11. change & extra work.ppt

8/10/2019 11. Change & Extra Work.ppt

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CANGES AND EXTRAWORK


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CHANGES AND EXTRA WORK

Contract modification Changes in the work Type of changes Elements of a change order

Evaluating the need Consideration for evaluation Change order for differing site conditions Starting the change order process

Cost delays caused by change orders


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Contract Modification

Change Orders (CO) adalah suatu kesepakatan tertulis yang dirubah,ditambah, atau alternatif lain dari bentuk pekerjaan yang sudah ditandatangani sesuai dengan dokumen yang disampaikan pada tender,dengan perubahan skop pekerjaan, untuk itu diperlukan modifikasikontrak (addendum)

Secara fungsional, suatu perubahan permintaan (CO) dapat dipenuhisetelah persetujuan pelaksanaan dan spesifikasi disepakati dantertuang dalam bentuk adendum, kalau tidak ada perubahan hargatetapi termasuk dalam perubahan permintaan (CO)

Dalam praktek yang baku pada kontrak konstruksi dimungkinkanpemilik untuk melakukan perubahan pekerjaan setelah kontrakditandatangani dan sepanjang periode konstruksi. Tergantung padakontrak dan terminologi yang spesifik, perubahan seperti itu mungkinmenyebabkan penambahan atau penghapusan dari pekerjaan,

perubahan metode konstruksi atau cara mengukur prestasi kerja,perubahan dalam finising bahan atau fasilitas, atau perubahan waktukontrak atau pesanan pekerjaan.


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CHANGES IN THE WORK

Impact costs Oral change orders Change orders:

Bilateral change orders Unilateral change orders


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The Terminology Used for The Various ChangeDocuments

Type ofchange

Public (nonfederal) contractsand privatecontracts

Federal contractsonly (Far 43.101and 43.103

Contractmodification

Bilateral Change order Contract

amendment (orsupplementalagreement)

Unilateral Work changedirective

(sometimes calledother names)

Change order


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The Handling of All Types of Change Orders

Pekerjaan tidak termasuk atau di luar lingkup kontrak dasar,terutama sekali pada kontrak-kontrak pekerjaan umum

Pihak-pihak atau individu yang diberi hak untukmengajukan dan menyetujui perubahan pekerjaan harusdisepakati dari awal pekerjaan. Informasi harusdisampaikan kepada mandor atau pengawas pemborongdan RPR owner

Selama konfrensi pra konstruksi, perlu ada pertemuanuntuk menetapkan prosedur penanganan CO

Semua perubahan dalam pekerjaan harus ditulis sebelum

pelaksanaan dilakukan dengan segala perubahannya


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The Handling of All Types of Change Orders (cont)

Lingkup CO harus jelas, dan CO disampaikan dengan berisiinformasi yang cukup jelas agar kontraktor dapat mengestimasipekerjaan secara baik dan realistis

Kontraktor harus mengajukan proposal untuk pelaksanaan COsecepat mungkin setelah menerima permintaan CO dan penolakanatau persetujuan pemilik diperlukan sebelum pelaksanaannya

Proposal harus wajar. Untuk itu perlu diberikan hak-hak untukkontraktor meliputi ongkos exploitasi dan persentase laba dalamperkiraan CO dan waktu yang diperlukan untuk mengajukanperubahan daftar pesanan material. Kontraktor berhak atas ganti-rugi untuk keterlambatan waktu, pengolahan dari pengurangan CO,biaya-biaya dari membongkar material dan pemindahannya, dansemua biaya-biaya sah lain yang terjadi pada pelaksanaanperubahan


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TYPES OF CHANGES

Directed changes , easy to identify the owner directs the contractorto perform work that differs from the specified in the contract or isan addition to the work specified. A directed change may also bedeductive in nature: that is, may reduce the scope of work calledfor the contract

Constructive changes , is an informal act authorizing or directing a

modification to the contract caused by an act or failure to act. Incontrast to the mutually recognized need for a change, certain actof failure to act by the owner that increase the contractors costand/or time of performance may also be considered grounds for achange order. This is termed a constructive change and must beclaimed in writing by the contractor within the time specified in thecontract documents in order to be considered. The owner shouldevaluate a change order proposal based on such a claim and canuse the same reasoning process as with any other proposal.


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The Type of Constructive Change

Defective plans and specifications Engineers interpretation Higher standard of performance than specified

Improper inspection and rejection Change in method of performance Change in the construction sequence Owner nondisclosure

Impossibility/impracticability of performance


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Elements of A Change Order

Identification of change order Description of change Reason for change Change in contract price

Change in unit prices (if applicable) Change to contract time Statement that secondary impacts are included Approval by owners and contractors

representative


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AGC Recommended for Discussion Include

Percentage for overhead and profit Length of time that a change order proposal price is to

considered as firm Determination of the individual representative of the

owner who is authorized to approve change orders

Procedures to be followed in the submittal of changeorder proposals Change order forms to be used


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AGC Recommended for Discussion Include (cont)

Time extensions required, if any-requests made by

contractors due to changes in the plans or specifications The detail required of contractors when submitting

change order proposals-will a complete breakdown of allcosts be required? Brief description-descriptive drawings

Overtime necessary due to change orders. Considerationof decreased productivity

When materials or equipment is to be removed due tochange, which party owns the removed items, and whoremoves them from the site of the job

Responsibility for record drawings brought about due tochange orders


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Evaluating The Need

To change contract plans or to specify the method andamount of payment and changes in contract time there from

To change contract specifications, including changes inpayment and contract time that may result from suchchanges

To effect agreements concerning the order of the work,including any payment or changes in the contact that mayresult

For administrative purposes, to establish the method ofextra work payment and fun for work already stipulated in

the contract


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Consideration for Evaluation

Differing site condition Errors and omissions in plans

and specs Change instituted by regulatory

agencies Design changes Overruns/underruns in quantities

beyond limits

Factors affecting time completion


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Evaluation of Delays in The Work

Was the cause of the delay beyond the contractors control?Did the contractor fail to take normal precaution?

Was the contractor ready and able to work Did the contractor submit a detailed schedule projecting

project completion within the allocated time? Was theschedule updated regularly? Did the updated schedule

justify a time extension? Did this schedule contain a critical path analysis or

equivalent? Has the contractor, maintained sufficient forces in those

operation along the critical path where needed to meettarget dates?


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Evaluation of Delays in The Work (cont)

How have causes, other than normal weather, beyond thecontrol and without the fault or negligence of the contractoraffected the target dates along the critical path?

Has the contractor provenunusually severe weather withsuch information as climatological data, return probability ofsevere storms, or flood depth data?

Did the weather phenomenon actually delay operation alongthe critical path or in secondary operations?

Was the contractor shut down for other reasons?

Guidelines to be evaluated prior to issuance of a Change


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Guidelines to be evaluated prior to issuance of a Changeorder to cover extra work resulting from a differing siteconditions

What is the differing site condition? What is the site condition shown on the plans? What sections of the specifications are applicable? Do the parties have the latest revised issues of the plans

and specifications?

Have the parties checked all of the plan references? Plansare usually grouped by specialty: architectural, siteplumbing, mechanical, electrical, structural, special andstandard details. A critical note or dimension on one of thespecialty drawings may solve the whole puzzle of need and

responsibility


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Guidelines to be evaluated prior to issuance of a Changeorder to cover extra work resulting from a differing siteconditions (cont)

Has the inspection staff provided adequate data? If note, correct thatsituation immediately. The next claim could be much larger

Why was the condition shown differently by the design? Was provision made for this situation in the contract documents? Did the construction contractor encounter unstable soils, rock

excavation, or sub surface structures where no careful pre-bid siteinspection and contract documents could have predicted theirexistence?

Was the construction contractor forced to employ unusual constructiontechniques and equipment to overcome the obstacles encountered?

Can the construction contractors performance, selection of constructionprocedures, responses to site conditions be evaluated by the A/E (orpossibly a third party) experienced in modern construction techniques?


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Change Order for Differing Site Conditions

Subsurface investigation

Inclusion of soil reports in contract documents Evaluation of a claim of differing site condition Other influences on change order justification:

Did the construction contractor promptly and before such conditionswere disturbed comply with the owners modification requirements

Did the construction contractor make a site inspection and evaluation ofconditions prior to bidding?

Is the construction layout correct? Who performed the constructionstaking: who checked the staking?

Did utility companies respond and locate their respective facilities? Didthe construction contractor protect or obliterate utility reference stakesand use suitable construction techniques to protect structures and

utilities


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Starting The Change Order Process

Initiation of change order, CO di inisiasi oleh personalkontruksi diproyek, yang mana perubahan juga ataspermintaan berbagai pihak seperti owner, perencana,kontraktor, diluar lembaga pemerintah, atau individu. Secarasingkat banyak pihak dapat menajukan CO, hanya owneryang mendapat kewenangan. Sebuah usulan CO ditulis

hanya sesudah perencana memberikan pertimbangan Chang order preparation


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Cost Delays Caused by Change Orders

Kadang-kadang penyelesaian CO lambat atau dapat menunda

operasi kontraktor CO selalu akan mengganggu pikiran kontraktor dan CO memerlukan

biaya ekstra bagi kontraktor seperti biaya perbaikan Di dalam US Court of Claim di atur kontraktor yang bekerja pada

proyek pemerintah berhak atas biaya-biaya ekstra yang terjadisebagai hasil spesifikasi yang cacat, sekalipun hanya bagian daripekerjaan ditunda

Ini menunjukan pentingnya kewajiban inspektur untuk merekamsemua peralatan dan pekerja di lapangan, dan untuk mencatatapakah peralatan itu digunakan pada hari itu atau bukan. Informasiseperti itu sebagai dasar untuk mengantisipasi klaim dari tuntutanberlebihan atas keterlambatan disebabkan oleh kerja tambah

i )


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perspective)

Surat Pernyataan Change Order


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Surat Pernyataan Change Order


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SELESAI