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544 Chapter 17 • Study Guide

Lesson 1 energy: an Overview• Energy, which is the ability to do work, can be classified as

kinetic or potential. • Forms of energy include mechanical energy, electrical

energy, thermal energy, electromagnetic energy, chemical energy, and nuclear energy.

• Human society uses renewable and nonrenewable energy resources in industry, transportation, commerce, and residences.

energy (517) kinetic energy (517) potential energy (517) combustion (519) energy efficiency (520) renewable energy (520) nonrenewable energy (520) electricity (520)

Lesson 2 Fossil Fuels• Fossil fuels form from the remains of organisms that lived

millions of years ago.• Coal, which is used mainly to generate electricity, is

obtained by mining.• Petroleum, which is obtained by drilling, is a major source

of energy and is used to make a variety of products.• Natural gas yields a large amount of energy and is less pol-

luting than other fuels.• The supply of fossil fuels is limited.

strip mining (524) subsurface mining (524) petroleum (525) petrochemical (525) oil sands (528) oil shale (528) methane hydrate (528)

Lesson 3 Consequences of Fossil Fuel Use• The burning of fossil fuels causes pollution that affects

health and the environment.• Mining and drilling for fuels can endanger people and

change ecosystems in harmful ways.• Since fossil fuels are unevenly distributed in the world,

many nations need to depend on foreign sources.• To save fossil fuels and limit the damage they cause, we

need to conserve energy.

acid drainage (532) energy conservation (535)

Lesson 4 Nuclear power• The process of nuclear fission releases energy.• In a nuclear power plant, nuclear fission is used to generate

electricity.• Nuclear power does not cause air pollution, but its prob-

lems include risk of accidents and disposal of wastes.• Nuclear fusion has advantages over fission, but the tech-

nology does not yet exist to use fusion to generate power.

nuclear energy (537) meltdown (539) nuclear fission (537) nuclear waste (540) nuclear reactor (538) nuclear fusion (541)

InquIry LABs And ActIvItIes• Home Energy Use Graph your monthly energy use and follow U.S.

Department of Energy recommendations for lowering your household consumption.

• Fossil Fuel Use Will oil supplies soon peak and then decline? Form

your own conclusions from a variety of data.• Identifying Insulators Which insulation materials conserve heat? Test a

variety—from rubber to steel wool. See how each affects heat loss.

Can we depend on non­renewable energy resources

for our energy needs?

Lesson 2 How did fossil fuels form, and

how are they obtained and used?

Lesson 1 What is energy and how is it used?

Lesson 4 What are the advantages and

disadvantages of nuclear energy?

Lesson 3 What problems are associated with

fossil fuel use?

STUDY RESOURCES

Chapter 17 Self Test • Chapter 17 Worksheets • Chapter 17 Overview Presentation (for PowerPoint)

Nonrenewable Energy 545

The Central Case in this chapter explored the issue of whether or not Alaska’s Arctic National Wildlife Refuge should be developed to obtain oil. Based on what you have learned, develop two lists—Benefits and Costs. The Benefits list should identify the advantages of drilling for oil. The Costs list should identify the disadvantages. Be sure to include information you have learned about the benefits and costs of using oil as a fuel. Then, as a class, discuss the benefits and costs of drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.

6. Rock filled with a mixture of hydrocarbons is called

a. methane hydrate. c. oil sands. b. petrochemicals. d. oil shale.

7. Which of the following is NOT caused by the burning of fossil fuels?

a. air pollution b. water pollution c. release of carbon dioxide d. a meltdown

8. Chemical compounds derived from oil are called a. petrochemicals. b. fossil fuels. c. renewable energy resources. d. secondary energy resources.

9. In a nuclear power plant, which process is used to generate electricity?

a. the burning of coal b. the burning of natural gas c. nuclear fission d. nuclear fusion

Modified True/FalseWrite true if the statement is true. If it is false, change the underlined word or words to make the statement true.

10. Mechanical energy is associated with the forces that hold particles together in an atom’s nucleus.

11. Electricity is a primary source of energy. 12. Fossil fuels form in an environment with little or

no oxygen. 13. Coal is used to generate about half the electricity

in the United States. 14. In strip mining, miners dig shafts deep under-

ground to reach the fossil fuel deposit. 15. When sulfide in rock surfaces reacts with oxygen

and rainwater, acid drainage occurs.

Review Concepts and Terms 1. Energy is defined as the ability to a. burn fuel. b. lift heavy objects off the floor. c. do work or make a change. d. cook food over a campfire.

2. Which of the following exhibits kinetic energy? a. a ball rolling down a ramp b. the bonds that hold food molecules together c. a bike rider waiting for a red light to turn green d. a compressed spring

3. Chemical energy is stored in a match tip. In the photo, what has this chemical energy been converted into?

a. electrical and mechanical energy

b. thermal and electromagnetic energy c. electromagnetic and nuclear energy d. only electromagnetic energy

4. The world’s most abundant fossil fuel is a. coal. c. oil. b. natural gas. d. uranium.

5. The Middle East is especially rich in deposits of a. coal. c. methane hydrate. b. oil. d. uranium-235.

ANSWERS

Chapter Assessment For answers to the Chapter Assessment, see page A–28 at the back of the book.

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546 Chapter 17 • Assessment

Reading ComprehensionRead the following selection and answer the questions that follow.In 1979, an accident happened at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania. Through a combination of mechanical failure and human error, cooling water drained from the reactor ves-sel, temperatures rose inside the reactor core, and metal surrounding the uranium fuel rods began to melt, releasing radiation. This partial meltdown proceeded through half of one reactor core.

Area residents stood ready to be evacuated. For-tunately, however, most radiation remained trapped inside the building that contained the nuclear reac-tor. The accident was brought under control within days. The damaged reactor was shut down. It took years, and about a billion dollars, to clean up the damage.

16. Which of the following best describes the sequence of events at Three Mile Island?

a. partial meltdown, followed by loss of cooling water, followed by rising temperatures in the reactor core

b. partial meltdown, followed by the release of radiation, followed by an explosion

c. partial meltdown, followed by cleanup, fol-lowed by rising temperatures in the reactor core

d. loss of cooling water, followed by rising temperatures in the reactor core, followed by partial meltdown

17. People were not evacuated because a. the cleanup had begun. b. most of the radiation did not leak out. c. the evacuation would have cost billions of

dollars. d. only one reactor was affected.

18. Which of the following was NOT involved in the accident at Three Mile Island?

a. an explosion b. reactor damage c. nuclear fission d. mistakes by people

Short Answer 19. What is thermal energy? 20. What is combustion? What is the equation for the

combustion of methane? 21. What are the advantages of coal as a source of

energy? 22. Over the next few decades, what is likely to hap-

pen to the world’s production of oil? 23. Identify at least three ways in which fossil fuels

can damage human health. 24. What is mountaintop removal? 25. Identify two reasons why energy conservation is

important to practice. 26. Describe what happens during nuclear fission.

Critical Thinking 27. Apply Concepts Look at the photo below. When

water reaches the top of the waterfall, does it have kinetic energy, potential energy, or both? Explain your answer.

28. Apply Concepts When you turn an electric burner on, what happens to the electrical energy?

29. Compare and Contrast Compare and contrast the conditions under which coal and oil form. How are they similar? How are they different?

30. Relate Cause and Effect Why is the use of natural gas increasing?

31. Apply Concepts Under what circumstances must oil drillers switch from primary extraction to secondary extraction?

32. Pose Questions An energy expert has come to your house or apartment to evaluate how well your home is constructed to conserve energy. What are two questions you would ask the expert?

Ecological Footprints

You (or the average American)

Your class

Your hometown

Your state

United States

1 3

Population Gallons of Oil Per Day

Gallons ofOil Per Year

Data from Energy Information Administration, O�cial Energy Statistics from the U.S. Government.

Data from Energy Information Administration. 2009. Annual Energy Review 2008. U.S. Department of Energy

Production, Import, and Exportof Uranium Oxide by the United States

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

01950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2008

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Domestic productionImportsExports

Nonrenewable Energy 547

3. In your opinion, who has more responsibility for limit-ing consumption of fossil fuels—people in developed nations or people in developing nations? Justify your opinion.

Read the information below. Copy the table into your notebook and record your calcula-tions. Then answer the questions that follow.

Each person in the United States and Canada uses about 3 gallons of oil every day. Calculate the amount of oil, in gallons, that you probably use during a year. Then calculate the daily and yearly use for your class, your hometown, your state, and the United States. 1. In other developed nations, the average

person uses about 1.4 gallons of oil per day. What do you think accounts for the differ-ence between other developed nations and the United States and Canada?

2. The average person in a developing nation uses about 0.2 gallons of oil per day. In a year, about how much more oil do you use than a person in a developing nation?

Analyze DataNuclear fuel rods are usually made of uranium oxide. The United States produces some fuel rods from ura-nium oxide mined in the United States. It also imports uranium oxide from other nations. Finally, the United States exports some uranium oxide. The graph shows the production and trade of uranium oxide from 1949 to 2008.

33. Interpret Graphs How much uranium oxide did the United States import in 2000? How much did it export?

34. Interpret Data In 2008, how does the amount of uranium oxide produced in the United States compare to the amount imported?

35. Interpret Data Describe the trend in uranium oxide production since 1950.

36. Infer How do the amounts of uranium oxide imported in 1950 and 2008 compare? Why do you think this has happened?

Write About It 37. Explanation Explain why electricity is considered

a secondary source of energy. 38. Creative Writing A film company is going to

make an animated film showing how coal forms. Your job is to create storyboards and text that can provide information for the animator. Sketch three or four storyboards that show the process of coal formation, and write an explanatory caption for each storyboard.

39. Apply the BIGQUESTION Choose one fossil fuel. Draw a concept map showing the costs and benefits of this form of energy.