1.2 investigating matter matter is anything that has mass and volume. mass is the amount of matter...

1.2 Investigating Matter Matter is anything that has mass and volume.

Mass is the amount of matter in a substance or object. Mass is often measured in grams or kilograms.

Volume is the amount of space a substance or an object occupies.

Volume is often measured in litres.

Mass Versus Volume

(c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Chemical Change A chemical change is a change in

matterthat occurs when substances combine to form new substances.


See page 17

Physical Change and Changes of State When a physical change occurs, there

may be a change in appearance, but no new substances are formed.


See page 18

Physical Change and Changes of State

For example, when ice or snow melts to water, this physical change is a change of state. No new substances are formed.

VS


Physical Changes

The Particle Model of Matter Describes the behaviour of matter. Matter is made of small particles.

There are spaces between the particles. Gases have more space than liquids. Liquids have

more space than solids.


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The Particle Model of Matter Particles are always moving. Particles are attracted to each other.

The strength of attraction depends on the type of particle.


The Particle Model of Matter


The Kinetic Molecular Theory• Describes what happens to matter when

the kinetic energy of particles changes. The main points in the theory are:

1.1. Matter is made of Matter is made of small particles.small particles.2.2. There is There is empty spaceempty space between particles. between particles.3.3. Particles are constantly Particles are constantly moving.moving.4.4. EnergyEnergy makes particles move. makes particles move.


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The Kinetic Molecular Theory• Solid particles are packed together and

cannot move freely. They can only vibrate.

• Liquid particles are farther apart and can slide past each other.

• Gas particles are far apart and move around quickly.


The Kinetic Molecular Theory and Changes of StateSolid Particles are close together, fixed in position and vibrating.MeltingAs temperature increases, particles’ kinetic energy increases.LiquidParticles are still close, but slide past one another.BoilingAs temperature increases, particles’ kinetic energy continues to increase, creating more space.GasParticles are highly energetic and moving freely.

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TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE AND AND CHANGE OF CHANGE OF STATE STATE

When When heatheat is is addedadded to a to a substance, it’s particles substance, it’s particles gain gain kinetic energy kinetic energy and and vibrate vibrate fasterfaster. This causes them to . This causes them to move farther apart. move farther apart.

TEMPERATURE AND TEMPERATURE AND CHANGE OF STATE CHANGE OF STATE

MELTINGMELTING is the change of state from a is the change of state from a SOLIDSOLID to a to a LIQUIDLIQUID (popsicle melting )(popsicle melting )

SOLIDIFICATIONSOLIDIFICATION (freezing) is the change of state from a (freezing) is the change of state from a LIQUIDLIQUID to a to a SOLIDSOLID (pond freezing) (pond freezing)


EVAPORATIONEVAPORATION is the change is the change

of state from a of state from a LIQUIDLIQUID to a to a GAS GAS

( sweating )( sweating )

CONDENSATIONCONDENSATION is the is the change of state from a change of state from a

GASGAS to a to a LIQUID LIQUID ( dew forming on lawn)


SUBLIMATIONSUBLIMATION is the change of state from a is the change of state from a SOLIDSOLID to a to a GAS GAS (dry ice)

DEPOSITIONDEPOSITION is the change of state from a is the change of state from a GASGAS to a to a SOLID SOLID (frost forming)(frost forming)

Temperature and Changes of State


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Describing Matter Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties

QualitativeQualitative – – non-numericalnon-numerical- state, colour, malleabilitystate, colour, malleability

QuantitativeQuantitative – – numericalnumerical- conductivity, viscosity, densityconductivity, viscosity, density


QUALITATIVE QUALITATIVE PROPERTIESPROPERTIES1. 1. STATESTATE is the physical state the matter is the physical state the matter is in: is in: SOLIDSOLID, , LIQUIDLIQUID or or GASGAS

2. 2. COLOURCOLOUR refers to the refers to the COLOURCOLOUR of the of the matter matter

QUALITATIVE QUALITATIVE PROPERTIESPROPERTIES

3. 3. FORMFORM refers to the refers to the SHAPE SHAPE and STRUCTURE STRUCTURE

(soft, hard, rough, smooth) (soft, hard, rough, smooth)

4. 4. CLARITYCLARITY refers to the ability for light refers to the ability for light to pass through matter to pass through matter

(opaque, translucent, (opaque, translucent, transparent)transparent)

QUALITATIVE QUALITATIVE PROPERTIESPROPERTIES

5. 5. CRYSTALINITYCRYSTALINITY refers to therefers to the

SHAPESHAPE oror APPEARANCEAPPEARANCE ofof CRYSTALSCRYSTALS

6. 6. MALLEABILITYMALLEABILITY refers to the ability of refers to the ability of the the matter to be matter to be BEATENBEATEN intointo SHEETSSHEETS

QUALITATIVE PROPERTIESQUALITATIVE PROPERTIES

7. 7. DUCTILITYDUCTILITY refers to the refers to the

ability to beability to be DRAWNDRAWN intointo WIRESWIRES

8. 8. LUSTRELUSTRE refers to the refers to the

REFLECTIVENESSREFLECTIVENESS of an object of an object

9. 9. MAGNETISMMAGNETISM refers to the tendency of matter refers to the tendency of matter to beto be ATTRACTEDATTRACTED to ato a MAGNETMAGNET

QUANTITATIVE QUANTITATIVE PROPERTIESPROPERTIES1. 1. SOLUBILITYSOLUBILITY refers to the ability refers to the ability

to to DISSOLVEDISSOLVE in in WATERWATER

2. 2. CONDUCTIVITYCONDUCTIVITY refers to the ability to refers to the ability to CONDUCT ELECTRICITY CONDUCT ELECTRICITY

or or HEATHEAT

3. 3. VISCOSITYVISCOSITY refers to the refers to the RESISTANCERESISTANCE ofof FLOWFLOW

4. 4. DENSITYDENSITY is the is the RATIORATIO of the object’s of the object’s MASSMASS to its to its VOLUMEVOLUME

QUANTITATIVE QUANTITATIVE PROPERTIESPROPERTIES

5. 5. MELTING/FREEZINGMELTING/FREEZING POINTPOINT

is the is the TEMPERATURETEMPERATURE at which at which

melting/freezing will occurmelting/freezing will occur

6. 6. BOILING/CONDENSATIONBOILING/CONDENSATION POINTPOINT is the is the TEMPERATURETEMPERATURE at which at which boiling/condensing boiling/condensing

will occurwill occur

QUANTITATIVE QUANTITATIVE PROPERTIESPROPERTIES

TWO CATEGORIES OF TWO CATEGORIES OF MATTERMATTERPURE SUBSTANCES are substances that are

made up of only ONE type of matter.Eg. oxygen, water, gold

MIXTURES are substances that are made up of TWO or more types of matter which are mixed but not combined chemically.

Eg. breakfast cereal, sugar-water

MechanicalMechanicalSuspensionsSuspensions

SolutionsSolutions ElementsElements CompoundsCompounds

PURE SUBSTANCESPURE SUBSTANCES

There are There are TWOTWO types of Pure Substances: types of Pure Substances:

1. 1. ELEMENTSELEMENTS are pure substances that are pure substances that CANNOTCANNOT be separatedbe separated into simpler substances. into simpler substances.

Eg. carbon, nitrogenEg. carbon, nitrogen

2. 2. COMPOUNDSCOMPOUNDS are composed of are composed of TWOTWO or more or more elements that are elements that are combined chemically.combined chemically.

Eg. water, ethanolEg. water, ethanol

MIXTURESMIXTURESThere are There are THREETHREE types of Mixtures: types of Mixtures:

1. 1. SOLUTIONSSOLUTIONS are when one substance is are when one substance is dissolveddissolved in another substance. in another substance.

Eg. sugar-water, salt-waterEg. sugar-water, salt-water

2. 2. SUSPENSIONSSUSPENSIONS are when a fluid contains are when a fluid contains solid solid particlesparticles that will that will settle settle

out.out.

Eg. milk, orange juice Eg. milk, orange juice

3. 3. MECHANICAL MIXTURESMECHANICAL MIXTURES are when the parts of are when the parts of the substance can be the substance can be easily separatedeasily separated out again. out again.

Eg. Raisin Bran, Munchie MixEg. Raisin Bran, Munchie Mix

MIXTURESMIXTURES

Section 1.2 Quiz

1.2 investigating matter matter is anything that has mass and volume. mass is the amount of matter...

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