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Bo co ca Cc Cnh sthnh s (C45) cho bit,t nm 2010 n nay, c

nc xy ra trn 4.300 v viclin quan n ti phm tn dng

en, trong c 31 v gitngi, 218 v c gy thngtch, 689 v cng ot ti sn,trn 1.000 v la o chim otti sn Khng ch gy bt n van ninh trt t, ti phm loi nycn gy thit hi ln v kinh t vihn 100 v la o, lm dng tnnhim, tng s tin b chim otln gn 4.500 t ng1. S liu trn bc l r nhng mt tri ca

tn dng en, t ra cho chngta nhiu vn cp thit cn cbin php iu chnh bng phplut. Bi vit ny s khi qut vbn cht, nhn din v phn tchnhng h ly ca tn dng eni vi hot ng tn dng ngnhng (TDNH) v x hi. Qua ,chng ti kin ngh mt s binphp ch ti nhm hn ch loihnh tn dng nng li, tri php

lut ny.1. Bn cht ca tn dng enHot ng tn dng di cc

hnh thc TDNH, thng mi,huy ng vn,... nhm h tr vntm thi trong qu trnh sn xutv i sng, theo nguyn tc hontr. y l nhng hnh thc tndng c php lut tha nhn,v l mt phn khng th thiutrong s pht trin kinh t, x hi.

MT S KHA CNH PHP L VTN DNG

* o lut s t h c Mi

ThS., LS. Lng Khi n *

Vi bn cht php l l nhngquan h mang tnh cht dn shay kinh doanh, thng mi tyvo i tng v mc ch s dngvn, hot ng tn dng c ngha

quan trng trong nn kinh t thtrng. Song, bn cnh vncn tn ti mt hnh thc tn dngkhng c php lut tha nhnv pht trin mnh, thng cgi l tn dng nng li hay cngi l tn dng en. S tn tica n thc t gy tr ngi lncho s pht trin lnh mnh cacc t chc tn dng (TCTD), ngnhng chuyn nghip, nm ngois kim sot ca cc c quan qunl Nh nc v hu qu nghimtrng v trt t x hi.

Tn dng en ni ln nh mtyu cu khch quan, xut pht tnhu cu v vn s dng tm thitrong khong thi gian nht nhca cc t chc, c nhn. Quan htn dng en c che y dihnh thc hp ng vay mn, hi,

h, cm ... y l nhng giaodch c php lut tha nhn,quy nh c th trong B lut dns (BLDS) hin hnh. Tuy nhin,nu xem xt k, chng ta c thnhn din c u l nhng giaodch tn dng en so vi nhnggiao dch dn s bnh thng khc.Tn dng en c hiu nh thno? Bn cht ca n ra sao? Tuythut ng ny c s dng rng

ri, nhng khoa hc php l vncha c khi nim c th. C quan

im cho rng: Tn dng en lcm t m dn gian hay dng ch cc dng huy ng v cho vaytn dng khng qua h thng ngnhng, khng ng k kinh doanh,

cng nh cha c cp php vchu s qun l chnh thc bi btc c quan qun l Nh nc huquan no.

Theo chng ti, quan im trnch khi qut phn no mt trica tn dng en, mt dng tndng ngoi s qun l hay kimsot ca Nh nc, nhng vncha lt t ht bn cht tht s can. Hot ng tn dng ti VitNam khng ch c quyn dnhcc TCTD, Ngn hng m n vkinh t, s nghip, thm ch l cnhn c y nng lc hnh vicng c th l ch th ca quanh ny. Bi l, h thng tn dng nc ta c th ni c phn lm02 loi hnh c bn, l tn dngngn hng (TDNH) v tn dngngoi lnh vc ngn hng c

phn bit da trn ch th quanh php lut. Theo , TDNH mtbn phi l cc TCTD, bao gmngn hng, TCTD phi ngn hng,t chc ti chnh vi m v qu tndng nhn dn (Khon 1, iu 4,Lut Cc TCTD nm 2010). Cc tchc ny c t cch php nhn,hot ng kinh doanh tn dngdi s qun l ca h thng Ngnhng Nh nc (NHNN) v theo

c ch iu chnh v li sut cth.

EN

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V bn cht php l, cc nghincu gn y u nghing v quanim cho rng, cc giao dch tndng c thc hin di hnhthc hp ng vay ti sn (k cTDNH l mt dng c bit cahp ng ny) xut pht t bncht chung nht: ngha v hontr ca ngi i vay (ti sn, tin)cho ngi cho vay2. Vi mc chtng tr ln nhau nn theo chngti, ngoi quan h vay mn (iu471, BLDS 2005), cc giao dchhi, h, biu, phng (cn gi lhi, quy nh ti iu 479, BLDSnm 2005) u c th pht sinhhnh thc tn dng en. Quathc tin, chng ti nhn thy tn

dng en th hin r nhngc im: (i) Quan h tn dngtri php lut; (ii) S tn nhim,cc bn thng c quen bit trongquan h x hi hoc kinh doanhtrc tip vi nhau; (iii) Li sut tndng en cao hn gp nhiu lnso vi quy nh ca php lut vc tnh cht thng xuyn, bclt; (iv) Phng thc giao dch vbo m ti sn n gin; (v) Hot

ng ca tn dng en nhiu riro tim n (vi) Cc bn thng t

gii quyt khng a ra c quan tphp gii quyt, nhiu trng hpt gii quyt tranh chp theo cchring ca mnh hu qu n trt tan ton x hi (nhng vn nychng ti s phn tch r hn trongphn nhn din).

x l tn dng en, phplut hin hnh cha c bin phpch ti hiu qu. Duy ch c Blut hnh s (BLHS) nm 1999 quynh: Ti cho vay nng li ivi nhng trng hp cho vay vili sut cao nht m php lut quynh t mi ln tr ln v c tnhcht chuyn bc lt (iu 163).Tuy nhin, hiu qu x l ti phmcha cao, nguyn nhn ch quan

l do cc c quan php lut chanh gi ng tnh cht, mc nguy him ca tn dng en. Do, ch ti i vi nhng ch ththam gia tn dng en vn changhim c v bin php hnhchnh ln hnh s, nn giao dchny vn pht trin mnh nh sliu nu.

2. Nhn din cc hnh thc ca tndng en

Th nht, vi c th kinhdoanh trong lnh vc tin t, cc

TCTD lun phi i mt vi nhiuri ro tim n. hn ch ri ro,m bo li nhun, hot ng bnvng theo xu th hi nhp v hon

tr tin gi ca khch hng, ccTCTD thng xy dng quy trnhcho vay cht ch, t khu lp hs tn dng, quyt nh cho vay,gii ngn, kim tra v gim stvn vay, x l ti sn bo m...Quy trnh ny c xy dng trnc s Quy ch cho vay theo Quytnh s 1627/2001/Q-NHNNngy 31/12/2001 ( c sai b sung theo Quyt nh

s 127/2005/Q-NHNN ngy03/2/2005) ca NHNN. Chnhnhng quy nh rng buc r rngtrch nhim cc bn trong quanh tn dng nn kh nng tip cnvn vay t cc ngn hng phi tntrng cc nguyn tc nht nh.Hin nay, cc NHTM cn thchin quy trnh nh gi xp hngtn nhim khch hng, c th vthc t tiu chun xp hng cha

ph hp, lm loi b khch hngc tim nng... iu ny lm chokhng phi khch hng no cngd dng vay c vn t hthng ngn hng. gii quytbi ton v vn, h ch ng tmn tn dng en, nguyn doth tc cho vay n gin, linhhot; vic th chp, cng chngthm nh... tt c ch l s clng, cm tnh. i khi gia cc

bn ch cn trao i, vit giyvay tin v giao giy t nh t(hoc cc ti sn bo m khc)vi thi gian khong 15 - 30 phtl giao dch hon thnh, sau cc bn t thc hin nhng nidung tha thun ghi trong giyvay. C th ni y l u imln nht ca hot ng tn dngen. Mc d hin nay, cc ngnhng ci cch nhiu v th tc;

m nhiu chi nhnh, phng giaodch; a dng hnh thc cho vay

Quan h tn dng en c che y di hnh thc

hp ng vay mn, hi, h, cm ...

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hn, k c cho vay tn chp nhngvn khng p ng mt cch ddng mi nhu cu tn dng, nhtl trong iu kin kinh t nhiu

bin ng, cc TCTD cng sitcht tn dng, t ra nhng iukin, th tc cho vay kht khe hn.

Th hai,vn li sut cao, cngi l nng li. C ch li sut tndng hin nay c thc hin theohng tch li sut TDNH v lisut c bn va m bo NHNNiu hnh, thc thi chnh sch tint, va c c s cho cc giao dchdn s v chng cho vay nng li.

Theo , li sut cho vay trong lnhvc TDNH c thc hin theo cch li sut tho thun vi khchhng (iu 91, Lut Cc TCTDnm 2010) v c s nh hng bo m qun l Nh nc thngqua cc bin php hnh chnh...Li sut giao dch ngoi ngn hngda vo li sut c bn do NHNNn nh trong tng thi k theoquy nh ca php lut (iu 476

BLDS), hin nay mc li sut nyl 9%/nm. i vi li sut quhn (li sut do vi phm ngha vthanh ton u p dng chung lisut 150% li sut cho vay hpphp theo Khon 2, iu 11 Quych cho vay km theo Quyt nh16 v Khon 5 v iu 474, BLDSnm 2005). Giao dch tn dngen thng khng p dng lisut qu hn 150% li sut tha

thun m ch p dng mc li sutduy nht cn c vo thi hn vay,s tin vay v nhu cu cp thit cangi i vay. Thng thng cho vaytn dng en phn chia lm cchnh thc vay: vay nng (thi hnvay ngn, thng tnh bng ngy)v vay ngui (thi hn vay di,tnh bng thng, qu, nm). ivi giao dch v hi, cng phnchia thnh hnh thc tng ng tu

thuc vo s tha thun gia ccbn. Thng thng vay ngui, li

sut t 03-5%/thng (ty thuc vos tin vay nhiu hay t), cn vaynng th li sut t 7-10%/thng.C bit c trng hp cho vay vi

li sut, theo qung co l thp ch1.500 ng cho khon vay 1 triung/1 ngy nhng thc ra lnn gn 55%/nm nh bo ch phn nh3. Li sut tn dng encao hn rt nhiu ln so vi li sutc bn, cng nh li sut cho vaytrong lnh vc ngn hng. y lim phn bit r nht ca hnhthc tn dng ny, bi suy cho cngbn cht ca tn dng en l tn

dng nng li. Vi mc li sutcao, thng thng ngi i vay nuchm hon tr tin vay v li suth thng tm cch vay mn nikhc b p, lm hnh thnh quanh tn dng tri php lut c tnhh thng, m khi v s gy nhhng nghim trng n quyn lica nhiu ngi.

Th ba, v bo m tn dng,cc TCTD lun thc hin nghim

tc v y cc bin php cmc, th chp, bo lnh tn dngv cc bin php bo m khcquy nh ti iu 318 BLDS, Nghnh 163/2006/N-CP v giaodch bo m p ng yu cuv trnh t v th tc, hnh thcv c cng chng, chng thchp php. i vi tn dng en,cc bn cho vay da trn c s tnnhim nn phn ln u khng

lm th tc bo m hp ngng nh ni dung cc bn giaokt. Thng thng, ngay sau khik hp ng vay bng giy tay,cc bn bn giao giy t nh t, t v cc ti sn khc. Sau khithanh ton ht tin vay v li sut,cc bn tin hnh giao tr giy t,ti sn nhn. Tuy nhin, ngynay cc bng nhm hot ngtn dng en s dng nhiu th

on tinh vi hn che mt phplut v hn ch ri ro sau ny.

Thng thng trc khi cho vay,cc bng nhm tn dng yu cuk hp ng y quyn, gp vn,mua bn nh c thi hn giao nh

ph hp vi thi hn cho vay. Htthi hn , nu khng tr tin vayhai bn xem nh mua bn nh vtin hnh lm th tc ng b sangtn ch quyn nh.

Sau y l v d in hnh: Trongv n: Tranh chp quyn s hunh gia b Trn Th C vi b TnN Khnh T i vi cn nh 2761Phm Th Hin phng 7, Qun8, TP HCM. Theo b C, v cn tin

o hn ngn hng nn b vayca b T s tin 2.374.000.000ng. Sau khi cng chi ph v lisut hai bn thng nht ghi s tinphi tr l 2.700.000.000 ng.Thay v k hp ng vay tin vth chp ti sn ng nh ni dunggiao dch, ngy 19/10/2010 b Tyu cu b C k hp ng mua bnnh ti Phng Cng chng vi gitin l 2.700.000.000 ng (gi tr

cn nh theo thm nh ca Ngnhng l 4.328.000.000 ng) vthi gian giao nh 03 thng. Trongthi gian ny, b C lm th tcvay ly tin tr b T v n ngy09/11/2010 Ngn hng TMCP iDng c thng bo chp thuncho vay. B C lin h b T ly ligiy t nh t th chp ngnhng th b T trnh n. Sau , bT lm th tc sang tn nh ng

tn b T v khi kin buc b Cgiao tr cn nh 2761 Phm ThHin vi l do b T mua cnnh ny. V n trn u chai cp Ta n xt x cng nhnquyn s hu cn nh 2761 PhmTh Hin ca b T4. Vn phpl t ra y l nu ng nhtrnh by ca b C th hp ngmua bn nh trong trng hp nyl hp ng gi cch, nhm che

giu bn cht giao dch vay mn o hn ngn hng. Tuy nhin,

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b C khng chng minh c stin gc, tin li v chi ph thc tca vic vay mn c th nn dnn hu qu php l nh trn, gy

thit hi rt ln cho b. Vic cngtin li (thng thng cao hn rtnhiu so vi quy nh ca php lut)vo tin vay sau yu cu bn vayxc nhn tin gc cng l phngthc lch lut ph bin hin nay cacc bng nhm tn dng en nhmtrnh s trng pht ca php lut.

Th t, Nu nh vic gii quyttranh chp trong TDNH thngthng c gii quyt bng

cc phng n c cu, sp xp,khoanh n, gia hn thi gian thanhton n hoc khi kin ra Ta n.Khoa hc php l gi y l nhnggii php thng lng hoc xl tranh chp bng bin php tphp. Cc phng n ny thngko di thi gian gii quyt tranhchp t 06 thng n 01 nm, ctrng hp ko di nhiu nm (doc yu t nc ngoi hoc tranh

chp quyn s hu ti sn chungc th chp...) tu theo tnhcht, mc phc tp ca tngv vic v thc thi ca ccbn. Bn cnh , trong qu trnhgii quyt v n, trng hp Tan pht hin vic cho vay li sutcao hn so vi quy nh ca phplut hoc k kt giao dch tri phplut th c quyn tuyn b hy bgiao dch tri php lut hoc iu

chnh li li sut cho ng. i vinhng trng hp c du hiu tiphm, To n ra quyt nh tmnh ch v n (iu 189, B lutt tng dn s nm 2005), chuynh s sang c quan cng an x lhnh s.

Hot ng tn dng en dinra ngm, khng n o, nn khipht sinh tranh chp, bng nhmcho vay e ngi yu cu cc c

quan php lut can thip v dpht hin sai phm v b php lut

x l. Phn ln h thng s dngbin php e da (k c dng vlc khi cn thit) gii quyt,nhm to p lc i vi ngi

i vay. Chnh v cch gii quytmang tnh c nhn, bt pht nndn n hu qu khn lng ivi trt t an ton x hi. Thc tincho thy, hot ng tn dng enthng gn lin ti phm la o,lm dng tn nhim chim ot tisn v nhm ti phm trt t xhi nh git ngi, c gy thngtch, gy ri trt t cng cng.

Th nm, tn dng en tn ti

cn do vic ngy cng phi thchin nghim tc nguyn tc, quytrnh, th tc, quy nh v vay vnca cc TCTD. Bn cnh , cbit khng loi tr s nhng nhiuca cc nhn vin tn dng lmcho cc khch hng hn ch khnng tip cn loi hnh tn dngcng khai, hp php ny.

Trong tnh hnh kinh t c nhiubin ng hin nay, nhu cu s

dng vn gii quyt hot ngc nhn hay sn xut kinh doanhcng cao. m bo an ton, hnch ri ro trong kinh doanh, ccTCTD thng sit cht tn dng,hn ch cho vay. iu ny toiu kin cho tn dng en cngpht trin. Dch v cho vay ohn ngn hng c xem mt hnhthc bin tng ca tn dng entc ng tiu cc v trc tip n

hot ng TDNH cng cha cNHNN quan tm khuyn co.3. iu chnh bng php lut i

vi tn dng tri lut hin nayPhp lut iu chnh tn dng

en c th ni cn nhiu btcp. BLDS c quy nh cm chovay nng li (Khon 3, iu 479BLDS) nhng khng t ra bt kbin php ch ti no i vi hnhvi ny. Thc tin khi gii quyt

tranh chp n dn s hoc kinhdoanh thng mi c lin quan

n vic cho vay li sut cao, Tan ch iu chnh li mc li sutcho ng quy nh ca php lut bo m quyn li ca bn i

vay m khng c bin php ch tino khc.V d: Ngy 05/8/2004 b

Phm Th H k hp ng vay1.342.350.000 ng ca ng JungYoung B vi mc li sut l 1%/thng. Trc , cc bn giaonhn tin t ngy 25/5/2004. Ngy27/8/2004 b H tr 141.867.000ng tin li hai thng theo mc lihai bn tha thun ming l 5%/

thng. T b H khng tip tc trvn v li nn ng B khi kin raTo n, Ta tuyn buc b H phi trcho ng B s tin gc v tin li l1.625.387.085 ng. Vn phpl t ra l: Tuy tho thun li sutl 1%/thng nhng thc t cc bnc tha thun ming mc li 5%/thng v b H thanh ton tronghai thng u 141.867.000 tin lil tri vi quy nh ca php lut. S

tin li vt qu quy nh, Ta n trvo tin gc v tnh li s tin phitr cho ng.

V hnh s, nh ni trnphp lut c quy nh Ti chovay nng li i vi nhng giaodch c li sut cao hn mc lisut cao nht m php lut quynh t mi ln tr ln c tnhcht chuyn bc lt (Khon 1,iu 163 B lut Hnh s - BLHS).

V mt khch th, y l ti phmxm phm quy nh v tn dngca Nh nc, gy thit hi li chngi i vay. Ti phm th hin hnh vi cho vay ly li sut cao sovi mc quy nh ca Nh nc,c tnh cht chuyn bc lt, tc ctnh cht thng xuyn, lm ngunsng... Tuy nhin, thc t cho thyquy nh ny cha c c th,r rng. Khi nim v tnh cht

chuyn bc lt vn cn c nhiuquan im khc nhau nn hiu

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qu u tranh phng nga tn dngen khng cao. Bn cnh ,quan im ca cc nh lm lutcho rng ti phm cho vay nng

li gy nguy hi khng ln, hnhpht i vi ti phm ny ch dngli mc t nghim trng cmc hnh pht ti a 03 nm t(iu 8, BLHS) l cha nh ging tnh cht mc nguy him c bin php x l thch ng,m bo tnh rn e, ngn ngati phm. Thc tin cho thy, ccTa n rt t khi x l ti phm chovay nng li. Vic x l nu c

ch khi c quan iu tra pht hintrong qu trnh iu tra x l tidanh khc. Bi l, ranh gii giaquan h dn s vay mn v hnhvi phm ti cho vay nng li rtmong manh, nhiu trng hp nukhng iu tra thu o c th dnn tnh trng hnh s ha quan hdn s nh d lun phn nh.

Trong khi cc bin php chti v hnh chnh, theo chng ti lbin php hu hiu nht hn chtn dng en th gn nh b ng.Php lut hnh chnh hin hnhquy nh x pht hnh chnh tronglnh vc tin t v hot ng ngnhng p dng cho cc TCTD (Nghnh 202/2004/N-CP) v an ninhtrt t, an ton x hi (Ngh nh73/2010/N-CP) li khng ch tii vi hnh vi cho vay nng li.

4. Khuyn nghTn dng en hin nay khngch honh hnh Vit Nam m ctrn th gii (cc nc c nn kinht ln nh M, chu u, TrungQuc cng gp tnh trng ny),gy mt bnh n ti chnh v tora nhng giao dch tri php lut.Tuy nhin, Vit Nam hin nay vncha c mt c ch php l ch tihu hiu trn p v gii quyt

cc vn pht sinh t tn dngen. Di gc qun l v m,

iu ny s gy nh hng lnn s an ton ca h thng ngnhng. C quan Nh nc s khngthc hin c nhng mc tiu v

qun l ti chnh,... Qua bi vitny, chng ti kin ngh mt sgii php nhm ch ti, hn chtn dng en nh sau:

- V qun l Nh nc, NHNNcn hng dn ci cch th tclp h s tn dng theo hng ngin hn, to iu kin cho khchhng nhanh chng tip cn vn;i vi khch hng tn nhim cao, c cp tn dng trc ch

cn c ti sn m bo th c thxem xt tip tc cp tn dng; Chti bng bin php hnh chnh ivi TCTD khng cp tn dng chokhch hng khi p ng iu kintn dng nhm loi tr nhng nhiu(Ngh nh 202/2004/N-CPkhng pht vi phm hnh chnhi vi hnh vi ny); Ch trng xydng h thng ngn hng v qutn dng n tn nng thn; Mrng i tng c hng chnhsch cho vay khng cn bo mti sn (tn chp) nhm thc hinmt s mc tiu chnh sch, x hi.

- V bin php dn s, cn tiptc duy tr c ch li sut tronggiao dch dn s ngoi lnh vcngn hng. Li sut trong giao dchdn s nh hin nay c thchin khng vt qu 150% li sut

quy nh ca php lut (hin nayl li sut c bn, 9%/nm). Tuynhin, thc t li sut c bn quthp so vi li sut TDNH. Chnghn, cng li sut c bn 9%/nmnh NHNN cng b, li sut chovay ca cc ngn hng thngmi c lc ln n 16-18%/nm,v vy, khi a ra mc li sut ch ti, cn xem xt c cu li sutmt cch hp l. Theo chng ti,

phn li sut vt gp 03 ln li sutcao nht theo quy nh ca php

lut th phi tch thu sung cng. ivi phn li sut di t l ny phiiu chnh cho ng theo hng bom quyn li ca ngi i vay.

- V x l hnh chnh, cn bsung quy nh x l hnh chnhi vi hnh vi cho vay nng liv xem y l hnh vi vi phm trtt an ton x hi (nhm tch bchhnh vi vi phm hnh chnh tronglnh vc TDNH). i vi giao dchcho vay li sut cao hn mc lisut quy nh ca php lut t03 ln th b pht tin v pht bsung, tch thu sung cng ton b

tin li thu li bt chnh. Quy nhtrn giao thm quyn x l chocc c quan t php p dng trongqu trnh gii quyt tranh chp ticc c quan cng an, t php xphng hoc ti Ta n khi c nth t co, iu tra, ha gii hocgii quyt tranh chp pht hin.

- V x l hnh s, cn sm phthin x l ngn chn t u nhngbng nhm tn dng en, trc

mt ch p dng bin php x lhnh chnh. Trng hp tip tcsai phm (sau khi b x l hnhchnh ln th nht) th p dngBLHS x l v xem y nh tiphm nghim trng, gy nguy hiln cho x hi c khung hnh phtn 07 nm t. i vi quy nhca php lut v tnh tit c tnhcht chuyn bc lt, Ta n ticao cn hng dn c th hn v

quy nh thng vo BLHS thunli v thng nht x l.

TI LIU THAM KHO:1. Thi Sn, Ti phm tn dng en

gia tng, http://www.thanhnien.com.vn/pages/20121204/toi-pham-tin-dung-den-tang.aspx

2. Nguyn Vn Vn (2000), Mt vi suyngha v bn cht ca Hp ng tn dngngn hng, Tp ch khoa hc php l s03/2000, tr.26

3. Bn n s thm s 44/2012/DS-ST ngy02/8/2012 ca TAND qun 8 v Bn n phcthm s 1417/2012/DS-PT ngy 29/11/2012ca TAND Tp.H Ch Minh

4. Bn n s 503/2007/DS-ST ngy28/3/2007 TAND Tp. H Ch Minh.5. Mt s ngun khc.