60

International Seminar on Infrastucture Development in Cluster

Island Eastern Part of Indonesia, Baubau, Indonesia

TRADITIONAL SHI PPING TRANSPORT SAFETY CASE STUDY: PHINISI FL EET

(From the view of safety and strength)

Malisan Johny1, Jinca M.Y.

2, Parung Herman

3 and Saleng Abrar

4

Abstract: Population of traditional shipping tends to decrease due to many accidents that should be analyzed,

particularly relating to technical and non-technical aspects which are supposed to influence its safety performance. This

research is focused to the technical aspect which intended to evaluate stabili ty and strength of the traditional ships

particularly phinisi sailing motor ships in order to improve their safety performance. This research was conducted by

taking 3 samples of ship accidents i.e. 100 gt - 150 gt. The results indicated that theoretically traditional ships in waters

conditions under beaufort scale 4,5,6, which were generally sailed by traditional ships had adequate stabil ity and

strength. Ship stabili ty complied to minimum criteria stated by international maritime organization (imo resolution

a.749(18)) and ship strength to the requirement of wood strength or regulation of Indonesian ship classification board

(bki). However, in real conditions revealed any discrepancies with the technical requirements such as (i) no watertight

bulkhead to separate the cargo hold and engine room; (ii) compaction cargoes which sometimes up to the weather deck;

(iii) weaknesses in wooden construction that built traditionall y under the influence of engine vibration; and competence

of human resources. These facts could potentially lead to ship accidents.

Keywords: traditional ship, ship stabili ty, ship strength, ship safety

INTRODUCTION

Sea transport plays an important role and strategic

position in mobili zing people, goods and services to the

entire country by considering level of safety and security

in accordance with applicable regulations. Therefore we

need a network of inter-island transportation which

arranged integrated and able to serve the needs of the

community in order to enhance regional growth [Djoko

Pramono, 2004]. Thus, Indonesia needs to have a

merchant marine fleet includes traditional ships that still

play a role in national trade. Traditional shipping is a

traditionally community business and have a unique

character to carry freight in waters using sailboats,

motorized sailing ship, and / or simple motor vessel of a

certain size Indonesia-flagged. Traditional ships in

Indonesia predominantly made of wood because of wood

resources reasonably available, more economical than

other ships and could absorb labor as well as their abili ty

has proven to sail though made by simple technology.

Traditional ships could be built on the beach or in the

traditional shipyard usually without rules based naval

architecture. Planning, technical and economic

calculations are not made in writing but by the

experience of building ships for generations. In terms of

construction and shipbuilding, traditional shps have an

individual character. Generalization of technical rules

could not be applied but still need to be preserved

[European Maritime Heritage, 2009] so as to meet the

market demands, it needed the development that

gradually they could adjust their abili ty to change of

technology towards motorization that change hull form

and safety proritized. Consequence of this system is a

shifting function towards commercialization that

character of traditional management became displaced

by the inflow of large capital owners who want

modifications. Therefore they could graduall y

familiarize themselves with the safety culture yhat by

Commander Doug O'Reilly [Commander Doug Reill y,

2010]. It was necessary to engage fully realized safety of

a structured policy framework and implementation of

safety management by the entire organization of

shipping.

But with the advances in science and technology of

sea transport, existence of traditional fleet begin to

marginalized and face greater market challenge, even

their numbers tend to decrease. Therefore it is necessary

improvements of ship building that so far has

traditionally done without proper documents (drawings

design or installation) as guidance of ship building and

1 Doctoral student in transport engineering, dept. of civil engineering, Hasanuddin University.

2 Professor, Dr. Ing., in transport engineering, Hasanuddin University.

3 Professor, Dr. Ing., in dynamic structure and earthquake enginering, Hasanuddin University.

61

4 Professor Dr. in law, Hasanuddin University.

Traditional Shipping Transport Safety Case Study: Phinisi Fleet

61

ship construction. Without this, safety performance of

traditional ships continues to decline and evidenced by

an increase in ship accidents for the period 2001 to 2009

or average 49.1% per year. Therefore, it is technically

necessary to evaluate safety performance of sea transport,

both stabili ty and construction strength in order to

review their feasibili ty along with the development of

traditional ship technology and Indonesian water

condition. This research aimed to evaluate safety

performance of sea transport of traditional ships which

focused on phinisi ships, so that it could be found the

improvement solution in safety performance and to help

government in formulating policies related to technical

assistance in the establishment of norms, standards and

guideline of traditional ships safety.

LITERATUR VIEW

Operating Ship System and ShipAccidents

Traditional ships are generally managed by the

middle and lower economic groups, cultivated by

indigenous entrepreneurs from Bugis-Makassar, Madura,

Mandar, and Buton through accumulating individual or

family capitals in relatively small amounts [Jinca M.Y,

2002]. Advantage of traditional shipping industry is its

independence of being able to survive without financial

support from the government and other financial

institutions. In its operations, the traditional shipping

companies could buy certain goods, to do warehouse that

sometimes their own cargoes and then brought up the

cargoes to final destination [JICA, 2005]. There is

currently a tendency shift function of traditional ships

with traditional character to commercialization because

of inflow of large capital owners. This shift is due to the

demands of changing ship shape and ship size, as well as

a combination of sail and engine in order to achieve

speed desired. Even sails are likely becoming abandoned

and to be vanity only. Engine vibration to wooden ship

cnstruction should be also considered. The desire of

motorization is intended to meet the desired speed and to

increase the competition with other ship types.

Safety gives a huge influence on the economy of the

whole chain of sea transport businesses [Jinca M.Y,

2007]. However, in sea transportation, safety aspect

often received less attention. Many ship accidents that

occurred and gave poor impact to the performance of sea

transport safety, not in spite of failures that arise both in

the construction phase and during operation. Therefore,

some theories explained that the dangerous situation that

led to the accident resulted from a combination of

technical failure, human and organization [Van der

Schaff (1992) in Puslitbang Perhubungan Laut, 2008].

The cause of the ship accident in Indonesia dominated

by three main factors namely the human, technical and

natural.

Ship Structure Strength

Traditional ships and their building techniques have

been frequently discussed scientifically, but effort to

analyze the development of wooden ship construction

technologies is rarely undertaken. After an introduction

of modern technologies such as the engine and hull form

since 1970s, wooden ships have run into rapid changes

in technology that combines modern and traditional

techniques [Salam Aziz and Katsuya Ozawa, 2008]. The

attention needed is separation engine room and cargo

hold by at least a tight bulkhead in order to have

sufficient buoyancy if one of those space to leak. But the

most of these things is adoption of technology for

traditional ships in an effort to remain able to deal with

stress or loads especially in operation at sea.

Loads acting on the hull could be divided into 2

groups: structural loads that affected the overall

construction (including longitudinal bending due to the

pressure of hogging and sagging waves), and the local

loads that only affected certain parts of the hull [Sofi i

Moch & Indra Kusna Djaja, 2008]. Longitudinal bending

is one of major factors that should be taken into account

as during the operation it will receive hogging or sagging

condition that could endanger safety of ship and cargo.

Sagging Condition Hogging Condition

Figure 1. Sagging and Hooging Wave Conditions

Source : cited from google.

Ship structure strength becomes very important

because loads acting on ship hull of uncertainty due to

the influence of ocean waves or cargoes loading

unloading. Kuo Hsin-Chuan (2003) explained that in

general tension arising from internal and external hull

loads could be grouped into compressive stress, tensile

stress and shear stress. In line with this, loads received

by traditional ship hull were calculated and compared to

the strength requirements of woods which by

Abdurachman (2006) have various types such as

lagerstroemia for frames, beams, deck planking;

gerunjing for frames, deck beam, deck planking; teak

for keel, frames, sen mast, hull, decks and the li ke.