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Richard Montgomery Blair Academic Tournament 2019

Head Edited by Emmett Laurie

Edited by Abhinav Karthikeyan, Adam Howlett, Anson Berns, Alex Hu, Jakob Boeye, Katherine Lei, Naveen Raman, Olivia Chen, and Vishwa Shanmugam

Written by the members of the Richard Montgomery and Montgomery Blair Quizbowl teams: Alex Constantino, Aries Wang, Chris Tong, Christine Zhu, Derek Chu, Danesh Sivakumar, Daniel Yang, Daniel Zhu, Grant Yang, Jaewoo Chung, Justin Posner, Kevin Lu, Matthew Shu, Michael Xie, Sophia Weng, Shawn Zhao, and Tejas Nazare

Tossups

1. According to Plutarch, this Roman was gentler than his ancestor who overthrew Sextus Tarquin because he was well-educated in philosophy and kept up his reading even while on campaign. He caused a scandal when he divorced his first wife in favor of his first cousin Porcia and he foolishly allowed Mark (*) Antony to deliver a famous Funeral Oration. This man killed himself after he lost the Battle of Philippi because his ally Cassius prematurely committed suicide. For 10 points, name this leading conspirator behind the assassination of Julius Caesar, who had formerly been a close friend and confidant.ANSWER: Brutus <Other History, AH> <ed. JB>

2. The energy associated with this phenomenon can be calculated using the Born-Mayer equation, in which the proportionality constant is a factor of the Madelung constant. The stability of compounds exhibiting this interaction is the subject of Pauling’s rules. The enthalpy change associated with this phenomenon can be calculated by using a (*) Born-Haber cycle to determine the final lattice enthalpy. This type of interaction typically occurs between a metal and a nonmetal due to a large electronegativity difference. For 10 points, name this type of bonding which can be modeled as the donation of electrons and is exemplified by Na plus and Cl minus in table salt.ANSWER: ionic bonding [prompt on electrostatic or Coulombic interaction, prompt on bonding; do not accept or prompt on “covalent bonding” or any other specific type of bonding] <Chemistry, CT><ed. OC>

3. In this opera, two characters sing the aria “O soave fanciulla” after one sees the other bathed in moonlight. At the end of this opera, one character presents another with a pink bonnet as a souvenir of their love. That character sings the aria “Che gelida manina” after another character asks him to light her candle. In this opera, (*) Musetta sings the aria “Quando m’en vo’ ” as she tricks her old lover Alcindoro and seduces Marcello at the Café Momus. This opera ends with Rodolfo weeping after Mimi dies of tuberculosis. For 10 points, name this opera about a group of artists living in the poor Latin Quarter of Paris, written by Giacomo Puccini.ANSWER: La Bohème <Other Fine Arts, DY><ed. OC>

4. This author created the fictional town of Apex, whose most naive member begins an affair with Peter Van Degan, leading to the suicide of Ralph Marvell. One work by this author examines the downfall of a socialite caused by a disastrous occasion on the yacht Sabrina at the hands of Bertha Dorset. This author of (*) The Custom of The Country created a character described by an unnamed narrator as “the ruin of man” due to a suicide pact he formed with Mattie Silver, leading to a deadly sled crash into an elm tree. For 10 points each, name this American who wrote about Lily Bart’s suicide in The House of Mirth and the title character in Ethan Frome.ANSWER: Edith Wharton <Long Fiction, AK><ed. OC>

5. Reconnection occurs much quicker in examples of these substances with high Lundquist numbers than predicted by a theory that combines the Navier-Stokes equations with Maxwell’s equations to describe them.

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Alfvén waves in these substances are a type of MHD wave. Z-pinches were historical devices to contain this substance. Electric fields get screened out of these substances up to the (*) Debye [[“duh-bye”]] length. Magnetic reconnection in these substances can cause solar flares, as this substance makes up most of the mass of the Sun. For 10 points, name this type of highly ionized gas often called the fourth state of matter.ANSWER: plasmas <Physics, VS><ed. KLei>

6. A character in this play receives gardening tools as a moving gift, including an oversized hat from her grandson. One character in this play yells “FLAMING SPEAR! HOT DAMN!” while his sister chants “OCOMOGOSIAY.” A character in this play considers marrying and moving to Nigeria with Joseph (*) Asagai. Mr. Lindner tries to bribe this play’s central family not to move to the all-white Clybourne Park community. Another character in this play squanders his sister’s medical school money on a liquor store when Willy Harris takes the money and runs. For 10 points, name this play about the Younger Family, written by Lorraine Hansberry.ANSWER: A Raisin in the Sun <Drama, EL><ed. OC>

7. In one conflict, this country’s namesake National Liberation Army was defeated by NRA forces led by Yoweri Museveni. That conflict, the Luwero War, saw the defeat of former president Milton Obote after a Tanzanian invasion toppled a military-usurper who tried to annex the (*) Kagera Region. That leader referred to himself as the “Conqueror of the British Empire” after the UK broke diplomatic relations with him in 1977, and he also styled himself the “Last King of Scotland” in addition to harboring Palestinian hijackers during Operation Entebbe. For 10 points, name this landlocked East African country led by dictator Idi Amin during the 1970’s.ANSWER: Uganda <World History, AK><ed. AH>

8. Players on this team paraded around a green trash can to celebrate the only road win of their disastrous inaugural season. A former player for this team, Michal Neuvirth, [[MIGHK-ahl NOI-vihrt]] once called this team’s starting goaltender “his weakest competition yet;” that player is Braden Holtby. A SportsCenter commercial featured this team’s captain as a (*) Russian spy. In the 2018 Stanley Cup Playoffs, this team defeated the Vegas Golden Knights to win its first ever championship. For 10 points, name this sports team with hockey stars Nicklas Backstrom and Alexander Ovechkin, based in DC. [[oh-VEHCH-kihn]].ANSWER: Washington Capitals [prompt on Washington before “D.C.”] <Pop culture/Mixed Academic, MS><ed. AdH>

9. Topological orderings can be characterized by a type of these objects known as DAGs [[“dags”]]. Wagner’s theorem claims if either one of them named for Petersen or K3,3 [[“K-3-3”]] is a minor of one of these constructs, it cannot be (*) planar. These entities are called regular if all their degrees are equal, and critical if any deletion would lower their chromatic number. One can find a smaller one of these entities called the minimum spanning tree from their weighted varieties. The lack of an Eulerian circuit in the Seven Bridges of Königsberg problem was one of the first proofs in the theory of these things. For 10 points, name these colorable entities made up of vertices and edges.ANSWER: graphs [accept graph minors; anti-prompt on trees] <Other Science, VS><ed. AB>

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10. A piece by Claude Debussy for this instrument opens with the soloist playing the notes F, A-flat, B-flat and was written for the Paris Conservatory; that piece is his Première rhapsodie. Heinrich Baermann premiered Carl Maria von Weber’s two concertos for this instrument. A prominent player of this instrument composed a concerto for this instrument that ends with an altissimo C; that player is Artie Shaw. A concerto for this instrument, strings, harp, and piano was composed by (*) Aaron Copland and dedicated to Benny Goodman. This instrument plays an opening glissando in George Gershwin’s Rhapsody in Blue. For 10 points, name this single-reed instrument pitched in B-flat.ANSWER: clarinet <Auditory Art, CT><ed. NR>

11. This poet describes how the title object “grew both day and night/ till it bore an apple bright” in his poem “The Poison Tree.” In another one of his poems, he describes how “the hapless Soldiers sigh/ Runs in blood down Palace walls.” This poet also described how “little Tom Dacre” is sold before he could cry (*) “ ‘weep! ‘weep!” He also asks “What immortal hand or eye/could frame thy fearful symmetry” in a poem about the title animal, and describes it “burning bright/In the forests of the night.” For 10 points, name this poet who included “The Chimney Sweeper” and “The Tyger” in his “Songs of Innocence and Experience.”ANSWER: William Blake <Non-epic Poetry, MX><ed. OC>

12. One thinker from this school of thought used the example of how to pay for a horse-car fare to support the idea that all questions begin with Doubt and Belief. Another thinker from this school compares those who follow “principles,” who he calls “tender-minded,” with those who follow “facts,” who he calls “tough- minded.” That thinker from this school used a man chasing a squirrel (*) around a tree to explain this school’s namesake method. This school was founded by Charles Sanders Peirce and popularized by William James. For 10 points, name this philosophical school that measures value through its practical application.ANSWER: Pragmatism <Philosophy, DC><ed. JB>

13. This politician announced a clause dubbed “Harman’s Law," which requires consideration of socio-economic inequalities when making financial decisions, while serving as Minister of Women and Equality. In a 2002 speech, this figure stated that her party must change because people knew it as a “Nasty Party." This leader was criticized for banning the khat during her tenure as (*) Home Secretary. A 2017 “snap election” called upon by this leader led to Jeremy Corbyn’s Labour Party gaining dozens of seats. This leader came into power after her country voted to leave the European Union. For 10 points, name this current female British Prime Minister.ANSWER: Theresa May <Current Events, AK><ed. KLu and AK>

14. According to one legend, this man never actually passed away and will awaken from his magical slumber when a certain hunting horn is sounded three times. According to another tradition, the cursed maiden Sadhbh [[SAI-V]] transformed back into woman after stepping onto the lands of this man. He defeated the (*) fire-breathing monster Aillen with his father’s crane-skin bag of weapons, and may have made the Giant’s Causeway in order to walk to Scotland; the Isle of Mann was just an accident. For 10 points, name this folk hero of the British Isles who gained all the knowledge of the world by eating a certain magical salmon.ANSWER: Fionn Mac Cumhaill [accept Finn McCool] <Mythology, JP><ed. AH>

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15. Horst Klein used his skills as a trapeze artist to perform this action. Allan Lightner indirectly started a tank standoff when he tried to do this action to see an opera house. People often traveled through “Tunnel 57” while performing this action. An unsuccessful attempt at this action led to the teenage bricklayer Peter Fechter being shot in an area known as the (*) “Death Strip." Routine attempts to perform this action were done through Checkpoint Charlie. After a structure was torn down in 1989, people were able to perform this action freely. For 10 points, identify this action in which people crossed a barrier that separated a German capital.ANSWER: crossing the Berlin Wall [accept equivalents for crossing; prompt on partial answer] <European History, AK><ed. JB>

16. Strict Catholic observance of this practice was finally relaxed with the passage of the Paenitemini by Pope Paul VI, who acknowledged the importance of economic disparities. In Islam, people often make donations called Fidya or Kaffara when they cannot perform this action, which some Jains swear by Sallekhana to perform to the (*) death. Sujata is supposed to have given milk and rice pudding to the Buddha after he nearly died of this action. Many people perform this type of action on Lent and Yom Kippur. For 10 points, name this action in many religions in which people abstain from eating food. ANSWER: fasting <Religion, JP><ed. AH>

17. Cytosol circulates between the tonoplast and spirally arranged tracks of this protein in a process known as cytoplasmic streaming. Fibers of this protein are prevented from being depolymerized by phalloidin [[“fal-oy-din”]]. The beta isoform of this protein is a common loading control in western blots. (*) Treadmilling occurs in the filamentous type of this protein when its globular form attaches at the plus end and dissociates at the minus end. Microfilaments are composed of this protein. For 10 points, name this protein that associates with myosin to power muscle contraction.ANSWER: actin <Biology, DY><ed. KLei>

18. In a postscript to this author’s last work, he recalls fancying himself a god while discussing “Empedocles on Etna.” In another work by this author of “A Note to a Certain Old Friend,” the narrator’s vision is repeatedly blocked by spectral spinning gears. At the end of a story by this author, a man steals an old woman’s clothes after he sees her stealing the (*) hair of corpses in a ruined gate. In another work by this man, a body is found next to a piece of rope and a comb. In that story, a woodcutter, the brigand Tajomaru, and Masago give conflicting accounts of the murder of the samurai Takehiro. For 10 points, name this Japanese author of the short stories “Rashomon” and “In a Grove.”ANSWER: Ryunosuke Akutagawa <Short Fiction/Other, JB><ed. OC>

19. On the first day of this event, a young boy was lifted through a window so he could open a locked door from the inside. Ansel Bascom attempted to argue against this event’s organizers by citing a recent property law. The 9th resolution of this event passed after it was eloquently defended by Frederick (*) Douglass, the only man to attend this event. This event created a document that listed a series of “injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman.” For 10 points, name this 1848 meeting organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton that issued the Declaration of Sentiments and advocated for women’s rights.ANSWER: Seneca Falls Convention <JB> <ed. AH>

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20. Early sketches of this painting featured a male medical student with a book entering from the left; he was removed to heighten the viewer’s sense of voyeurism with respect to the central figures. In this painting, the outermost figures of the central group blend into red curtains on the left and blue curtains on the right, while a watermelon (*) slice and grapes sit on the corner of a protruding table below. The three women on the left of this painting are influenced by Iberian sculptures, while the two on the right have faces reminiscent of African masks. For 10 points, name this proto-cubist work that depicts five naked prostitutes in a brothel, a work by Pablo Picasso.ANSWER: Les Demoiselles d’Avignon [accept The Young Ladies of Avignon] <Visual Arts, GY><ed. AH>

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Bonuses

1. This building by architect Daniel Burnham was compared to “a ship sailing up the Avenue.” For 10 points each:[10] Burnham’s most famous building is this Manhattan icon, a triangular skyscraper at the intersection of Fifth Avenue and Broadway.ANSWER: Flatiron Building[10] Burnham also designed a city plan for this American city where he was Director of Works for the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition. It is home to the Willis tower, the second-tallest skyscraper the United States.ANSWER: Chicago [10] Chicago was also home to an influential school of American architecture headed by this modernist who opined that “form follows function.”ANSWER: Louis Sullivan <Other Fine Arts, KLu><ed. AH>

2. Answer some questions about memes from “the most ambitious crossover in history,” for 10 points each:[10] This much-hyped movie spawned hundreds of thousands of internet memes, many about its unexpected ending. This 2018 Marvel Cinematic Universe film had the biggest worldwide opening weekend of all time.ANSWER: Avengers: Infinity War [prompt on Avengers][10] One of the most popular memes from Avengers: Infinity War is this seven-word phrase, spoken by Peter Parker to a certain other character after he starts to disintegrate.ANSWER: “Mr. Stark, I don’t feel so good”[10] Another meme format from Avengers: Infinity War features this character, who saw 14,000,605 possible futures. This character starred in his own 2016 film, where he creates a time loop around himself and Dormammu. ANSWER: Dr. Strange [accept Stephen Strange] <Pop Culture/Mixed Academic, SZ><ed. KLu and AK>

3. Is Confucianism a religion? Is it compatible with Christianity? For 10 points each, answer these questions about the Chinese Rites Controversy. This Catholic religious order founded by St. Ignatius maintained that the Confucian practice of ancestor worship was compatible with Christian worship. The Dominicans vehemently disagreed with them.ANSWER: JesuitsThe Domicans furthermore banned the terms shangdi and tian in reference to this supreme being, whom Christians believe to be the father of Jesus Christ.ANSWER: GodAlthough filial piety is important to Confucians, the parent-child relationship is only one of this number of fundamental relationships or “bonds” that exist between different social positions.ANSWER: Five <Religion, AH><ed. JB>

4. For 10 points each, answer these questions involving self-proclaimed knights in history.[10] The Knights of Labor basically collapsed in the aftermath of this event. This 1886 riot began as a rally for an eight hour work day for workers in its namesake Chicago square, when bombs suddenly went off.ANSWER: Haymarket Square Riot [accept anything mentioning Haymarket][10] This crusading order became the first multinational corporation in the world after creating branches all across Europe. They were forcibly disbanded by Philip IV who wanted to seize their money.ANSWER: Knights Templar [accept The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon or reasonable equivalents][10] The Knights of Pythias were the first of these entities to gain a charter under an act passed by the United States Congress. ANSWER: Fraternal Organizations [accept Fraternities] <Other History, JP and AK><ed. JB>

5. A parable by Kafka reveals the “truth” about this character. For 10 points each:

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[10] In one scene, this character is rolled up in a carpet and thrown in the air after another character refuses to pay for a night in an inn. This faithful squire rides the donkey Dapple and helps in his master’s search for Dulcinea. ANSWER: Sancho Panza [accept either underlined portion][10] Sancho Panza accompanies this knight of a Miguel Cervantes novel who mistakes a host of windmills for giants.ANSWER: Don Quixote [accept either part of Alonso Quixano][10] In Don Quixote, a duke and duchess offer to make Sancho the governor of a village they call an “island” of this name.ANSWER: Barataria <Long Fiction, AK><ed. OC>

6. The value for this quantity is indicated by either 3 or 4 bands of color located on certain devices. For 10 points each:[10] Name this quantity increased by a circuit element represented by zigzag lines on circuit diagrams. It is typically measured in Ohms.ANSWER: resistance [accept resistors; do not accept or prompt on “resistivity”][10] The resistance of a potentiometer has this feature, which is possible due to the sliding coils in the potentiometer. Capacitors with this property are often found in radios.ANSWER: the resistance/capacitance is variable [accept similar answers such as not constant or changing or depending on configuration][10] Another type of variable resistor, the memristor, has a pinched curve on an IV curve due to this phenomenon, which is a system's dependence on past events.ANSWER: hysteresis <Physics, VS><ed. KLei>

7. Dededo is the largest city on this island, which is administered from Hagåtña. For 10 points each:[10] Name this island, which is home to the Chamorro people. Its highest peak is Mount Lamlam.ANSWER: Guam[10] Guam is an overseas territory of this country. Other Pacific territories of this country include the Northern Mariana Islands and the eastern portion of the Samoan Islands.ANSWER: United States of America[10] Guam is the largest island in this Pacific archipelago, which can be separated into the Caroline, Gilbert, Mariana, and Marshall island chains. Its namesake Federated States has its capital at Palikir.ANSWER: Micronesia <Geography, CT><ed. KLu and AK>

8. One of the four parameters needed to define a context free grammar are these entities. For 10 points each: [10] Name these entities that define how symbols can be manipulated within a grammar system. ANSWER: Production rules [10] Production rules were devised by this MIT linguist who was a proponent of the Universal Grammar theory. ANSWER: Noam Chomsky[10] In linguistics, this word is often paired with grammar, and refers to the rules that govern sentence construction and structure. ANSWER: Syntax <Social Science, NR><ed. JB>

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9. The United States government has a sinister history of massacring Native Americans. For 10 points each.[10] This incident took place on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota. More than 150 men, women, and children from the Lakota Tribe were killed by James Forsyth’s 7th Cavalry in this massacre.ANSWER: Wounded Knee Massacre[10] This leader was killed at the beginning of the Wounded Knee Massacre. He also toured with Buffalo Bill’s Wild West and he led the coalition that won the battle of Little Bighorn.ANSWER: Sitting Bull [10] This other massacre took place in the southeastern part of what is now present-day Colorado. In this event, the US Army attacked a Arapaho and Cheyenne village killing between 70 to 500 people.ANSWER: Sand Creek Massacre <American History, AK><ed. JB>

10. Answer the following about microorganisms found in Yellowstone National Park, for 10 points each:[10] Many such organisms are extremophiles belonging to this domain of life. These prokaryotes are differentiated from bacteria by their cell walls, which are made of pseudopeptidoglycan.ANSWER: Archaea [or Archaebacteria, do not accept “bacteria”]][10] One Archaea found at Yellowstone, Thermus aquaticus, produces Taq [["tack”]] polymerase. That protein can stand high temperatures, making it ideal for this lab technique which has denaturing, annealing, and elongation steps.ANSWER: polymerase chain reaction [or PCR][10] The Grand Prismatic Spring at Yellowstone contains microorganisms whose color depends on the ratio of chlorophylls and these orange photosynthetic pigments. They include xanthophylls [["zan-toh-fills”]] and can be converted into Vitamin A.ANSWER: carotenoids [or tetraterpenoids] <Biology, AW and VS><ed. VS>

11. One ruler of this empire traveled to Mecca to bring back enough mud and timber for a 17-foot pyramidal tomb. For 10 points each:[10] Name this empire, which was at its greatest height under the rule of Askia Muhammad. This Islamic empire, which used salt as its currency, had its capital at Gao.ANSWER: Songhai Empire[10] The Songhai empire met its end at this 1591 battle, where a gunpowder explosion led to a chaotic cattle stampede that was exploited by Moroccan forces under Judar Pasha.ANSWER: Battle of Tondibi[10] Sundiata Keita legendarily founded this empire which preceded the Songhai.ANSWER: Mali Empire <World History, JP and AK> <ed. AH>

12. These entities create wavy patterns in Mackerel Skies. For 10 points each:[10] Name these weather phenomena. Their cumulonimbus type often cause thunderstorms, and they also have cirrus and stratus types.ANSWER: clouds [accept specific types of clouds][10] The bottom part of cumulonimbus clouds are found in this layer of the atmosphere, which is where most weather phenomena originate.ANSWER: troposphere [10] The quick movement of some cirrus clouds caused by their interaction with these currents, which are found near the tropopause. They form at transitions between different types of circulation cells.ANSWER: polar jet streams [prompt on partial answer] <Other Science, VS><ed. VS>

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13. This novel’s protagonist is beaten by his sister, Mrs. Joe, with a cane she calls the “Tickler.” For 10 points each:[10] Name this novel recounting the coming-of-age of Pip and his love for the cold Estella, who is revealed to be the illegitimate daughter of Abel Magwitch.ANSWER: Great Expectations[10] As a young boy, Pip frequently visits Satis House, which is owned by the eccentric Miss Havisham. Miss Havisham inhabits a room full of frozen clocks, refusing to move on from this earlier misfortune in her life.ANSWER: being left at the altar [accept reasonable equivalents like her fiancé leaving her; prompt on wedding][10] Great Expectations was written by this author. He also wrote about the adventures of Snodgrass, Tupman, and Winkle in The Pickwick Papers and Ebenezer Scrooge in The Christmas Carol.ANSWER: Charles Dickens <Long Fiction, AK><ed. OC>

14. Joanna Hiffernan served as the model for this set of three paintings. For 10 points each:[10] The first painting in this series depicts Hiffernan standing on a wolfskin rug with a lily in her hand, while the second shows her holding a Japanese fan and looking at a mirror.ANSWER: Symphony in White[10] Joanna Hiffernan was the model and lover of this artist of Symphony in White. He often named his works after musical compositions, such as his Arrangement in Grey and Black, which depicts his mother.ANSWER: James Abbott McNeill Whistler[10] Hiffernan likely met this friend of Whistler while modeling for the second Symphony in White painting and soon began an affair. This realist painter depicted Hiffernan in the controversial The Origin of the World.ANSWER: Gustave Courbet <Visual Arts, GY><ed. OC>

15. This character writes a play in which Satan is represented by two red dots and fumes of sulfur. For 10 points each:[10] Name this son of the haughty actress Irina Arkadina, who commits suicide after Nina reveals her love for his rival, the writer Boris Trigorin.ANSWER: Konstantin Treplev [accept either underlined portion][10] Konstantin appears in this play, which opens with Masha telling Medviedenko that she dresses in black to show her unhappiness. In this play, Konstantin shoots the title bird as a gift for Nina. ANSWER: The Seagull[10] The Seagull is a work by this Russian playwright, who depicted the auction of Madame Ravensky’s estate in The Cherry Orchard.ANSWER: Anton Chekhov <Drama, AK><ed. OC>

16. In order to stay safe in the lab, it is necessary to properly identify glassware. For 10 points each:[10] Name these very thin glass tubes that can draw liquids up due to cohesive and adhesive properties. They are often used in liquid thermometers.ANSWER: capillary tubes[10] This is a long glass tube with a stopcock that dispenses precise amounts of liquid. It is often used in titrations in analytical chemistry.ANSWER: burette[10] This small vial is hermetically sealed and used to preserve samples or store small amounts of volatile compounds. It is opened by snapping off the neck, which could cause glass contamination.ANSWER: ampoule [or ampulla] <Chemistry, GY><ed. VS>

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17. For 10 points each, answer the following about dragons in Norse Myth:[10] Name this archetypical dragon slain by Sigurd the Volsung. He was formerly the son of the Dwarf king Hreidmar and the brother of Regin.ANSWER: Fafnir[10] Fafnir's lair contains large piles of this precious metal as a result of his being cursed by Andvari's ring to lust after treasure. The presence of this metal in dragon lairs has become a common motif in fantasy depictions.ANSWER: Gold [10] A more ancient dragon named Nidhogg is found inexplicably gnawing at the roots of this Norse world-tree encircled by the dragon-serpent Jormungandr.ANSWER: Yggdrasil <Mythology, AH><ed. AH>

18. Jan Palach set himself on fire immediately after the end of this period. For 10 points each:[10] Name this 1968 period of liberalizing reform named for the capital of a certain Eastern European country. This movement sought to implement “socialism with a human face” and was crushed by the Soviet Union.ANSWER: Prague Spring[10] The Prague Spring was spearheaded by this First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. After Soviet invasion, he was replaced by Gustáv Husák, who began an era of “normalization.” ANSWER: Alexander Dubček[10] Following the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, this nation withdrew from the Warsaw Pact. This nation notably enjoyed warm relations with the People’s Republic of China under First Secretary Enver Hoxha [[“HO-cha”]].ANSWER:People's Socialist Republic of Albania <European History, KLu><ed. OC>

19. The first publications of this musical theme originate in mid 17th century Portugal. For 10 points each:[10] Name this sixteen-bar chord progression which was the basis of a set of variations for violin and continuo by Arcangelo Corelli, as well as for the final trio sonata in Antonio Vivaldi’s Opus 1.ANSWER: La Folia[10] One composer with this surname composed a partita for the harpsichord consisting of variations on La Folia. That composer’s son composed 555 keyboard sonatas.ANSWER: Scarlatti [accept Alessandro or Domenico Scarlatti][10] La Folia was also the basis of this baroque composer’s harpsichord suite in D minor. This composer is better known for composing Music for the Royal Fireworks and the oratorio Messiah.ANSWER: George Frideric Handel <Auditory Art, DY><ed. OC>

20. This author wrote “Because of you my sweet girl’s eyes / are red with weeping, and swollen” in his eulogy for a dead sparrow. For 10 points each:[10] This poet described his brother’s death in a poem that ends with the exclamation “Hail and Farewell!” This Roman poet addressed many of his poems to his lover Lesbia.ANSWER: Catullus [10] Catullus was a noted admirer of this poet, whose works are collected in Anne Carson’s If Not, Winter. ANSWER: Sappho[10] Catullus wrote his poems in this language, the predominant language of the Roman Republic.ANSWER: Latin <Non-epic Poetry, AK><ed. OC>