14th Rio Wireless

Alberto Boaventura

2014-05-13

4G & Beyond Changes and Challenges

Changes and Challenges

TELECOMM BECOMES MOBILE MOBILE BECOMES DATA DATA BECOMES VIDEO VIDEO BECOMES SOCIAL

0

200

400

600

800

1.000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

SmartphonesTabletsNetbooksNotebooksDesktops

Source: Morgan Stanley & Nomura 2012

Wo

rld

De

vice

Sh

ipm

en

ts (

Mill

ion

s)

Source: Ericsson 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

1000

1800

Voice

Data

Tota

l (U

L+D

L) t

raff

ic (

Pe

taB

yte

s)

Source: Cisco VNI 2012

12

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

6

Mobile File Sharing

Mobile M2M

Mobile Web/Data

Mobile Video

Exab

yte

s p

er

mo

nth

In 2016, Social Newtorking will be second highest penetrated consumer mobile service

with 2, 4 billion users – 53% of consumer mobile users - Cisco 2012

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

10

6

LTE UMTS/HSPA GSM;EDGE TD-SCDMA CDMA Other

Wo

rld

Mo

bile

Su

b. (

Bill

ion

s)

Source: Ericsson 2012

Voice Centric

Data Centric

Traffic

Reveue

1

2 34

5

RAPID LIFE CYCLE M2M, NEW DEVICES & APPS. CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE TRAFFIC & REVENUE DECOUPLING

𝑪 𝒃𝒑𝒔 ≤ 𝒆 ∙ 𝑩(𝑯𝒛) ∙ 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟏 + 𝑲𝑺

𝑵 + 𝑰 𝑪 𝒃𝒑𝒔 ≤ 𝒆 ∙ 𝑩(𝑯𝒛) ∙ 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟏 + 𝑲

𝑺

𝑵 + 𝑰

200 MHz/Operator 30 bps/Hz 1000 Mbps/km2

More Spectrum New Technologies Split Cells

Changes and Challenges

Release 99 Release 5 Release 8 Release 10

1 Mbps 10 Mbps 100 Mbps 1,000 Mbps 10,000 Mbps

2018

x1000 Mobile

Broadband Growth

About Spectrum

Spectrum Requirement

Spectrum Requirements per Operator (Rysavy Research – February 2010):

The expectation is to be needed over than 200 MHz per operator in 2016.

Band UL (MHz)

DL (MHz)

Width (*) WRC 3GPP (LTE) Anatel

450 MHz 451-457 461-468 14 MHz 2007 Band 31 Res 558/2010

700 MHz 703-748 758-803 90 MHz 2007 Band 28 Res 625/2013

850 MHz 824 - 849 869 - 894 25 MHz 2000 Band 5 Res 454/2006

900 MHz 898,5 - 901; 943,5 - 946

907,5 - 915; 952,5 - 960

10 MHz 2000 Band 8 Res 454/2006

1800 MHz 1.710-1785 1805-1880 150 MHz 1992/ 2000

Band 3 Res 454/2006

2100 MHz 1920-1975 2110-2165 110 MHz 2000 Band 1 Res 454/2006

2600 MHz 2500-2570 2620-2690 140 MHz 2007 Band 7 Res 544/2010

3500 MHz 3400-3600 (TDD) 200 MHz 2007 Band 42 Res 537/2010

Brazil: 330 MHz (Res 454/2006) and recently 204 MHz (Res 544/2010).

But due CAP constraint, only 120-140 MHz per operator is allowed.

Spectrum Aggregation

Sensing and Cognitive radio technologies for spectrum sharing

Offloading with fallback techniques to exclusive global bands, e.g. for mobility/roaming.

ITU-R forecasts a need of 1280 to 1720 MHz in the medium term for IMT (before 2020)

Global IMT spectrum of 715 MHz currently available, plus <300 MHz on a regional basis

WRC’12 confirmed the intention to allocate more spectrum to IMT in the 700 MHz band (~90 MHz)

FCC: Make 500 MHz of spectrum newly available for broadband within 10 years

European Comm.: 1200 MHz (incl. exist. 625 MHz) to be allocated to mobile broadband by 2015

Need to consider shared spectrum: Unlicensed spectrum, unlicensed secondary usage or Licensed Secondary Access (LSA) e.g. in TV white space,

WORLD SPECTRUM FORECAST SPECTRUM PER OPERATOR SPECTRUM IN BRAZIL

LICENSED SPECTRUM NEW SPECTRUM NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT

ITU-R M.2078 projection for the global spectrum requirements in order to accomplish the IMT-2000

future development, IMT-Advanced, in 2020.

531 MHz 749 MHz

971 MHz

749 MHz

557 MHz 723 MHz

997 MHz

723 MHz

587 MHz 693 MHz

1027 MHz

693 MHz

Region 1 Region 2 Region 3

CARRIER AGGREGATION IN DETAIL SCENARIOS REQUESTED CA WIS

Spectrum Flexibility

20 MHz 15 MHz 10 MHz

5 MHz 3 MHz

1,4 MHz

UL DL

Frequency

FDD

DL UL

Time

TDD

In 3GPP Release 12 defines 43 Band

schemes to LTE

Intra & Inter Band

Band X

Band y

DIFFERENT BANDWIDTHS TDD & FDD SUPPOORT SEVERAL SUPPORTED BANDS CARRIER AGGREGATION

PCell

SCell

PDCCH/PDSCH/PUSCH Dynamically

activated/deactivated for UE battery saving

Rel-10 UE has one PCell (UE specific) and may

have up to 4 SCell

PDCCH/PDSCH/PUSCH/PUCCH Measurement, mobility TAU procedures

Carrier aggregation Support wider bandwidth

Two or more component carriers

Up to 100MHz and for spectrum aggregation

Each component carrier limited to a maximum of 110 RBs

Carrier aggregation type: Contiguous; Non-contiguous

F1 F2

F1 and F2 cells are co-located but different azimuth

F1 = F2 or F1 F2

Scenario 1

F1 and F2 overlaid & Same coverage F1 = F2

Scenario 2

F1 and F2 overlaid,, but F2 has smaller coverage

F2> F1

Scenario 3

Similar to scenario #2, but frequency selective repeaters are

deployed so that coverage is extended for one of the carrier

frequencies

Scenario 4

F1 provides macro coverage and on F2 Is used to hot spots

F2>F1

Scenario 5

Requester/Rapourter Bands

China Telecomm B1,B7

TeliaSonera B3, B7

Rogers B4,B7

China Unicom B7,B7

Vodafone B3, B20

Huawei (Orange) B3, B20

Vodafone B8, B20

Cox B4, B12

US Cellular B5, B12

Ericsson (Verizon) B4, B13

AT&T B2, B17

AT&T B4, B17

AT&T B5, B17

Sprint B25, B25

Huawei (CMCC) B38, B38

Clearwire B41, B41

About New Technology

Spectral Efficiency

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

200kHz

25 TRX

3,84MHz

1 WCDMA Carrier

r

R

D

i j

i

j D

r

R

D

i

j

i

jD

Codec FR D = 4 / Sector = 3

Reuse = 4 x 3 #Ckt/Sector= 2x7=14

Codec AMR 12.2 127 Walsh Codes

Reuse = 1 %SHO=20%

#Ckt/Sector = 64

24 Erl/BTS 160 Erl/NodeB

r

R

D

i

j

i

jD

PRBs

...

7 S

ymb

ols

12 subcarriers

25 Resource Blocks

700 Erl/eNB Codec AMR 12.2

25 PRBs - 300 REs 200 -250 users/ Sector

2G (GSM) 3G (UMTS/HSPA) LTE

HSPA+ 2100 MHZ VS LTE 2600 MHZ 3G (UMTS/HSPA) LTE

Voice Capacity @ 5 MHz

Data Capacity @ 5 MHz

Source: Brendan McWilliams, Yannick Le Pézennec, Grahame Collins Vodafone Technology Networks, Access Competence

Centre, Madrid, Spain & Newbury, United Kingdom 2012

𝑻𝒉𝒓 = #𝑪𝒐𝒅𝒔 × 𝑴𝒐𝒅 × 𝑭𝑬𝑪 ×𝐶ℎ𝑖𝑝𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑺𝑭

𝑻𝒉𝒓 = 𝟏𝟓 × 𝟔 × 𝟏 ×𝟑, 𝟖𝟒

𝟏𝟔= 𝟐𝟏 𝑴𝒃𝒑𝒔

𝑻𝒉𝒓 = #𝑴𝑰𝑴𝟎 × #𝑹𝑩𝒔 × 𝑴𝒐𝒅 × 𝑭𝑬𝑪 ×#𝑪𝒂𝒓.× #𝑺𝒚𝒎𝒃

𝑻𝑻𝑰/𝟐

𝑻𝒉𝒓 = 𝟐 × 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟔 × 𝟏 ×𝟏𝟐 × 𝟔 − 𝟏𝟐

𝟎, 𝟓= 𝟑𝟔 𝑴𝒃𝒑𝒔

MIMO Yes, but not for existing network

Modulation QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM

Intereference Rake Receiver

Limitation Up Link limitation due interference

MIMO Yes,

Modulation QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM

Intereference FRF/ICIC

Limitation CoMP/ICIC/e-ICIC

Hundreds of users per NodeB Thousands of users per eNB

Multiple Input, Multiple Output (MIMO)

MCS, PMI, RI

CQI, PMI, RI

CRS

Closed loop, codebook precoding

MCS

CQI

CRS, DRS

Open loop, non-codebook precoding TM Transmission scheme of

PDSCH CQI mode

Mode 1 Single-antenna port CQI

Mode 2 Transmit diversity CQI

Mode 3 Open-loop spatial

multiplexing CQI

Mode 4 Closed-loop spatial

multiplexing CQI, RI, PMI

Mode 5 Multi-user MIMO CQI, PMI

Mode 6 Closed-loop Rank=1

precoding CQI, PMI

Mode 7 Beamforming Single-

antenna port; port CQI

Mode 8 Dual layer beamforming CQI, RI, PMI

Mode 9 Switching SU & MU-

MIMO till 8 CQI, RI

h11

h12

h21

h22

𝒀 =𝒉𝟏𝟏 𝒉𝟏𝟐

𝒉𝟐𝟏 𝒉𝟐𝟐𝑿 + 𝑵

SNR

BER

𝑪 𝒃𝒑𝒔 ~𝑩(𝑯𝒛) ∙ 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟏+, 𝒎𝒊𝒏(𝑴𝑻𝒙, 𝑴𝑹𝒙) ∙ 𝑺𝑵𝑹

min(MTx , MRx) Antenas

Cap

acid

ade

𝑪 𝒃𝒑𝒔 ~, 𝒎𝒊𝒏(𝑴𝑻𝒙, 𝑴𝑹𝒙) ∙ 𝑩(𝑯𝒛) ∙ 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟏 + 𝑺𝑵𝑹

BASIC IDEA MULTIPLEXING DIVERSITY BEAMFORMING

1=0º

1=45º

30

210

60

240

90

270

120

300

150

330

180

...

p1

p2

pN

TRANSMISSION MODE CLOSED/OPEN LOOP MU-MIMO FD-MIMO

Individual streams are assigned to various users,

Particularly useful in the uplink because the complexity on the UE side can be kept at a minimum by using only one transmit antenna.

Users separated by spatial signatures

Spatial signatures are typically not orthogonal

May require interference reduction (MUD, cancellation, etc.)

h11

h12

h21

h22

Improved beamforming capability (vertical and horizontal active beamforming)

Improved system capacity

Easy adaptation to traffic and UE population change

Flexible partitioning of antenna resource for coverage and capacity

4x 3x 2x 1x C

ap

aci

ty

Coverage 𝒁 = 𝒑𝑯 ∙ 𝑿

Active Antenna System (AAS)

Advanced BS platform with optimized structure, cost, and

performance features that meet operator requirements for mobile broadband (MBB)

services. A principal advantage of

active antennas is their ability to create and steer beams

within the cell.

AAS

1=0º

1=45º

30

210

60

240

90

270

120

300

150

330

180

...

p1

p2

pN

Beamforming works by changing the phase and relative amplitude of the signal emitted from each

radiating element, to create constructive or destructive

interference.

BEANFORMING

Rx2

Rx1

Cell2

Cell1

f2

f1

Rx

Tx

GSM

LTE

SEGREGATED UE BEAM STEERING FLEXIBLE RX DIVERSITY VERTICAL/HORIZONTAL CELL SPLIT

SEPARATE RX-TX TILTING SEPARATE IRAT TILTING SEPARATE CARRIER TILTING

About Split Cell

SMALLCELLS & HETNET

High Traffic Density

0,0 Mbps/km2

100,0 Mbps/km2

200,0 Mbps/km2

300,0 Mbps/km2

400,0 Mbps/km2

500,0 Mbps/km2

0,3 km0,4 km0,5 km0,6 km0,7 km

Coverage Capacity

2015

156% 156%

Capacity

2016

2014

2015

2016

2013

Downlink: Terminal camped on in macro is interfered by a small cell. And terminal served by a small cell to connect the edge of cell will be interfered by the macro cell.

Uplink : one terminal connected in macro and close to the cell border creates strong interference in a small cell next. And large number of connected terminals in small cells generate uplink interference in the macro cell.

They both are addressed with sophisticated mechanisms like ICIC, e-ICIC and CoMP

IP Access (MPLS-TP, Metro Eth, MDU) , Giga-Ether over 150 Mbps per BTS

Required necessarily optical fiber, but Radio NLOS can be alternative for higher capillarity

New synchronism support (IEEE 1588, SyncE)

For CoMP, Latency must be below 1 ms

New interface other than IP: CPRI

Mobility device in idle state impacts the relative load between layers and battery consumption and frequency of handovers.

Increase in handovers due to the small size of the cells increases the risk of dropped calls (Dropped Call Rate),

Devices in connected state may need to HO to a small cell and, if they are on different frequencies, will need efficient scheme discovery of small cell that minimizes the impact on battery consumption.

Traffic/Capacity balancing with several resources and frequencies

Small cell radius of coverage is reduced compared to macro, it is necessary to locate accurately the traffic sources;

Site acquisition: Given the limitation on the scope of the small cell, you have to know exactly where the traffic is generated and get the rights to install that exact spot.

New types of leases should be developed.

The way to optimize and operate should fit depending less manual intervention. Resources SON (Self Organizing Networks) will be important to maintain a good performance.

CPRI

Core Network

BBU 1

BBU N

BBU Hotel & C-RAN

LIPA/SIPTO

Local Cache

...

Firewall

Interference Control features, like: ICIC , e-ICIC and CoMP and local

offload traffic

TRAFFIC DESNIFICIATION

Stadium, arenas and high density traffic places

coverage for capacity improvement

INTERFERENCE MITIGATION BACKHAUL MOBILITY MANAGEMENT OTHERS

ICIC (Inter Cell Interference Coordination)

3GPP Release 8 Limited frequency domain interference information

exchange Primarily to help cell edge UEs Involves coordination between neighboring eNBs Using

the X2 interface ICIC related X2 messages are defined in standard A eNB

can use information provided by neighboring eNB During its scheduling process

Static and limited coordination

ICIC (INTER CELL INTERFERENCE COORDINATION) E-ICIC (ENHANCED ICIC) FE-ICIC (FURTHER ENHANCED ICIC)

HII (schedule RBX)

OI (Hi interference RBy)

X2

RBX

RNTP (High power RBx)

X2

RBX

3GPP Release 10 Dynamic time domain interference coordination Based

on Almost Blank Subframes (ABS) ABS carries no data, only essential control information, Since most REs are blank (zero power), interference is

reduced. In macro-pico setup with CRE, macro is the aggressor

and pico is the victim

ABS Protected Subframe

Aggressor Cell Victim Cell X2

Aggressor Cell Victim Cell

Identifies interfered UE

Requests ABS

Configures ABS

ABS Info Measurement Subset Info

Uses ABS and signals

Patern

X2

3GPP Release 11 Enhanced transceiver signal processing for ABS Reduced power ABS Rx based Puncturing Rx based Interference Cancellation Tx based Muting Reduced Power ABS

X2

Victim Cell

P1 P2

Reduced Power ABS allows macro improving performance by reducing power in subframe without

zero power for cell center macro UE.

Zero Power ABS Reduced Power ABS

X2

F1 F2 F3

Coordination Multi Point (CoMP)

h11

h12

h21

h22

𝒀 =𝒉𝟏𝟏 𝒉𝟏𝟐

𝒉𝟐𝟏 𝒉𝟐𝟐𝑿 + 𝑵

Defined since Release 10

Fundamental tool for increasing capacity

Modes:

Coordinated scheduling & Beamforming

Joint processing/transmission

h11

h12

h21

h22

𝒀 =𝒉𝟏𝟏 𝒉𝟏𝟐

𝒉𝟐𝟏 𝒉𝟐𝟐𝑿 + 𝑵

X2

By coordinating transmission and reception across geographically separated locations (points) it is possible to enhance network performance

This includes coordinated scheduling and beamforming as well as joint reception

Full performance requires baseband connection between points

Coordinated Scheduling & Beamforming

X2

Join Processing Coherent transm. & Non-Coherent

transm.

Instantaneous Cell Selection

Intra-cell CoMP Inter-cell CoMP

X2

Smallcells

When the terminal is in the border may receive signal from multiple stations in a coordinated manner

Effective interference control between cells (inter-cell inerference))

Heterogeneous Network

Intra-Cell CoMP

Inter-Cell: Higher RRH CoMP

Inter-Cell: Lower RRH CoMP

MIMO + SON = COMP MIMO (CO-LOCATED TRANSMISSION) DOWNLINK COORDINATED MULTIPOINT

OPERATION MODES 3GPP TS 36.813 SCENARIOS

data

About Future

LTE Advanced

ITU-R M.2034 Spectral Efficiency

DL 15 bits/Hz UL 6.75 bits/Hz

Latency User Plane < 10 ms Control Plane < 100 ms

Bandwidth ITU-R M.2034 40 MHz ITU-R M.1645 100 MHz

ADVANCED

Coverage C

apac

ity

SmallCells

High order MIMO Carrier Aggregation

Hetnet/CoMP

LTE

LTE –A

3GPP TR 36.913

3GPP Release 8

3GPP Release 10

RELEASE 8/9 RELEASE 10/11 RELEASE 12/13

20 MHz OFDM SC-FDMA DL 4x4 MIMO SON, HeNB

Carrier Aggregation UL 4x4 MIMO DL/UL CoMP HetNet (x4.33) MU-MIMO (x1.14)

Small Cells Enh. CoMP Enh. FD-MIMO (x3.53) DiverseTraffic Support

LTE Roadmap

Carrier Aggregation Intra & Inter Band

Band X

Band y

Multihop Relay

Multihop Relay

Smallcells Heterogeneous Network

Colaboration MIMO (CoMP) e HetNet

High Order DL-MIMO & Advanced UL-MIMO

C-plane (RRC)

Phantom Celll

Macro Cell F1

F2

F2>F1

U-plane

D2D

New Architecture

METIS PROJECT PREMISES (SOURCE: ETSI/ERICSSON) METIS: 29 PARTNERS

5G Vision and Timeframe

ITU-R´s docs paving way to 5G:

IMT.VISION (Deadline July 2015) - Title: “Framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT for 2020 and beyond”

Objective: Defining the framework and overall objectives of IMT for 2020 and beyond to drive the future developments for IMT

IMT.FUTURE TECHNOLOGY TRENDS (Deadline Oct. 2014)

To provide a view of future IMT technology aspects 2015-2020 and beyond and to provide information on trends of future IMT technology aspects

EU (Nov 2012)

China (Fev2013)

Korea (Jun 2013)

Japão (Out 2013)

2020 and Beyond Adhoc

Exploratory Research Pre-standardization Standardization activities Trials and Commercialization

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

WRC15 WRC12 WRC19

Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for the Twenty-twenty Information Society

METIS SCENARIOS AND TEST CASES HORIZONTAL TOPICS

Technical Solutions

Device-to-Device (D2D)

Ultra Reliable Communications (URC)

Ultra Dense Networks (UDN)

Moving Networks (MN)

Massive Machine Communications (MMC)

Unique Expertise allowing to

Conduct fundamental research at early point

Identify where a revolution or evolution from LTE-A is needed

Concepts & Technology solutions for “5G” to

Meet diverse requirements of future services

Connect diverse devices Support 1000 X traffic

increase

Consensus & Global strategy to

Ensure leadership in future communications system

Ensure early global consensus

About METIS

Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for the Twenty-twenty Information Society

Source: http://www.metis2020.com/

Lay the foundation & Ensure a global forum & Build an early global consensus for beyond 2020 “5G” mobile & wireless communications

Efficiency to allow for a constant growth in capacity at acceptable overall cost and energy dissipation

Scalability to respond to a wide range of requirements regardless of the traffic amount (low or high)

Versatility to support a significant diverse requirements (Availability, Mobility, QoS) and use cases

5G Potential Technologies

1=0º

1=45º

30

210

60

240

90

270

120

300

150

330

180

...

p1

p2

pN

Native M2M support A massive number of connected devices

with low throughput; Low latency Low power and battery consumption

hnm

h21

h12

h11

Higher MIMO order: 8X8 or more System capacity increases in fucntion of

number of antennas

Spatial-temporal modulation schemes SINR optimization Beamforming

Enables systems that illuminate and at the same time provide broadband wireless data connectivity

Transmitters: Uses off-the-shelf white light emitting diodes (LEDs) used for solid-state lighting (SSL);

Receivers: Off-the-shelf p-intrinsic-n (PIN) photodiodes (PDs) or aval anche photo-diodes (APDs)

C-plane (RRC)

Phantom Celll

Macro Cell

F1 F2

F2>F1

U-plane

D2D

Phantom Cell based architecture Control Plane uses macro network User Plane is Device to Device (D2D) in

another frequency such as mm-Wave and high order modulation (256 QAM).

Net

Radio

Core

Cache

Access Network Caching Network Virtualization Function Cloud-RAN Dynamic and Elastic Network

Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier (UFMC) : Potential extension to OFDM ;

Filter Bank Multi Carrier (FBMC): Access sporadic, short bursts, increased robustness, support QAM symbols and minimization problems offset; sustainability fragmented spectra.

High modulation constellation

MASSIVE MIMO SPATIAL MODULATION COGITIVE RADIO NETWORKS VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION

DEVICE-CENTRIC ARCHITECTURE NATIVE SUPPORT FOR M2M CLOUD NETWORK & CACHE NEW MODULATION SCHEME

5G Non-Orthogonal Waveforms for Asynchronous Signalling (5GNOW)

New protocol for shared spectrum rational use

Mitigate and avoid interference by surrounding radio environment and regulate its transmission accordingly.

In interference-free CR networks, CR users are allowed to borrow spectrum resources only when licensed users do not use them.

Alberto Boaventura alberto@oi.net.br +55 21 98875 4998

THANKS!

OBRIGADO!