1450 – 1750 C.E.1450 – 1750 C.E.pg 153pg 153

If you only learn 6 If you only learn 6 things…things…

Pg 153Pg 153

The Big PictureThe Big Picture1.1. What happens when people come into contact with What happens when people come into contact with

each other? (Columbian Exchange)each other? (Columbian Exchange)2.2. Why do some things change while others stay the Why do some things change while others stay the

same? (Inclusion of the Americas)same? (Inclusion of the Americas)3.3. How does new technology and movement affect How does new technology and movement affect

the world? (gunpowder, diseases)the world? (gunpowder, diseases)4.4. How do societies organize themselves socially; How do societies organize themselves socially;

role of women? (social structure based on race in role of women? (social structure based on race in Americas)Americas)

5.5. How do people identify themselves culturally and How do people identify themselves culturally and intellectually? (Renaissance, Reformation)intellectually? (Renaissance, Reformation)

6.6. How do people govern themselves? (stretched How do people govern themselves? (stretched overseas power; Ottoman, Mughal and Qing grew overseas power; Ottoman, Mughal and Qing grew powerful)powerful)

Impact of Interaction – Impact of Interaction – Development of Global EconomyDevelopment of Global Economy

European ExplorationEuropean Exploration Ming explored Indian Ocean but halted Ming explored Indian Ocean but halted

voyagesvoyages Indian Ocean thriving trade routeIndian Ocean thriving trade route Europe enters Indian Ocean trade = Europe enters Indian Ocean trade =

global trade (instead of just Asian)global trade (instead of just Asian) Europe’s motivation= search for Europe’s motivation= search for

resources, new trade routes to Asia, resources, new trade routes to Asia, desire to spread Christianity; spices; desire to spread Christianity; spices; wanted to cut middleman outwanted to cut middleman out

Ottoman conquering of Ottoman conquering of Constantinople – less friendly to Constantinople – less friendly to European traders.European traders.

Europe acquired technology to Europe acquired technology to expand their seagoing capabilities expand their seagoing capabilities (rudder, sails, compass, agrolabe)(rudder, sails, compass, agrolabe)

Portugal early leader of explorationsPortugal early leader of explorations

Look at Map and Chart of the Early Look at Map and Chart of the Early European Explorers: Pg 156European Explorers: Pg 156

Trading Post EmpiresTrading Post Empires Initial goal of Europe was not to Initial goal of Europe was not to

conquer but to control trade.conquer but to control trade. Wanted to force Merchants to payWanted to force Merchants to pay Portugal began to declinePortugal began to decline English and Dutch took over; used English and Dutch took over; used

joint stock companies (investors joint stock companies (investors funded exploration)funded exploration)

Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange Inclusion of the Americas into global Inclusion of the Americas into global

trade set off global diffusion of trade set off global diffusion of plants, food, crops, animals, plants, food, crops, animals, humans and diseases. humans and diseases.

Devastating effect = small pox; 100 Devastating effect = small pox; 100 million people diedmillion people died

Look at Chart Look at Chart

Role and Impact of SilverRole and Impact of Silver Silver was responsible for Silver was responsible for

stimulating the global trade networkstimulating the global trade network Mexico and Potosi mines; China’s Mexico and Potosi mines; China’s

desire for silver powered Spanish desire for silver powered Spanish economy and world economy; economy and world economy; Mexican silver was used to Mexican silver was used to purchase Chinese goodspurchase Chinese goods

Role and Impact of SugarRole and Impact of Sugar Cultivation of sugar was complex Cultivation of sugar was complex

production of land, labor, etc.production of land, labor, etc. Heavy laborHeavy labor Specialized skillsSpecialized skills Imported Africans became main Imported Africans became main

labor sourcelabor source Slaves had harsh conditionsSlaves had harsh conditions

State BuildingState Building

The Ottoman EmpireThe Ottoman Empire Mongols had invaded former Islamic Empire; Mongols had invaded former Islamic Empire;

Mongol power decreases; Ottoman’s increasedMongol power decreases; Ottoman’s increased Military might and gunpowder drove Ottomans to Military might and gunpowder drove Ottomans to

power.power. Janissaries – slave troops of Christian boysJanissaries – slave troops of Christian boys Byzantine Empire controlled most of Turkey; Byzantine Empire controlled most of Turkey;

captured Constantinople and renamed it Istanbulcaptured Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul Istanbul becomes center of Islamic Civilization; Istanbul becomes center of Islamic Civilization;

Hagia SophiaHagia Sophia Sultan’s Harem – had political power; trained and Sultan’s Harem – had political power; trained and

educated; Koraneducated; Koran Sultan’s mother – Queen Mother; advisor to throneSultan’s mother – Queen Mother; advisor to throne Empire became too large to maintain; corruption; Empire became too large to maintain; corruption;

successors unequipped to rule; could not compete.successors unequipped to rule; could not compete.

Mughal IndiaMughal India After Mongols; Babur (Muslim) conquers N. After Mongols; Babur (Muslim) conquers N.

India; regional kingdoms become centralized; India; regional kingdoms become centralized; Begins Mughal EmpireBegins Mughal Empire

Akbar – continued uniting; religious toleration Akbar – continued uniting; religious toleration (with Hindus); abolished jizya(with Hindus); abolished jizya

Shah Jahan – built Taj Mahal – tomb for his Shah Jahan – built Taj Mahal – tomb for his wife (most famous Mughal architecturewife (most famous Mughal architecture

After Akbar with Aurangzeb: 1. religious After Akbar with Aurangzeb: 1. religious toleration ended; reinstated toleration ended; reinstated jizyajizya 2. Arrival of 2. Arrival of Europeans; Muslims were not worried, however Europeans; Muslims were not worried, however England would end up conquering the empireEngland would end up conquering the empire

Songhay (W. Africa)Songhay (W. Africa) Took over weakened MaliTook over weakened Mali Sunni Ali – appointed governors to provinces; Sunni Ali – appointed governors to provinces;

army; navy for Niger Riverarmy; navy for Niger River Trans-Saharan trade – brought salt, textiles and Trans-Saharan trade – brought salt, textiles and

metal in exchange for gold and slaves.metal in exchange for gold and slaves. Emperors were Muslims; traditional beliefs Emperors were Muslims; traditional beliefs

were not abandonedwere not abandoned Europe began contact with Africa as Songhay Europe began contact with Africa as Songhay

was losing control of empirewas losing control of empire

Kongo (central AfricaKongo (central Africa Became centralizedBecame centralized Portugal established commercial relations Portugal established commercial relations

which led to close political and diplomatic which led to close political and diplomatic relationship.relationship.

Provided military to Portugal; kings converted to Provided military to Portugal; kings converted to ChristianityChristianity

King’s authority became undermined with the King’s authority became undermined with the slave raids and Kongo would be defeated by slave raids and Kongo would be defeated by the Portuguese.the Portuguese.

Spanish and Portuguese ExpansionSpanish and Portuguese ExpansionTreaty of Tordesillas – Spain had West; Portugal had Treaty of Tordesillas – Spain had West; Portugal had

EastEast Peninsulares – Spanish OfficialsPeninsulares – Spanish Officials Creoles – Spanish born in the colonies (would Creoles – Spanish born in the colonies (would

become leaders of the independence become leaders of the independence movements)movements)

Mestizos – mixed European and IndianMestizos – mixed European and Indian Mulattos – mixed European and AfricanMulattos – mixed European and African Native AmericansNative AmericansMissionaries – ChristianityMissionaries – Christianity

Encomienda system – American FeudalismEncomienda system – American Feudalism Gave Spanish Settler right to demand labor in Gave Spanish Settler right to demand labor in

the mines and fieldsthe mines and fields MitaMita

Qing Dynasty (China)Qing Dynasty (China) ““Foreign Dynasty” (Manchus) would be China’s Foreign Dynasty” (Manchus) would be China’s

last dynastylast dynasty Manchus wanted to preserve their ways, but Manchus wanted to preserve their ways, but

closely resembled China’s dynastyclosely resembled China’s dynasty Outlawed intermarriageOutlawed intermarriage Queue – braided hairQueue – braided hair

Civil Service Exams were kept; patriarchal views Civil Service Exams were kept; patriarchal views and footbinding were keptand footbinding were kept

Part of the global trade network; sold silk, Part of the global trade network; sold silk, porcelain, lacquerware and tea. porcelain, lacquerware and tea.

Only wanted sliverOnly wanted sliver Trade was carefully watched by governmentTrade was carefully watched by government Govt. favored stability rather than innovation.Govt. favored stability rather than innovation. Population growth = increased labor poolPopulation growth = increased labor pool

Russian EmpireRussian Empire Eliminated Mongol rule to emerge as an empire of Eliminated Mongol rule to emerge as an empire of

their owntheir own Ivan III; established strong central government Ivan III; established strong central government

(Czar)(Czar) Romanov Family came to power to rule for 300 Romanov Family came to power to rule for 300

years.years. Peter the Great = WesternizationPeter the Great = Westernization

Science and technologyScience and technology military and navymilitary and navy Western clothesWestern clothes St. Petersburg – new capital; window to the West.St. Petersburg – new capital; window to the West.

Catherine the Great – continued WesternizationCatherine the Great – continued Westernization Serfdom expandedSerfdom expanded Law code placed serfs under tight control of landlordLaw code placed serfs under tight control of landlord

Japan: Tokugawa ShogunateJapan: Tokugawa Shogunate Wanted to stabilize region and prevent civil war.Wanted to stabilize region and prevent civil war. Controlled daimyosControlled daimyos Controlled relationships with the outside world; Controlled relationships with the outside world;

forbidden from going abroad and building large forbidden from going abroad and building large ships.ships.

Only Chinese and Dutch ships could tradeOnly Chinese and Dutch ships could trade However, Japan’s economy grew; agricultural However, Japan’s economy grew; agricultural

production = population increaseproduction = population increase Samurai became government administrators.Samurai became government administrators. Christianity had some Japanese converts; but Christianity had some Japanese converts; but

government ended missions and persecuted government ended missions and persecuted missionaries and converts. missionaries and converts.

Dutch would be principal source of info about Dutch would be principal source of info about Europe; kept them up to date with science and Europe; kept them up to date with science and technology (later industrialization)technology (later industrialization)

Systems of Forced Systems of Forced LaborLabor

Atlantic Slave TradeAtlantic Slave Trade Middle PassageMiddle Passage Triangular TradeTriangular Trade Some African societies benefited Some African societies benefited

economically but several experienced economically but several experienced severe population loss.severe population loss.

Increased political conflict in AfricaIncreased political conflict in Africa Plantation societies – Cash CropsPlantation societies – Cash Crops Many transplanted Africans were Many transplanted Africans were

Christianized but still retained their Christianized but still retained their unique language and culture which unique language and culture which mixed with Spanish and indigenous mixed with Spanish and indigenous cultures in the Americascultures in the Americas

Russian SerfdomRussian Serfdom After Mongols, many free peoples After Mongols, many free peoples

were in debt were forced to become were in debt were forced to become serfs.serfs.

Govt. encouraged to satisfy nobility Govt. encouraged to satisfy nobility and could regulate peasantsand could regulate peasants

1649 – serfs were born into status 1649 – serfs were born into status and could not escape it.and could not escape it.

Could be bought and soldCould be bought and sold Had to pay high taxes and extensive Had to pay high taxes and extensive

labor servicelabor service

Cultural and Cultural and Intellectual ChangesIntellectual Changes

RenaissanceRenaissance Changes took place slowly and started in Italian Changes took place slowly and started in Italian

peninsula.peninsula. Crusades brought Europe to Arab culture = Crusades brought Europe to Arab culture =

increased interest in other cultures.increased interest in other cultures. Roman and Greek written works were Roman and Greek written works were

uncovered.uncovered. Started a “rebirth” in a reappearance of ancient Started a “rebirth” in a reappearance of ancient

works in understanding the worldworks in understanding the world ““Hallmarks of Renaissance” ChartHallmarks of Renaissance” Chart Wealthy Italians became patrons of the arts and Wealthy Italians became patrons of the arts and

sciences.sciences. ““Renaissance Man” – human ideas of Renaissance Man” – human ideas of

multifaceted (talented in many areas)multifaceted (talented in many areas) Leonardo Da Vinci – best example of “Renaissance Leonardo Da Vinci – best example of “Renaissance

Man”Man”

ReformationReformation Renaissance encouraged debate and Renaissance encouraged debate and

criticism of existing ordercriticism of existing order Most powerful was Catholic Church (over Most powerful was Catholic Church (over

kings and peasants)kings and peasants) Had corrupt practices of selling forgiveness Had corrupt practices of selling forgiveness

and salvation (indulgence)and salvation (indulgence) Martin Luther posted issues the Church Martin Luther posted issues the Church

needed to address (95 Theses): Look at needed to address (95 Theses): Look at the main issuesthe main issues

Luther’s views divided Europe; Luther’s views divided Europe; Protestants (Protested Catholic Church)Protestants (Protested Catholic Church)

Look at Outcomes of Protestant Look at Outcomes of Protestant MovementMovement

EnlightenmentEnlightenment Philosophers and social criticsPhilosophers and social critics Divine Right – Kings were ordained to rule by God Divine Right – Kings were ordained to rule by God Social Contract – conflicted with Divine RightSocial Contract – conflicted with Divine Right

Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes John LockeJohn Locke Jean-Jacques RousseauJean-Jacques Rousseau VoltaireVoltaire MontesquieuMontesquieu

Questioned traditional authority (church and Questioned traditional authority (church and monarchy)monarchy)

Created political radicalism Created political radicalism Influence of Chinese knowledge to Europe (civil Influence of Chinese knowledge to Europe (civil

service exam)service exam) Enlightened Monarchs – Joseph II (Austria), Enlightened Monarchs – Joseph II (Austria),

Frederick II (Prussia)Frederick II (Prussia)

Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution Renaissance and Reformation allows Europe to Renaissance and Reformation allows Europe to

examine the world once again; investigate the examine the world once again; investigate the mysteries of naturemysteries of nature

Intense experimentation and discoveryIntense experimentation and discovery Copernicus – mathematically theory disproving the Copernicus – mathematically theory disproving the

earth was the center of the universeearth was the center of the universe Galileo Galileo Scientific Method – steps to prove the reasoningScientific Method – steps to prove the reasoning

BraheBrahe BaconBacon KeplerKepler NewtonNewton

Scientific Revolution led a major Scientific Revolution led a major rift in societyrift in societyChristians – some held on to their Christians – some held on to their

beliefs, others rejected Churchbeliefs, others rejected ChurchBecame atheists or Deists – belief in Became atheists or Deists – belief in God but God played a minor roleGod but God played a minor role

Deism – watchmaker God theoryDeism – watchmaker God theory

A new EconomyA new Economy Banking become more acceptableBanking become more acceptable Joint-stock companies – pooled Joint-stock companies – pooled

resources of many merchants to resources of many merchants to reduce the cost and risks of reduce the cost and risks of colonizationcolonizationWould later receive royal charters for Would later receive royal charters for

colonization colonization MercantilismMercantilism – fostered resentment – fostered resentment

from colonists who were forced to from colonists who were forced to pay for goods while they were pay for goods while they were shipping resources back to Europe shipping resources back to Europe for no profitfor no profit