The Basic Principes of Integrated Weed ManagementWeed control is essential for successful crop production, as weeds are ever present in the soil and can potentially reduce crop yields every year.

Integrated Weed Manegement (IWM) therefore includes the application of many types of technology and supportive knowledge in the deliberate selection, integration, and implementation of effective weed control strategies, which consideration of economic, ecological, and sociological consequences.

IWM is a component of integrated pest management (IPM).

An IWM system for a single crop in a single year is relatively simple; however, for long-term IWM to be successful, it must link the fermers attitude, knowledge, preferences, and abilities with available tools that best fit each situation.

A successful IWM system is effective, economically and ecologically sound, stresses integration of control tactics with other practices that influence th ecosystem, and links weed control to the larger picture of ecosystem management.

Weed management practices are grouped into three levels:prevention controleradication.

Weed control has always been a combination of rotational and individual crop approches and farmers control weeds for six major reasons:

*To protect crop yield*To protect crop quality*To ensure ease of haarvest*To prevent problems in following crops*To reduce spread of pests and deseases*Pride

There is therefore a need to provide farmers and advisers with better guidance on how to optimise levels of weed control.

Integrated Weed Management (IWM)

IWM as a means combining effective, safe and economic methods for weed control/management which considered all prevention and direct weed management methods.

Important actions in the development of an IWM strategy are1.Ensure correct identification of the weed species which are present2.Evaluate the role of crop residue management 3.Consider the different effects of soil cultivation methods on the weed seed bank and on weed populations4.Consider incorporating stale seedbeds before sowing5.Choose a more competitive crop variety6.Consider mechanical methods of weed management7.Use an economic threshold, not a cosmetic one8.Map heavy infestations or recurrent infestations to allow for speciaaliesed patch treatment9. Consider the role of weeds in harbouring beneficial species 10.Consider weeds as a wildlife resource

A key approach in IWM is to try to minimise the occurence of weed problems in crops, and to manage weed populations using cultural an biological as well as chemical solutions.Management decisions contributing to development of IWM on a farm are:crop rotations, soil and cultural practices, crop nutrition strategy, othe aspects of crop protection

Soil and cultivation practicesCrop rotationsChoice of varietySeed purityCrop establishmentCrop nutrition strategy (luxury application of nutrients may simply help to grow bigger weeds which produce more seeds)Herbicide applicationOther aspects of crop protectionNatural biological controlWildlife and landscape management (these can provide habitats for small weed populations and play a part in conserving rural biodiversity)Pollution control

ConclusensIt is not necessary to eradicate weeds.Farmers are businesses whose outputs are primary products. It is tempting to maximise output and there is much technical information to assist with this.

Integrated Weed Management in PotatoSolanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum (S. tuberosum ssp. eutuberosum), tetraploid with 2n=48)

Originated from Andy (South America) (growth there before 8 000 years).

In Serbia potato planting on about 70-80 000 ha.

Serbia is on 37 position in Europe . mestu u Evropi po prinosu krompira. Average yield of potato in Serbia is around 11 t/ha, that is about 45% lass manje od ostvarenog evropskog proseka.Prosean svetski prinos je 17,9 t/ha, sa Holandijom na prvom mestu (46 t/ha).

Preduslov za dobru proizvodnju krompira *Plodored*Sadnja kvalitetnog semenskog krompira*Pravilno djubrenje 100-140 kg/ha N, 110-150 jg/ha P2O5, 160-260 kg/ha K2O-- za rani krompir. 140 do 200 kg/ha N, 110-150 kg/ha P2O5, 200-350 kg/ha K2O--za kasni krom. Primena stajnjaka 30t/ha.*Kvalitet zemljita (duboka, laka i rastresita zemljita) Slabo kisela zemljita (5,3 do 6,0 pH)*Dobra priprema zemljita*Ako ima potrebe i navodnjavanje Potrebno oko 350-400 mm vode u toku vegetacije

Procena gubitka prinosa pojedinih useva od pojedine grupe tetnih organizama (Agrios, 1997) U Srbiji !!!

Usev% gubitka prinosa prouzrokovanUkupan % gubitka prinosakorovibolestitetoinekrompir4,021,86,532,3itarice11,49,213,934,5. repa5,810,48,324,5povre8,910,18,727,7voe3,012,67,823,4duvan8,112,310,430,8

Najee korovske vrste povra

Jednogodinje irokolisne vrsteJednogodinje travne vrstePortulaca oleracea Lactuca serriolaGalinsoga parviflora Descurainia sophiaPolygonum sp. Diplotaxis muralisChenopodium sp. Sinapis arvensisAmaranthus sp. Atriplex patulaSolanum nigrum Fumaria officinalisDatura stramonium Lamium purpureumXanthium strumarium Lamium amplexicauleAnagallis arvensis Nigella arvensisStellaria media Kickxia eletineHibiscus trionum Kickxia spuriaCuscuta sp. Viola arvensisAbutilon theophrasti Bidens tripartitusAmbrosia artemisiifolia Erigeron canadensisSonchua oleraceusS. asper (dvogodinja)Daucus carota (dvogodinja)Reseda luteaSetaris sp.Panicum crus-galliDigitaria sanguinalis

Najee korovske vrste povra

Viegodinje irokolisne vrsteViegodinje travne vrsteSonchus arvensisConvolvulus arvensisCalystegia sepiumCirsium arvenseEquisetum arvensisLathyrus tuberosusMentha arvensisCichorium intybusTussilago farfaraSymphytum officinaleLinaria vulgarisAristolochia clematitisSorghum halepenseCynodon dactylonAgropyrum repens

Suzbijanje korova u krompiru-plodored-kvalitetna sadnja-nega useva, intenzivna meuredna obrada-pravilno ubrenje i navodnjavanje-primena raznih maleva (pvc folije najee)-primena plamena -primena herbicida

SUZBIJANJE KOROVA HERBICIDIMA U krompiru Specifinosti U jednoj godini na istom zemljitu esto se gaje dve pa i tri vrste. Potrebna vea panja kod izbora herbicida Vei broj vrsta, sorata i hibrida Karence- vei znaaj ea primena stajskog ub. i navodnjavanje pospeuju zakorovljen. U odnosu na druge zemlje manji broj registrovanih herbicida

KROMPIR (Solanum tuberosum L.)

- Ne na zemljita gde je prethodne 2 godine bio primenjivan imazetapir ( Pivot 100 E 0,8 l/ha)- Izbor herbicida zavisi od : vremena proizvodnje (mlad ili kasni krompir) vremena zagrtanja (jednovremeno sa sadnjom, odmah posle sadnje, pred nicanjem ili posle nicanja) - Greka- zagrtanje posle primene herbicida

- U mladom krompiru ne primenjivati herbicide!!!

Kasni krompir ima dugu vegetaciju.

- Najeu primenu ima metribuzin (Sencor i sl.) zbog irokog spektra delovanja i duine delovanja. < 75% na Xanthium, Galium aparine, Solanum nigrum. Moe se koristiti pre i posle nicanja krompira.

- Metribuzin i linuron je najbolje primenjivati kada korovi poinju da niu.

- Radi poboljanja delovanja na S. nigrum metribuzinu se moe dodati: prometrin (Gesagard 1,5- 2,5 l/ha) ili dimetenamid (Frontier 1,2-1,4 l/ha), acetohlor, metolahlor...

Pre sadnje krompira unoenjem u zemljite

- EPTC ( Beskor E-77, Stopkor 4-6 l/ha). >90% na Echinochloa crus galli, Setaria spp, Amaranthus spp, Chenopodium album, Solanum nigrum.

Posle sadnje, pre nicanja krompira

-acetohlor (Relay plus...1,8- 2,2 l/ha). >90% na Echinochloa crus galli, Setaria spp, Amaranthus spp, Chenopodium album, Solanum nigrum.- flurohloridon (Racer 25-EC 2-4 l/ha). >90% na Sinapis arvensis, Amaranthus spp, Chenopodium album, a < 75% na Polygonum spp.AB

Posle sadnje, pre nicanja krompira

- pendimetalin (Stomp 330-E 4-5 l/ha). >90% suzbija Echinochloa crus galli, Setaria spp, Amaranthus spp, Chenopodium album.

- metribuzin (Sencor WP-70 i sl. 0,75- 1,5 kg/ha). Vodei herbicid u krompiru.

- metolahlor (Dual gold 960-EC 1,4-1,6 l/ha). >90% suzbija Echinochloa crus galli, Setaria spp, Amaranthus spp, Galinsoga parviflora.

B

Posle sadnje, pre nicanja krompira

- linuron (Afalon...1,5- 2,2 l/ha). irok spektar delovanja na irokolisne korovske vrste.

- prometrin (Gesagard 500-FW, 2-3 l( kg)/ha). Dobro suzbija: Amaranthus retroflexus, Solanum nigrum, Chenopodium album, Datura stramonium, a polovino Sinapis arvensis.

- dimetenamid (Frontier super 1,2-1,4 l/ha). Suzbija Echinochloa crus galli, Setaria spp, Amaranthus spp., Solanum nigrum, Polygonum lapathifolium.B

Posle nicanja krompira i korova

- metribuzin (Sencor WP 70 ... 0,5-0,75 kg/ha).