1.6 - handicrafts
TRANSCRIPT
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Indian Handicrafts
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Glassware
• No indication of glass beads in Harappan civilization.
• First evidence found in the PGW culture of Ganges valley (c. 1000 BC).
• There is evidence of a glass industry in Brahmapuri and Kolhapur in Maharashtra. References of spectacles in the Sanskrit text vyasoyogacharitha also can be found.
• During medieval period, Mughals gave patronage to glassware and used it in monuments like the Sheesh Mahal.
Sheesh Mahal
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Handicrafts on Cloth
• Various types of handicraft techinques
1. Bandhani – ancient tie and dye technique, still used in Rajasthan and Gujarat.
2. Laharia – Jaipur and Jodhpur
3. Ikat – ‘resist dying’ method. Used in Odisha and A.P.
4. Batik Art –Saris in M.P. and West bengal.
5. Jamdani – weaves muslin with opaque patterns on a transparent background.
Bandhani – Indian Tie and dye
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Ivory Crafting
• Ivory and its objects were exported from India during Harappan period.
• Remains of an ivory comb has been found in Taxila.
• Traditional centres are Delhi, Jaipur and parts of West Bengal.
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Terracotta
• Ceramic clay that has been semi-fired. Means baked earth.
• Bankura horse and Panchmura horse, along with terracotta temples in Bankura district of West Bengal, are the best specimens.
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Clay and Pottery Work
• Earliest evidence of pottery has been found in the neolithic site of Mehrgarh in present day Pakistan.
• Most famous pottery period was the Painted Grey Ware (PGW) of the vedic period.
• We find remnants of roulette pottery in the southern parts of India.
• Gupta period saw decorative techniques and glazed pottery. PGW
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Bronze and Metal Crafts
• Earliest non ferrous metal used by man were copper and tin. They were also combined to get bronze.
• Harappan Dancing girl (3500-3000 BCE) is the oldest bronze work in India.
• Science of casting bronze and metal purity can be found in ‘Matasya Purana’ and Nagarjuna’s Ras Ratnakar.
• ’Marodi’ is a famous work of Rajasthan, which uses metal to create etchings and filling the gaps with resin.
Marodi Works
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Leather
• The art is known to have existed from 3000 BCE.
• The most popular animals for the skinning became camels.
• Currently, the biggest market for leather is in Rajasthan.
• Kanpur in UP and Maharashtra (Kolhapuri chappals) are also famous leather centers.
Rajasthan leather market
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Wooden Work
• Kashmir is the largest and oldest centres for making wooden furniture since 13th century. They use walnut and deodar wood extensively.
• Karnataka- sandal wood
• Andhra Pradesh – Red Sandalwood (Rakthachandan)
• Kerala – Teakwood
• Nagaland – Kumisyng
• Rajasthan - Rohida
Walnut carving in Jammu and Kashmir
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Toys
• First evidence of toy carts were found in the Harappan civilization, whose major toy sites were Alamgirpur, Ambkheri, Kalibangan, and Lothal.
• Rajasthan – dolls and stuffed toys.
• Assam – dolls made of pith or Indian Cork.
• Mysore and Chennapatna – special toys made of lacquered wood
• Andhra Pradesh – local soft wood ponki is used to make Ambari hathi.
A toy from Channapatna
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Stoneware
• One of the most popular arts in India.
• Mauryan period, rock-cut Ajanta and Ellora, Khajuraho, Sanchi and Bharhut stupas.
• Mughals used marble stonework and sandstones extensively. Taj Mahal and Itmad-ud-Daulah’s tomb.
• Rajasthan produces the ‘sang-e-marmar’ or white makrana marble.
• Jhansi produces a dark brown stone called ‘Sang-e-Rathak’
Itmad-ud-Daulah’s Tomb
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Embroidery
• The art of working raised designs using threads or wooden blocks.
• Applique/Pipli – Odisha and Gujarat
• Pichwai – Rajasthan
• Shamilami – Manipur
• Rabari – Kutch
• Phool patti ka kaam – Aligarh
• Kashida – Kashmir
• Phulkari – Punjab, Haryana and Delhi
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Thank You