. fhjyiria vthW mayh?tl nkYs P fhjCia itf. fhj Ciriaftf.fhjCtlKid fhL ir mfltna ndhl ghtjh PnjhW fhj irnfhoirahF. jid m xUmFLfhl.

neuhd jhu fl ghndhl ir vuhfkhaikfglh fhjirnfhLfirkhwkilwjhvdbrJghf.

gl17.5

jilkh


51/104

279

myF-17

ndhlfhjisxaY

uL Jisf cila brtftot milia vLJ bfhsntL. Jisf tna mfRbwif bfhl tltotfRUis mil jsFbrFjhfbrYj.

fRU Kidfisfy, rh kW jil kh

tWl gl 17.6. fhosgobjhlizizf.

U Jffis milJ uhf t ntL. rhia

_lntL.

milia bkJthf yKiwjlntL. U JffvthW mikJsd vgijftf.

bra17.5ndhl gh jhufdUnf itfgl fhjC yf, ndhlms khwgL nghJ vdthwJ.

jid ma f tna ghndhlij khw. fhjC yfyil ms khWtijfhzyh. ndhl mfFnghJ fhj C yfYmfF. UJ fl xgh ndhl mfFnghJ xU mjdh VgLfhjy ms mfF

vgijmayh.ftnaghndhl khwhjnghJ mjWybfhL brygL fhjC yf vdthwJ?

jidfhz fhj CiandhlghfUJmfbjhiyYs itf.vd khwij czuyh? fhjC yf Fiwtij fhzyh.

ndhlghflahcUthFfhjy, mjW mfbjhiy Fiwtij fhzyh.gl 17.5.UJ ndhl ghflia R njhW fhjyijFFbghJikatlfflUJ y bry brybgajhtijfhzyh.

17.2.2.ndhlbrY

tlRUVgLfhjy.eh Jtiu ndhl gh

neflia R cUthFfhjy nfhLf mikigg fnwh. nyrhd fia tltisakhfkhmndhlijbrYdh fhjir nfhLfmikvthWUF?

ndhl gh neuhdfldh xU cUthFfhjy mj bjhiyit rhJmik mnjngh ndhl ghtl tisaij Rs xbthUY,fhjy,tltotkhf,mjW y bry brybgajhtij fhzyh. gl 17.7.fhf.

gl17.6


52/104

aa

280

tl RU ikaijbrwilnghJ j tisafnenfhlhfmik.ndhlghtisa ikaYs xbthU

Y nenfhL miklfhjy njhWfgL.tisaxbthU gF mjDxnu ir mikj fhjyijnjhWF.

ndhl gh fldh xU njhWfgL fhjyneuoahf ndhl tikiarhjJ n RWf bfhlfRU njhW fhjy xURdh VgL fhjyijnghnklFtikilajhF.xbthURW f RU tna ghndhlK xnu ir mik.vdntfhjytikmfkhF.

gl17.7.

17.3.fhjy itfglndhl brY flJVgLir.

ndhl gh fliaR fhjy njhW vgJ ehmjnj.thWnjhWfhjymjdUnf itfgl fhjJ iria brYJ. njnghfhjK ndhl gh flJ iria brYJ. bumayhs Ma nj nghfhjK, ndhl. gh flJiriabrYJvdTdh.

fhjyitfglndhlghfljhdiriagtUbra_ysfyh.

5 cm sKs mYajilvLJ bfhs ntL. xUjhUJ U ffcjah mjid ilklkhfgl 17.8. fhosgo

bjhfl.

nk neha irfhjyK, mYa jLfhj UKidfSilna

bra17.6

gl17.8.


53/104

281

myF-17

ndhlfhjisxaY

mikkhW xU yhl fhjijitf. jbfd fhjbjKidia mYajoF nkyhf, tlKidianeHhfitf.

mYajondhlBUJA FbrYjgLwJ.

eh vd fhnwh?mYajLlgfnehyfyiltijfhzyh.

jo tna ndhliriakhmYajo

yfiy ftf. mJtygfnehyfyiltijfhzyh.

mYajLyfmiltJV?

nkfl braKiwndhl gh mYajL

fhjy itfglh mJiria czU vgJ bjthwJ.nkY czugLtJ ahbjndhl gh fl,ndhl ir khwglhir ir khwkilwJ.

nghJ y ir brFjhfneh mikkhW fhjKidfislkhwbrjhirir khwkiltij mayh.ndhl gh fl jhdir irahdJ ndhlir kW fhjy ir

tiw rhjJ. fltna gh ndhl irfhjyF brFjhfmiknghJirbgUkkhfUgijMffhLwd.

17.3.1~slif

fl gh ndhlK,fhj yK xWbfhWbrFjhfmiknghJflJ

bragL irahdJ muoFbrFjhd ir bragL.

t irfis va _ymayh.

gl17.9.

lif fil u, RLu,eLuMa_iwxWbfhWbrFjhf itf (gl 17.9.).RLu fhjy iria,

eLu ndhl iriaFjh filu fl aFiria FF. Jnt ~s

lifvdgL.

17.4nkhlh

nkhlh vgJ dhwiyvu Mwyhf khwToa RHYfUahF. J vthW ntiybrwJvgJbjkh?

nkhlh mik gl 17.10.fhlgLsJ. ABCD vwbrtftotfhlgljhufRU csJ. f RU AB, CDaf fhj yF brFjhfcsthW mj JUtfilnaitfgLsJ. f RUKidf S

1, S

2 vw sgl

fhjy

ndhl

bgUu-afir

ndhl

fhjy

ir


54/104

aa

282

tisafSl izfgLsJ.tisafcgFfhlgLmRl izfgoUF S

1, S

2

btwflJgufKiwna

B1, B2 vw flJ iffSlbjhlbfhoUF.

gl17.10.

fy ne thUJndhl if B

1 tna

fRUghJB2 tna v

thia mil. RU a ABndhlAUJBF,aCDndhl CUJ DF gh.(AB kW CD ndhl irvbuuhf mik ). fhj ycs ndhl gh fljhdiririama~s

lifiagagLjyh.RUa AB jhdirneh,aCD jhdirnknehUF.vjhfRHYtifmikfglmR fRUS lRahfRHY. Kj miu RHnghJtisaS

1. ifB

1clD,tisa

S2ifB

2clDbjhlbfhS.

RU ndhl DCBA irgh. R gh ndhliria khaikF fU

irkh vdgL. nkhlhsgl tisaf irkhahfbragL. ndhl irkhwgLnghJ AB, CD af

jhd ir ir khwkil.Kj neh jsgl aAB nghJ nkneh jsgL.KjnknehjsglaCD

nghJnehjsgL.vdntmR, RUS nkY miuRHiamnj ir nkbfhS. xbthUmiuRHF ndhlir khW. vdnt, mR RUSbjhlJ RHY. thg

Md nkhlhf 1) iyfhjF gyhf fhjfgagLjgL. 2) f RU mfRbwifiabfhoUF.

njU csfJ RURwgoUF. njU JLmj J fhlgl f RUS

izj mik RH vdgL. JnkhlhwidmfF.

17.5fhjl~ghunl 1831, xU f RUnshL

iz fhjgha khWbghGJm aF ir lgLvgij fljh. flF,fhj yF ilna rh

af UFtiu, flaF ir lgL vdfhodh. jifa aF

ir L aF ir vWf fhj l vWmiHfgL. L aFir fl xU ndhlijcUthF. ndhl Lndhl vdgL. fhjijgagLdhwiycUthFt~ghunl fLo xU arfhjijbjhlitjJ.


55/104

283

myF-17

ndhlfhjisxaY

f mf Rbwif bfhlf RU ABI vLJbfhnth.

f gl17.11csthWfRUKidfis fhtdhlUl

izf.

f tYf fhj tlKid,fRU B KidiabeUFkhW efj.

fhtdhlmsLkhWtijfhfsh?

f fhtdhlFKfzneutygfkhf yfyiltijfhzyh. J RU ABndhlftijFF.fhj af w mnjfzndhlRahwJ.

bra17.7

17.5.1~ghunlM

ndhl gh flbahWfhjy itfglh mJxU irFgL vgij mnth.

ir flia af br.xU flahdJ fhjy

aFnghJ myJ iyahdfll iz fhjykhWnghJvdfG?jidmafhQbraKiwiabrayh.

f fhj tlKidia fRU UJ y efj.

bghGJ fhtdhlyf lgfneh UF.ndhlKdghjirFvirghtijfhzyh.

f f RUSF mUnf cs, fhj tlKid mjidnehathW iyahf itf.

nghJ fRUis fhjtlKidiabeUFkhWefj.fhtdhl fzneu FKtygfkhf yfyil. f

RU fhjij L yFkhWefjglh fhtdhlyflgfkhfmik.

f fhjij bghUJfRU iyahf UFnghJfhtdhl yf RahF.

j bra _y f vdKoFtUf?

gl17.11

nj nrhjidia bjKidfRUB KidmUnfcsthWitJ brjh ndhlir Kd fj irF vuhf

UF. fRUS, fhjKiyahf csnghJ ndhlftiy. fRUis rhJfhjaFnghJmlgl

aF ir, mjdhlglndhlKcUthF.

aF fhjF gyhf,ndhlghfRUisakhWglbraxiwbrnth.fRU tna gh ndhlijkhwaYvgijftf.


56/104

aa

284

f mfRbwif(50kW100) bfhl U jjahdjhu f RUfis fljhcUisJgl17.13csJnghbghUj.

f mf Rbwif (100)bfhl fRU-1 clfy, rh Mait bjhluhf

izfgLwJ. fRU 2fhtdhlUl gf izcsJ.

f rhia _o fhtdhliu

ghf. m VnjD yfVgLwjh? fhtdhlFK Obud xU w J RiyFUtijfhzyh.

J RU-2 fz neu ndhlghtijFF.

f RU-1UJ fyfgLnghJ FKfzneu yf vir

fG.mjhtJRU-2 fz neundhl ghtij FF.Mdh ndhl virgh.

bra17.8

gl17.12

bra RU-1 ghndhl R myJ khwh kigmilnghJ RU-2 yfVgLtiy. j MfUJ

RU-1 gh ndhl khwVgLnghbjyh RU-2 aFir,mjdhndhlKVgL.RU-1 KjikRUvdgL.RU-2 JizRUshF. Kjik RUgh ndhl khWnghJmjndhLbjhlila fhjgha khWgL mndhl lgL. Lndhl iria ~styif_ybgwyh.

tyif RLu, eLu,bgUu _iw xWbfhWneFjhf itf. RLufhjy iria, bgUufl aF iria Fjh,

eLu L ndhliriaFF.J~styifvdgL.

17.6a

fhj l jJtijgagL Lf kW bjhrhiyf gaghofhd rhujahfgLwJ. a vuMwdhwyhfkhwgLwJ.

a mik 17.13(m)gl fhlgLsJ.

iyfhj U KidfilnaRHY tif fhlgl brtf

tot f RU ABCD csJ.f RU Kidf S

1, S

2 vw

tisafSl izfgLsJ.tisaf cgF fhlgoUF. flJ jik bfhlB

1 kW B

2 iff Kiwna

S1, S

2 Mait cwkhf mRl

izfgoUF.fhjyD

RU-1 RU-2


57/104

285

myF-17

ndhlfhjisxaY

gl17.13(m) gl17.13(M)

fRU w vua irdhRHwgL. iff kWKidwRWlizfgL.

tisafSl izJsmR fhjy RHwgLwJ.RUaAB nkyhf,CD Hhf

aFkhW RH ir miktjhf

bfhnth. fRU ABCDtyRahfRHY.~styifgo, lgl ndhla AB A UJ B F, aCD C UJ D Fgh.vdnt

lglndhlRUABCDir gh. RU RWfvif mfkhFnghJ mfndhl cUthF. bt R

if B1UJ B2F ndhlgh.

miuRHF a ABHhf, a CD nkyhf aF.vdnt lgl ndhlir U afY khwkil.RU ndhl DCBA irgh. bt R if

B2UJ B

1F gh. thW

xbthU miuRHF afndhlirkhW.

Fl fhy ilbt uhfmj iria kh bfhS.

tifahd ndhl khWirndhl ( AC) vdgL.

a khWir ndhlavdgL.

neir ndhlij (DC)cUthf eG tisafSFgyhf sgl tisa ir kh(gl17.13(M))gagLjgLwJ.xU

if vnghJ iyahf nknehaF aJlD, kbwhWneh aF aJlD

bjhL bfhoUF. vdnt,wR ndhl xnu irgh. tif a neirndhlavdgL.

wHyhkXlUJknwh lF widmDt neir ndhlijlkhWirndhlcfjjhF.

DCaACa


58/104

aa

286

f Jakhd miu nfhs totgsgsghd fuo xiwvLJbfhSf.

f cfKfijmjtisgu

ghUf.f gbjwjh?bgajhfth?iyajhfth?

f cf Kfij L MoiabkJthf mf bjhiyF

efJf. g vthWkhWwJ vgij TJftf.

bra17.9

17.7xa

eikRsygtifahdbghUfisehghnwh.UvbghUisghfKotiy.xUmiwiaxLtj_ymjDcsmidJbghUfisghfaY.vjdhghfaYwJvgijf

mfsh?gfNaxbghUfisghfekFcjwJ.xUbghUmjJGxiavbuhF.vbuhjxeffismilnghJ

ekhbghUfisghfaY.

xnahL bjhlila gy ajF ff csd. x nenfhLgmogilxvbuhj,xyfMaffisfwnth.

xvbuh

MoiangheFgsgsghfglguf mjJ G bgUghik

xiavbuhF.xvbuhfisfmf.mitahtd

1) gLnfhzK vbuhnfhzK rk.

2) gLf, vbuhf,gL vbuh jsFtiuagl brFJnfhL Maitxnujsmik.

f nfhsf js cgl

midJ jsfY VgLvbuhFbghUJtdMF.

nfhsfMof

f nghJ fuoia Unkfh braiy Fgu

brJ ghf. cf cUtvthWbjwJ?

f U guf njhWgfisxLf.

fuo gsgsghd tisguigxU nfhsf Moahf fUjyh.bgUghY eh gagLJtisguila Mof nfhsf Mof

vdgL. mj vbuhF gucnehnah myJ btnehnahtisJ fhzgL. c nehavbuhFtisgubfhlMofF Mof vdgL. btnehavbuhF tisguig bfhlMofFahofvdgL.tmikiggl17.4.fhzyh.

gl17.4

FMo FMo


59/104

287

myF-17

ndhlfhjisxaY

f Faho vbuhF guNaid neh UFkhWifo.

f vbuhF xia mUitfgl fhj Hbra.

f fhjij KD DbkJthfefmjbghthd,Tikahd xU xGkhWbra.

f Moia, fhjij mnjiy y lfSFof. vd fwJ?vthW?

bra17.10

nghJ fuo cnehatisguVwjhHxUFMonghy,btneha tisgu Fahonghy bragLtij mayh. eh

nfhsf Mofisg nkY fgjFK mit bjhlghd y brhfbghUis s bfhtJ mta.nfhsf Mof ga thjf,bgUghYmitnagagLjgLtdMF.

nfhsf Mo vbuhFguikaMoikavdgL.mJ P vw vGjh FfgL.nfhsf Mo vbuhF gu,nfhs gFahF. Mo vjnfhsgFnah,mj nfhsikaMotisikavdgL.mJC vwvGjhFfgL.

nfhsf Mo vj nfhsgFnah mj Mu Mo tisMu vdgL. mJ R vw vGjhFfgL. nfhsf Mo, MoikakWtisikaMattna brY fgidahd nenfhLMoKjikmRvdgL.

nkY y Kakhd brafismatUbraiynkbfhnth.

fhj Kj if v.vjdhvwJ?

Moah Na x bghthf,Tikahd ms fhj

J FfgLwJ. Na gkhF. naFaho Kjik FakhF.Na xbrth njhW btgnkfhjij vLwJ. MoF,gFcsbjhiyFahonjhuhakhdFaukhF.gl17.15.(a) I ftf

gl.17.15.(a)

gl :17.15.(b)

Faho Kjik mRFizahf gy xff mjJ

Gwd. vbuh ffiscW ftf. mit midJMo Kjik m nkYs xU F. MoKjikFavdgL.

gl17.15(b)Ighf.FahoKjikmRFizahdgLffvthW vbuh bgWwd?

Koyhbjhiy

Koyh

bjhiy


60/104

aa

288

vbuh ff Kjik m nkYs xU UJ tUtJnghnjhW.FahoKjikFavdgL.mJF vwvGjhFfgL. nfhsf Mo Mo ikaF, mj Kjik FaFcs bjhiy mj Fa bjhiy (f) vd tiuaWfgL. nfhsf Mo

vbuhFgulxFJisvdgL.gl17.15bjhiyMN xFJisahF.nfhsfMotisMuF

(R), FabjhiyF (f) VnjDbjhlcsjh?aJisfbfhlnfhsfMofSFtisMuFauUklfhF. R = 2f

17.7.1.nfhsfMofxvbuh

nfhsfMofxvbuhtUyKiwfgonafG.

1) Faho Kjik mRF izahd gLff, vbuhFKjik Fa tna brY. Faho Kjik FaUJ

tilJtUtjhfnjhW.Jgl17.16(a) kW (b)fhlgLsJ.

( a ) ( b )

( a ) ( b )

2)FahoFatnabrYgLf,myJFahoFaijnehbrYjglxfvbuhFKjikmRFizahfbrY.gl17.17 (a) kW (b) fhf.

gl17.16

gl17.17


61/104

289

myF-17

ndhlfhjisxaY

( a ) ( b )

3) FahotisikatnabrYxmyJFahotisikaijnehbrYjgLxvbuhFmnjghijUggL.gl17.18( a ) kW( b) fhf.

FahogfnjhWj:-nfhsf Mof vthW gf njhWwd? Faho bghU

btntW iyfSfhd g iyia vthW fltJ? gfbkahditahiykhakhditah?cUbgUfglitahiyaitah?myJbghUmsntcilaitah?

Fahogjik,iy,msMaitMoikaUJbghUiyiarhjJ. bghUyiyfSFgbkahdJ.yiyfSFkhakhdJ.bghUiyiarhJgbgajhfnth,ajhfnthmyJbghUmsntcilajhfnthUF.

nfhsfMofgfnjhWKiwnaehftiugl_ymayh.vbuhFmtiriavjhfmaaY.UffiskLfUJtJ ey. U vbuh ff bto bfhS g

UlkhF.gl17.19Ifhf.

gl17.18


62/104

aa

290

gl17.19

flaglcikfismltiz17.1fhf

bghUiy giy gms gjik


63/104

291

myF-17

ndhlfhjisxaY

f Faho njhW bjhiycskuxgijcWnehF.

f kuKGcUtKbjwjh?

f nkfh braiy FahoiabfhL brJ gh. bghGJkuKGgKilwjh?

f flj cikiafhuzJl sf. bgaku KG cUtK aFaho njhWtijfhzyh.

bra17.11

flaglcikfmltiz17.2-bfhLfgLsJ.

bghUiy giy gms gjik


64/104

aa

292

FpLkuftUkhW:

1) bghU vnghJ MolgfkhfitfglntL.

2)KjikmRFizahmikjvyhmsfSMoikaUJmsfglntL.

3)MUJ x mneir (xx m tna)msfgL vyh msfSneFcilaJ.MUJx m vir (-x mtna)msfgLvyhmsfSvFcilaJ.

4)Kjik mRF brFjhf nkneh(-Y mRtna)msfgLvyh bjhiyfS neFcilaJ.

5)Kjik mRF brFjhfneh(- X mRtna)msfgLvyh bjhiyfS v FcilaJ. a fhOa FpLkufgl17.21.sfgLsJ.

FpL kuf MorkghLfisUtgagL.

MorkghL

nfhsf Mof MoikaFbghUF ilna cs bjhiy,bghU bjhiy ( u) vdgL.MoikaF gF ilnas bjhiy g bjhiy(v) vdgL. Mo ikaFKjik FaFilna cs

vLJfhL17.1

xU nkhlh thfd gagLjgLs Faho tis Mu3. mj Mo tna w 5bjhiy xUngUJtUwJvngU g bjhiy kWjikiafhf.

tisMuR=+3bghUbjhiyu=-5

1 1 1 + = v

u

f

myJ1 1 1

= v

f

u

1 1 1 1= = +

1.5

-5.00

1.5

5.00

5.00 +1.50 6.50= = 7.50 7.50

7.50V = = 1.15 m

6.50

g F MoF 1.15

bjhiycsJ.gkhag.

bjhiy Mo Fabjhiy(f) vgJ f mjnj. _WmsLfSilnaahd bjhligMo rkgho _y mayh.

MorkghL1/v + 1/u = 1/f.rkghLvyh nfhsf MofSF, bghUvyhiyfSFbghUJtdMF.fzFfSF fhQnghJ u,v, fkWtisMuRMatv kfis rkgho ula fhOa FpLfisgagLJtJmta.

bghUlgf

gLf

ir

lgf tygfbjhiy {-ve} bjhiy {+ve}

nknehacau {+ve}

nehacau{-ve}

gl17.21.Mo


65/104

293

myF-17

ndhlfhjisxaY

17.7.2.xyf

x CLU ClfmJnenfho brtJngh njhW.x xU ClfUJ kbwhU

ClfD EiHnghJ vdfwJ? nghJ ne nfhonynabrwjhmyJmjirkhWwjh?mwhl th y mDgtfis

idTnth.

iwj bjho myJ Fsx mogu rW caJ

UgJngh njhW. mnjnghfhj mroj vGJfis

mjnk itfgl fzhoghs tna ghFnghJ, rWcaJ mUnf csJngh njhW.vjdh thW njhWwJ.fzho ghu cs gh _a iyYs bgiyghUwhah?fhWUrF mJ tisUgJnghnjhW. fzhoghuYs

D lgl vYrgH,

gfthoUJ nehFnghJcUt bgajhf njhW.nkTatfhdfhuzahJ?

ghas _ tisjJnghfhzgL bgiy fUJnth.

guF nk cs bggFUJ tU xfirnahL xl, D csbgUJtUxfir

khWgoUF.JntgubgtisUgjhf njhWtjfhdfhuz. nj fhuzdhjhfzhoghs}nl ghFnghJvGJf caJ fhzgLwJ.

FgyhfkbzbzmyJlgil gagLjglh bgmnj ms tisJ fhzgLkh?fzho ghsF gyhf x

CLUshoghsitfglhvGJf mnj ms caJfhzgLkh? is msClfij bghUJ khWgLtijfhzyh. x CLU xUClfUJ kbwhU ClfDbrYnghJ mj ir khW fxyf vdgL. fittUbra_yeFmayh.

uathmogFehzaxiwitf.

nkgu tnaxUwUJghitiabrYKj Ka ehzaijvLf Ka br. KabtKojjh?

braiy L brJ gh.xnu Ka V btailaKoaiy?

ijnacegfisbrJghf brh. c mDgtijmtfnshLgJbfh.

bra17.12

tna ehza njhwiy mj cik iyUJkhWgoUF.

17.7.3xyff

xU ClfUJ kbwhUClfD x brYnghJ mjntf khWgLtnj xyffhuzkhF. x yf yfSFgLftijnrhjidfcWgL csd. x yfftUtd.


66/104

aa

294

(m)gLf, yFf gLmUClffrFguFtiuagl brFJnfhLMaitxnujsmik.

(M)x Fl tzij,Fl ClffisbghUjtiu gLnfhzirDF, yFnfhzirDF cs jf khahF.

JbevdgL. i vgJgLnfhz,r vgJyFnfhzvSin i / Sin r =kh.khk Kj Clfij rhj

ulhtJ Clf xyfvvdgL.

17.7.3.xyfv

x CLU xU ClfUJkbwhU ClfD brYnghJyfyil vgij eh mnth.yfyilmsmUClffKj Clfij rhj ulhtJClf xyf vzh

mslgL.xyfvbtntWClff mj irntfnjhLbjhlilaJ. x btl3 x 108 ms-1vwbgUkirntfbrY. fzho mj ntffrkhfFiw.

gl 17.22. fhlgLsJnghClf 1 UJ Clf 2D brYxfiu fUJnth. I, r vgdgLnfhz kW yF nfhzf

v Kj Clfij rhJulhtJClfxyfv

sin i

sin r =

fhxirntf

Clfxirntf=

gl17.22.

17.7.5nfhsfbyRfxyf

nfhsfbyRfgogjF ffzho cgnah

gtfisfghUf.fofhugGJghgtf mj fa ghffis cUbgUghf byRfisgagLJwd.byRfguigc ifah bjhLghjJlh?mj gu rkjskh? myJtisjjh?ffzhogagLfzho, fofhu gGJ ghgt

gagLJ fzho byRfhdvLJfhLfshF.

by vgJ ahJ? vthWmJ xia yfyila brwJvgij gF thngh.

uL gufilna mikjx CLUtjf Clf byvdgL. U guf xnwhmyJ uLnkh nfhsfgughf

UF. xU nfhsfguila

by kbwhW rkjs. UwKbtneh ilJs gufisbfhl by UwFby.bghJthf Fby vdgL. mJika joJ Xuf bkJfhzgL. Fby mjJG xia Fa brtjhnyna

thW miHfgLwJ. UwFby UgufS cneh

Clf-1

(fhW)

Clf-2

(fzho)


67/104

295

myF-17

ndhlfhjisxaY

tisJ fhzgL. it mjJG xffis tilabrtjh F by vdgL.

UwFby RUfkhf

FbyvdmiHfgL.nfhsf byRfnshL bjhlila

y brhfis mJ bfhnth. xUbyUnfhsfgufiscilaJ.xbthU gu xU nfhsgFahF. nfhsf ikafby tis ikaf vdgL.

J bghJthf C vw vGjhFfgL. U tis ikafcsjh mtiw C

1 kW C

2

vdFnwh.by tis ikafis

izF fgidahd nenfhLmjKjikmRvdgL.

by ika xikavdgL. mJ O vw vGjhFfgL. tna brYxf yf miltiy.tltot by l mjxJiH vdgL. by

xJiH l j MuJlxl ajhdh mit bkabyRf vdgL. nkabyJizffGnghJvdfwJ?

vrif: by tnaneuoahf Naid ghfTlhJ.VndcffghfTL.

xU Fbyir Naid nehcxUifaho.NaxiaxUfhjF.Tikahd,bghthdNagijcUthF.bykW fhj iyia khwhkJ neu itU. fhjijTJft.vdfwJ?V?

bra17.13

Na xff izffshF. ff bydhFfgL Tikahd kWbghthd x njhW.

J Na bkgkhF. Naxffbrdhmbtg njhW. J fhjijvL.gl17.23.(a)I ft.

gl17.23.(a)

by xa mRFizahf.gyxffGwd.ffbyxyfmilj Kjik m nkYs xU F. by

Kjik Fa vdgL. gl 17.23.(b)Ift.

gl17.23.(b)gy xff Kjik mRF

izahfFbyJGwd.by yfyilj Kjikm nkYs xU UJtilJ tUtJngh njhW.

FbyKjikFavdgL. Jnghw izff


68/104

aa

296

by vgfUJGkhdh mj kWgf nkYxUKjik Fa ilF.bghJthf by Kjik Fa

F vw vGjh FfgL. byuL KjikFafisbgWsjh mit F

1, F

2 vd

FfgL.

by x ikaUJ mjKjik Fa tiuahd bjhiymjFabjhiyvdgL.FabjhiyfvwvGjhFfgL.

17.7.5.byRf gf

njhWjftiugl _y byRf

gf njhWtij sfyh.nkY g jik, iy,Matiw mayh. byRfftiugltiuatUffVnjDuilfUjyh.

(m) bghUUJ tU KjikmRF izahd xf

yfyilj FbykWgf Kjik Fatna brY. [gl 17.24(a)]. MdhFby mnj gfYs mjKjik FaUJ tilJtUtjhfnjhW[gl17.24.(b)].

gl17.24.(a)

gl17.24.(b)

(M) Fby KjikFa tna brY gLfyfyilj mj KjikmRF izahf btgL [gl

17.25(a)]. Fby KjikFaUJ tUtjhf njhWxf yfyilj KjikmRF izahf btgL. [gl17.25(b)].

gl17.25(a)

gl17.25(b)


69/104

297

myF-17

ndhlfhjisxaY

a b

c d

e f

C1

()byxikatnabrYxfyfyilahkbrY.

gl17.26(a) gl17.26(b)

gl17.27

bghU y iyfSfhd g iyia fltjfhdftiuglfgl17.27.fhlgLsJ.


70/104

aa

298

flaglcikfmltiz17.3.bfhLfgLsJ.

bghUiy giybghUisrhJ

gms

g

jik


71/104

299

myF-17

ndhlfhjisxaY

nfhsfbyRfhdFpLkuf

vyh msfS byxikaUJmsfglntL.kugoFbyFabjhiy

neFilaJ. Fby Fabjhiy vFilaJ. u, v, f,bghU cau h, g cauh1 Matfhd FpL kufftdbfhsglntL.

17.7.6byrkghL

rkghL bghU bjhiy (u),gbjhiy(v),Fabjhiy(f) tilnaahd bjhlid

jU.

1/v + 1/u = 1/f vgJ byrkghlhF.

rkghL bghU vyhiyfSF, vyh tifahdbyRfSFbghUJ.

vLJfhL17.2

xU Fby Fau 15br.

byUJ10brbjhiygclhfbghUbyUJvts

bjhiyitfglntL.

:

v = -10br. f = -15br.

u = ?

1/v - 1/u= 1/f myJ1/u= 1/v- 1/f

1/u= 1/-10- 1/-15

1/u= -3+2/ 30 = -1/30u = -30br.

vdnt,byUJbghUbjhiy30 br.

cUbgUf

g msF bghUmsF cs jf bycUbgUfvdgL.

cUbgUf m vw vGjhFfgL. h vgJ bghUcau h1vgJgcauvbycUbgUf

h1

h

v

u

gcau

bghUcaum = = =

vLJfhL17.3

15 br Fa uKs

FahoUJ 30 br bjhiy

bghUis itFnghJ byUJ

10br bjhiy neuhd khag

ilwJ v cUbgUf wfhf.

:

u = - 30br. v = -10br.

u = ?

cUbgUf

m =v / u = - 10 / -30 = 1/3

m =+0.33

17.7.7bywxFfgLmyJfgL

ms by wdh FfgL.by Fabjhiy jiymj w vd tiuaWfgL.mJ p vw vGjh FfgL.Fabjhiy f bfhl byw

P = 1/f

by w S.I. myFilahl. J D vw vGjhFfgL. Fa bjhiy lFfgl ntoaJ mta. xUl Fabjhiyila byw 1 ilahl MF. Fbyw neFilaJ. FbywvFcilaJ.


72/104

aa

300

tiugyif nkFiagagL btisjhxiwbghUj.

KnfhzmoguJFtif fzho Kglfijitf. glf viynfhilbgyhtiua.

xyF gu ABFrhthf PE vw nenfhL

tiua.xyFguABFrhthfPE

vwnenfhLtiua.

gl 17.19. csJngh PEnfhonkP, QvwF^fisbghUj.

P, QF^fgfiskW

bra17.15

vLJfhL17.4

xUFbyFau2v

bywfhf.:

byFau f = -2

byw p =1/ f =1/-2

=-0.5ilahl

17.7.8.Kglf tna xyf

fzhoahyhd Kglfxiw fUJnth. mj UKnfhz tot mogufis,

_W brtftot gfgufisbfhlJ.gfgufxWbfhWFl nfhz rhUF.gf gufilnaahd nfhzKglf nfhz vdgL.fzho Kglf tnaxyf g fwa tUbraiybrnth.

PE vgJ gLf, EF vgJyFf. FS vgJ f MF.xyFguABtnaxUxffhUJfzhoDEiHtijfhzyh. nghJ fzhoDxf brFJ nfhil nehyfyil. ulhtJ gu ACxf fzhoUJ fh

gl17.29.

guAC tna ghf.

P, Q F^f gfmilahskhf R, S vw fxnu nenfho mikkhW UF^fisbghUj.

fzho Kglfij,F^fismfw.

PE vw nfhL KglfguigE rF (gl 17.29.) nj nghR, S fis izF nfhLFrF.E, Ffisizf.

xyF guf AB kW

ACF Kiwna E, F f tnabrFJnfhLtiua.

gl 17.29. fhlgLsJnghgLnfhz ( i), yFnfhz( r), Lnfhz ( e) MatiwFf.

PE - gLf i - gLnfhz

EF - yFf r - yFnfhz

FS - f e - nfhz

A - Kglfnfhz D - irkhwnfhz


73/104

301

myF-17

ndhlfhjisxaY

btgL.vdntxfbrFJnfhil L y brY.KglfxbthUxyFguY cUthF gLnfhz kW

yFnfhzfis xl.Kglftotfhuzkhff,

gLf irUJ Flnfhz yUF. nfhzirkhwnfhzvdgL.Fr vgJ yF nfhzij FF.

bra irkhw nfhzijFJ d msf.

17.7.10Kglfxwif

f fiz ftU thd tzfis ghJ kUf.mNabtbshvthWgntWtzfisjUwJ.

jokdhdmilxiwvLJmjikaaJisl.

Na xia mJis nk H bra. Jis btbsh

izfiwiacUthF.KglfxiwvLJbfhs.JistnatUxfiwia

xUxyFguJHbra.

KglfUJ bttU x mUnf cs iu njhW tiu,bkJthfKglfijRHw.

vdfhf?fwfmHabjhFigfhzyh.JVVgLwJ?

Kglf mj J G btbsh mls gntWtzfis ifaila brwJ. wbjhF U viyfY

njhWtzfisft.fghFwftirvd?gl17.30. csJngh Cjh, fUy, y, gir, kr, MuR, t vwtirwfisfhzyh.

bra17.16

btbshfhiw

V

ROYGBIfzho

Kglf

gl17.30.

wf tiria idbfhs VIBGYOR vw FWbrhcj wf bjhF

wkhiy vdgL. eh vyhtzfis jjahffhzKoahJ. MdhY wfntWghil fhzyh. TLxYs gntW tzfjjahffwifvdgL.

Kglf x btbshmj VG tzfshf wifmiltij ghUf. eh vgo

wfis bgUnwh? Kglf

x tna x brYnghJ,btntW wKila xffbtntW nfhz ms yfyil.t tz x fFiwjms, Cjh tz x f mfms yfyil. btntW

wKila x btntW ghijf


74/104

aa

302

iu

gofby

Kfur

fghit

I

fhah

ajirf

ghiteu

fur

KglfW bttU.vdnt tzf jjahfbjthfbj.

17.7.10tklyxyfbeUUJ nkYaW

btgfh tna bghUbshiwghjhmJjhWkhwhfmiyWtjhfnjhW.beUFmUnfcsfhWmjFrWnkYsfhiwlmfbtgiy UF. Nlhd fhWmjF nkYs Fj fhiw lnyrhdjhf ml Fiwthdjhf

UF.mjxyfvFj

fh xyf vizlrW Fiwthf UF. xyFClf (fhW) agf

iyaW khWgLtjh btgfhtna ghfgL bghU iykhkhnjhW. bghU iykh fhzgLtj fhuz. amsyhd tkly xyfyhF.f Dj bgamsyhd tkly xyfyh

njhWtjhF.

17.7.11kjf

kjfffkfkW Egkhd cz cWghF. J

eik Rs tz tzcyiffhz brwJ. ekJ czcWfS f KakhdJ ffMF.

kjf xU xgl fUianghwjhF. j by mikiu vdgL. J x cziu J gij VgLJwJ.xfhahvdgLbtglytahf f EiHwJ. Jgl 17.31. fhlgLsJnghnfhs K gu xCLUiligVgLJwJ.

nfhs VwjhH 2.3 br

lKila nfhstot mikigbfhlJ. f EiHxff bgUghyhd yffhah gu btgFnyna

fwJ.bghUfbjhiynfggofbyFabjhiyitEgkhfr brJ mtiw iuFF.fhahFdhIvdgL mik csJ. I vgJf ghitia fLgLJw

Ul jirglykhF. f ghitf EiHw x msitfLgL xGFgLJwJ.by iu J bghUjiyHhdbkgijnjhWFmf vif bfhl x czbrfisila bkikahd glyiu MF. x cz brfjhd xjyh Lj milJiriffis clhFwJ. j

iriff ghit euf tahf_isF mDggLwd. _isiriff bghUSzJ ehfhQ bghUis csthnw czJbfhwJ.

ghitFiwghLrbrjY

Kakhd _W bghJthdghitFiwghLfcsd.mitf

gl17.31.


75/104

303

myF-17

ndhlfhjisxaY

(a)ughit-mUcs

(b)ughitFiwghLsf

(c)ughitiarbrj

(a) lghit-bjhiy

(b) lghitFiwghLsf

(c) lghitiarbrj

gl.17.32

1. lghit

2. ughit

3. VgikwFiwghL

1.lghit iknahah vgJ lghit

vdgL. FiwghLs xUtmUcsbghUfisbjthfghf Ko. bjhiy csbghUfis bjthfghfKoahJ. FiwghLila xUtnrik KoF Kghf

UF. mjifa xUt y ltiubjthfghfyh.lghit

cilatfbjhiybghUg iuF KghfntnjhWfgLwJ. iunjhWfgLtiy.

FiwghL njhWtjfhdfhuzf

1.bymfgoahdtis

2.nfhstJ

Fiwghil jFj wDilaFbyircgnahJrbrayh.gl 17.32.(a) J sfgLsJ.

jFj wDila Fby gijL iuF bfhLtU.

thWFiwghLrbragLwJ.

ughit

iAgbknuhah vgJughitvdgL.ughitilaxUt bjhiy cs bghUffsbjthffhzaY.mikYsbghUfisbjthffhzKoahJ.xUt mik aghdmikF (25br) mfkhf

Ujh mt trahf gogjFj ff UJ 25brF

mgh itfglntL. VbdmUYs bghUUJ tUxff iuFdhFagLjgLwJ. J 17.33(b)fhlgLsJ.

Fiwghofhdfhuzf

by FabjhiyoUj nfhs ajhtJ.jFj wDila Fbyir

gagLFiwia r brayh.J gl 17.33(c) sfgLsJ.

gl.17.33


76/104

aa

304

jFj Fby cila ffzhoia gagL gijrahfiuFfyh.

VgikwFiwghL

tHfkhf f irgLJw tajhF nghJ FiwwJ.bgUghyhndhF mikgogoahf ybrY. mtfrahdffzhoyhkmUcs bghUfis bjthftrahfghgJuk.FiwghLuignahah vdgL. gogoahfby tis jik FiwtJ

kW ajirf gydkiltJnghwitna jF fhuz. yneuf xUt lghit,

ughitulhYghfglyh.mjifatfSF UFafzhof njitgLwJ.

UFa fzho rhjhuztif, Fby kW Fby

uil cslaJ.Fbyrh Mfgl nkgF

mikbghUfis fhz,Fbyrh Md gF nrikbghUfisfhzcj.fcbghUJ byRfis bfhLjfhy xyf FiwghLfisrbrtJrhakhdjhF.

17.7.12. iwa ma -Athbjhiyneh

A bjhiyneh xU th

bjhiy nehahF. 1990M MLVukhjfyxcjahmj RWghij brYjglJ.v A vw mbkfthdhthsbgajFNlglJ.

J tha Muhfhdfugykhd fUahF. Jmbkfh ehrh kW Inuha

btika MatTLKaah VtgljhF. nkY,

J ehrh bt ffhikaffbgaxwhF.

nyna guhkgfisnkbfhStiftotikfglxnu bjhiyneh A thbjhiynehahF. bga gubjthdgij cUthfty U

tisa Mof bghUjgL JtotikfgLsJ. bjhiy nehVtgL nghJ mj braghilghF tif Mof rahfbghUjhkUjJ flaglJ.1993M ML gGJgh

FGduh Mof rahfbghUjgL bjhiyneh mjKGikahd braghL iyFbfhL tuglJ. 1993M ML

Kj2002MMLtiuehFKiwguhkgf nkbfhsglJ.bjhiyneh2014MMLtiubragLvdvghfgLwJ.

gl17.34.

tklyF btnaRtUtjh bjhiyneh yxawfJakhdglfisekFmftyJ.Abjhiyneh


77/104

305

myF-17

ndhlfhjisxaY

Myglf ml lbjhiy bghUfis ga

Jtiu bgwglhj bjthdfQW xglfshF. A

MyglfS MyglfS wf a fzfhdxahLf bjhiy UgijbtgLJwd.

AMfmltiljijJakhffzLsd.AkhkigmltaijfJsd.

gy whLfSF xU Kiwna

fG eg ayhj ahH kWth nkhjYfhd afaM, nfhf A glfKaJtthjitahF.

A th bjhiynehahnkbfhsgl MfgoikafUJisf (black holes) vyhuf ikafSFbghJthdjhF.

bjhiyYs ngbuh K(Supernovae) ga M fSFbt Mthsf bjhiynehiagagLJwd.

kLgF-m

1.MocUthFcUtbgUf1/3v,mjMotif

(F,F,rkjs)

2.xU fRUnshL bjhlila fhjgha khW nghbjyh mR aF ir

cUthFf-------

(fhjl,ndhlcUthj,dGjcUthj,ndhlkhwgLj)

3.cnyhfflghndhlmjidR------IcUthF.

(btg,x,fhjy,vuir)

4.ghitybgUkmsthfmiktJ.

(rkjsMo,FMo,FMo)

5.10br..FauKsFbyUJ25br..bjhiybghUitfgLwJ.g

bjhiy-------.

(50br..,16.66br..,6.66br..,10br..)

gF-M

1.UTndhlirkhFbghUJtJ.

m)fhtdhlmjmiyyhiyFirkhiagagLbfhS.

M)khdGjijcaJtjFirkhiagagLbfhS.

)nkhlhndhliriakhirkhiagagLbfhS.

2.nfhollfisug.

m)nkhlh:-iyfhj,thgyhdnkhlh-------.

M)Fabjhiy:-l,w------

3.tUthaiHfUUj.

m)fhjyvkkLbfhlms.

M)fhjirnfhLffhjbjKidbjhltlKidKo.


78/104

aa

306

4.flbahtnaxUirndhlghnghJfhjCtlKidHFneh

yfmilwJ.ndhlvirghnghJnkFnehyfyilwJ.jW

mtijTW.

5.tUftiuglFahognjhWtijFF.

m)mYsjtiwfL,rahdftiugltiua.M)cUjfhdsfju.

6.nghFtuJ fLghL sFf ------ wsF gagLjgLtjfhuz mj

------miys.

7.milFcsrahdbrhfisbfhLmltiziauf.

g bgag

wcsto neuhdg

(FMo,rkjsFMo,FMo,rkjsMo,FbyR,FbyR)

8.fltiwFFfghffisvGJf.

m)fghitiafLgLJUljirgly------

M)fbghUgclhFgu-------

9.iknahah vgJ f xyf VgL lghit FiwghL MF. jFiwstf mUYs bghUfis bjthf ghfyh. rahd wDs FbyR

bfhLFiwiarbrayh.

m)njtifahdntWuLtifFiwghLfisFLf.

M)mtiwrbrjijczJf.

10.m)flglvjfhjCfhjyiriarahffhLwJ.

M)thaMthsxUtUFthdCjhFgyhfULfhzgLwJfhuzjUf.

gF-

1.(i)flghffisglFf.

m)gLf,M)yFf,)f,


79/104

307

myF-17

ndhlfhjisxaY

nkYmfmtjF

jf

1. Fundamentals of optics by D.R. Khanna and H.R. Gulati R.Chand & Co

2. Magnetism byJoy Frisch - Schnoll published by Creative Eduction.

3. Advanced physics by Keith Gibbs Cambridge University press

4. Haliday Resnick walker fundamentals of physics 7th Editionizajsf

http://www.www.physics about.com

http://www.opticalsres.com

http://www.newdn.com

http://www.arvindguptatoys.com

(ii)ituxyfv2.42.xirntfijbghWJbrhbwhlbghUahJ?

m)nknycsglijLtiuf.

M)glFLtJ------.

)glKakhdghffisFf


80/104

ghll&brKiw

ma


81/104

309

brKiw

ghll

1.gaghLca

kukWgzhk-khWghLfghuga-gzhk-dkhj-kjgzhk-gzhkku-

kubgha-cbjh-Ega-Fnsh-_ybr-(blbr)cWuikj-EQbgUf-jbruj-ccz-iwamakugQkUJt

2.cleykWMnuha

nehjilfhkly-cleyKmjKaJtK-nehmjfhufS-EQnehf-jLeltoiff-nehgutf-nehjLghwnjhWj-kUJtkWjLKiwf-kUJtc bjhEg-vIjL

3.vdJcl kjclcWklyfmikkWbraghLf-eukly-ehsyh Ruf -br -ahiy

4.jhtufcyf

jhtufdbgUf - dbgUfKiwf -jhtu-ghyhkWghdbgUf-kfujnrif-fUWj- f,ijcUthj-ijguj

5.yFf

cyf

ghof - w mika - thl - jftikf -

cl af braghLf - kj uj RH kly-kjffkly-mikFbraghoFilnasbjhl-yFfelijf-elijf- r_f dbgUf, bgnwh guhk - yFfelijfhdjahrhWf

6.thifafbraghLf

thif af braf - tiuaiw -czl tiff - Rthj - jhtu, jhJf fljgLj, yF uj Xlkly-jhtuf,yFfffkly-

eukly-jhtufxUiz-tskWaf-yFfAhnkhf

7.RWwNiya

RW NH ghJfh - c ijtil kW cijtilah ff (kF, kfhj) - nkyhik -td yF flf- Niy kly rkiyyfmyJbgnuha-gRiknta-iwama-,uhkMj


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ma

310

8.Niyaaiftsfisguhkj

fnkyhik-gaz(RH)-f-fRf-LffnkyhikKiwf-JukW nehf-fbtnaWjkhWtf-bghJlfJu-Mwnkyhik-MwfzL

(L,g)-kurhtsf(Na,iAu#fhW)-kurhtsf(f,bgnuha,aifth)-cvbghUfcUthf-gagLJjMwnkyhik-egF

9.gUbghU fiurf-fiugh,fiubghU-fiurftiff-fiuw-fiuwidghFfhuf-fzLf

10.mQmik mQf kW _yTWf - ed mQbfhif -mtfhnuh-mQfLv-Mmlf_YTWvilFcsbjhl-mQkW_YTFilnaahdntWghL-xmQiw-x_yTWiw-nkhbfhif

-nkhbfhif-nkhtiuaiw-nkhfzL

11. ntakhwfkWntidf

ntidf - ntidftiff - ntididntf-ntidfntfijghFfhuf-- myf - myf tiff - myf ntgf - myf gaf - fhuf - fhuftiff-fhufntgf -fhufgaf-myfkWfhufisflj-pHmsL-pHfhjmwhlthpH-KaJt-cf-cftiff-cfgaf

12.ntFLg jkf Mtjd tifghL - ed Mtjd - ed Mtjd mltiz - ed Mtjdmltiz w gf - cnyhfa -mKf - - cnyhfa gagL fiybrhf -fkfSF jhJfSF cs ntWghLf-cnyhff_yf-mYa,jhuUtiwga cnyhfa - U ga cnyhfa -cnyhffyitf - cnyhf fyitfis cUthF Kiwf -mYa,jhuUtcnyhffyitf-cnyhfmkhd-cnyhfmkhdijjLFKiwf

13.ajFcyf fhgDmjnrkfS-mKf-fhgnrkf- fk ntaiy ga jfhy sf - fhg mjnrkf cs izf - fhg w ntWiktotf - fhg kW mj nrkf agf- fhg kW mj nrkf nt gf -gotirf - iAnuh fhgfS mt tiffS- idbra bjhFf - idbra bjhFfmogiltifghL-vjdh-vjdhmy


83/104

311

brKiw

14.gUbghUkWmsL

UFms-lbjhiyfismsj-thabjhiy-xML

15.irkW

af

ir kW af f - rkkhd kW rkkw

irf - affhd Kj - iykkW iw - cj - affhd ulh - ir rkghL - affhd _wh - cj khwhnfhghL %j - irUw kW uil -


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ma

312

dhjhtotikgjhtFma(fUa)

neu: 2 k bkhjkbg: 75

dhjhtotikkbgfxJL

m.MwbtgLjxJL

t.v tiff kbg %

1 mj 17 15

2 j 52 45

3 gaghL 35 30

4 w 11 10

bkhj 115 100

F

(1)njbjLjtifianrJbkhjkbgf115.

(2)dhjh jahj nghJ 5 tiukbgf mso khWghLfUfyh.

M.gtifdhtiffkbgmsLj

t.v

dhtiff

XbthU

dhfSfhd

kbg

f

dhf

bkhj

v

if

ila

f

nto

a

dhf

v

if

bkhj

kbg

f

1

mbjtifdh

1 15 15 15x 1=15

2M

FWdh2 30* 20

20x2 = 40

3

M**Wdh 5 8 4 4 x 5 = 20

bkhj 53 39 75

XbthU dhfS 2 myJ 3 fshf fgL 1, 2, 3 kbgftHfglntL.jhtua,ya,nta,aagFfdhfmikantL.(mnjnjbjLj/VnjDmyJxUtifUfyh.)


85/104

313

brKiw

*M-FWdhfghFghL

t.v FWdhtiffilafntoait

1 bghUJj 3

2jtWfisRLjthaYsiHfisUJf

3

3 fhuzTWjYcWgLJjY 3

4 dhfisvgj 3

5 bfhLfgLsglghffisFj 3

6bfhLfglglijjahftiuJghffisFj

3

7 fzLkigmj(fhQj) 3

8nfhollfisuf(bfhLfgl

izfUJ)3

9 bfhLfglNHUJilaj 3

10 rahdilianjbjLJvGJj 3

bkhjdhf 30

ilafntoadhf 20

.cajiknfgdhfxJL

t. v cajiknfgdhfislLj

% GfhL

1 vikahdJ 50

2 RkhudJ 40

3 fodkhdJ 10


86/104

ma

314


87/104

315

brKiw

t

iul

Unit

No.

myFjiy

rhj

ghl

Knowledge

Understanding

Applic

ation

Skill

T

otal

N

o.of

Que

stions

Total

Marks

OT

SA

LA

OT

SA

LA

OT

SA

LA

OT

SA

LA

1

kugzhkK

Zoo

1(1)

1(2)

1(5)

3

8

2

nehjilfh

kly

Zoo

1(1)

1(5)

1(2)

3

8

3

kjclcW

klyfmik

kWbraghLf

Zoo

1(2)

1(2)

1(2)

3

6

4

jhtuf

dbgUf

Bot

1(1)

1(5)

1(2)

3

8

5

ghof

Zoo

1(2)

1(2)

1(2)

3

6

6

thifaf

braf

Bot&

Zoo

1(1)

1(2)

2

3

7

RWNHghJfh

Bot

1(1)

1(5)

1(2)

3

8

8

fnkyhik

Bot

2(2)

1(2)

3

6

9

fiurf

Che

1(1)

1(2)

1(2)

3

5

10

mQfS

_yTWfS

Che

1(5)

1(2)

2

7

11

ntidf

Che

1(2)

1(1)

1(2)

3

5

12

jkfMtjd

tifghL

Che

1(1)

1(1)

1(2)

1(2)

4

6

13

fhgDmj

nrkfS

Che

1(1)

1(5)

1(2)

3

8

14

msLfUf

Phy

-

-

15

iraf

fS

Phy

1(2)

1(2)

1(5)

1(1)

4

10

16

ndhlaY

MwY

Phy

1(2)

1(1)

1(2)

1(1)

1(2)

5

8

17

ndhlfhj

is

Phy

1(1)

1(2)

1(1)

1(2)

1(5)

1(2)

6

13

bkhj

4(4)

4(8)

1(5)

8(8)

12(24)

4(20)

2(2)

9(18

)

3(15)

1(1)

5(10)

-

53

115


88/104

ma

316

brKiw

bghUslf

cma

I.ya

1. czfiurlhcsjhvgijmnahoM_yflj.

2. kjjaJoignflj.

3. kjclbtgiyiaflj.

4. clgUkFpL(BMI)fzLj.

II.jhtua

5. cq ilF kyf kfuj jh kW Nyf tlijbjLj.

6. ffis tifgL, fnjhiy jJJ,fnjhjik kWcQgFiaflj.

7. Nmikigmj.

8. fhyhRthr(behjiy)%j.

ama

III. nta

9. pH jhbfhLbfhLfglfiurf pHkigmj.

10. bfhLlfgLsfiurmykhmyJfhukhvgijflj.

11. cikfiur,Tkfiur,bjhfftiwjhahj.

12. ntj idahdJ bfhidah myJ btg c idah vgijflj.

IV. aa

13. UFmsfagkhzKsbghUfgkhzfismsj.

14. fRUjilfhz.

15. fhjygltiuj.

16. FbyFaufhz.

F:MKo,fljiyneuoahfbfhLfgLsmltizFf.


89/104

317

brKiw

cz fiur lh csjh vgij mnaho M _yflf.

nehf:

bfhLfglkhfiurf A, B-lhcsJvgijmnahoM_yflj.

njitahdit:

MFHh,mnahofiur.

brKiw:

bfhLfglkhfiurfA, B-ia1..msjjahfvLJbfhsntL.

xU J mnaho fiuriy j M FHhf L eF fyfntLwkhwijftJmltizgLjntL.

F:

lhcsfiurfUywkhfkhW.

mltiz:

t. v. czfiur fhgd lhcsJ/iy

1. A

2. B

Ko:

lhcsczfiur,_______________MFHhcsJ.

nrhjidv:1 nj:

ya


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ma

318

nrhjidv:2 nj:

ya

kjjaJoignflj

nehf:

kjjaJoig,blnjhnfhfU_ynflJfzLbrj.

njitahdit:

blnjhnfh,WJfofhu.

brKiw:

blnjhnfh fU bfhL ja Joig fla ja xfshdylxfisnflJbfhs.

xU l VgL ja Joig mj ja x _y flJmltizgbrf.

t.v. MbragLgtbgajaJo

vif/l

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

ruhr

fLczjJ:

rhjhuzNHruhrahfxUlFkjjaJovif_______________


91/104

319

brKiw

kjclbtgiyiafljnehf:

kj cl btg iyia kUJt cl btg khia gagLflj.

njitahdit:

kUJtclbtgkh,Mtfbtgkh.

brKiw:

miw btgiyia, Mtf btgkh bfhL flJ bfhs

ntL. kUJtclbtgkhia,jeRjilfbghUfyjgdh

ikgLbfhsntL.kUJtclbtgkhiaehFKiwcjbfhsntL.

kUJt cl btg khia Mf mF gFY, bgfKHifkoYxUlitJ,clbtgiyiaflJbfhsntL.

nj Kiw miwF btna mnj kj cl btgKiwiaflJbfhsntL.

nj Kiw FiwjJ _W egf cl btgiyia flJmltizgLj.

t.v.

nrhjid clbtgiy

miwbtgiy

C = F 32 x 5 / 9

1. miwFcns

miwFbtna

2. miwFcns

miwFbtna

3. miwFcnsmiwFbtna

fLczjJ:

rhjhud cl Niy kj cl btg iy vnghJ_______________0FmyJ_______________0C MfcsJ.

kjclbtgiyntWglNiyfkhWgLsJ/xnukhcsJ.

nrhjidv:3 nj:

ya


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320

nrhjidv:4 nj:

ya

clgUkFpL(BMI)fzLjnehf:

tFkhztxUtclgUkFplhd(BMI)fzLmj.

njitahdit:

vilfU,cauijmslmsehlh.

brKiw:

tFkhztxUtclviliavilfU_y..-flJbfhsntL.

mnjkhztcauijmsehlh_yfzLmij2MfkhbfhsntL.

BMIflacjNukhd

vil(..)

BMI = -------------------

cau 2

gagLBMI vizflantL.F:

BMI19-25,rhjhuzgUkms

26Fnk clgUk

19F clbkjhdJ

t. v. clvil.. cau 2 BMI

1.

2.

3.

fLczjJ

mltizFlgoclgUkFpLfhzglbrt/br_______________rhjhuzgUkms/clgUk/bkjhdclgUkcilatuhfcsh.


93/104

321

brKiw

nrhjidv:5 nj:

jhtua

5.cqilFkyf,kfujjhtlkWNyf

tlijjJJghitFrkj.

kfujjhtl

kfujhtlkyMcWghF.

JkfujigkWkfujfMauLghffisbfhLsJ.

kfujigF,kfujfcUthwd.

NyftlNyftlkybgcWghF.

J,Nig,NjL,NKoMa_WghffisbfhLsJ.

NigFNffhzgLwd.

bfhLfgLs xU ky kfuj jhtl kW Nyf tlijjikgL j jh xo, mky fhzgL kfuj jhfvif,kfujigtotkWNyfKototMatiwflmltizgbrf.

t.v kybga kfujjhtl Nyftl

1

2

3

4

5


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322

nrhjidv:6 nj:

jhtua

2.ffistifgL,fnjhiyjJJ,fnjhjikkWcQgFiafhzrijgWsjffbg-jfh

1.fnjhyhdJ,__________kW__________vdfgLsJ. 2.feLnjhkWfcnjhvd__________fhzgLwJ.

3._______________cQgFahF.bg-thiH

fnjh,__________,kW__________vdntWgLjgLsJ.

fbtnjh,__________nghWfeLnjh__________csJ. thiH__________cQgFahF.

bAbgoa-MuR/vYir fnjh,__________mLFfshfntWgLjgLsJ. f btnjh, vbz Rufis bfhL __________ nghW

fhzgLwJ.feLnjh,btikahd__________mLfhF. fcnjh__________nghwJ. fcnjhFfhzgLrhWiwjf__________gFahF.

bgngh-bts/nfhit fbtnjh__________kW__________MfntWgLjgLsJ. feLnjh__________. __________cQgFa

10th science tamil-3

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