17 g ryle categories

7/28/2019 17 G Ryle Categories

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"LOGICAKrD"

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Essa.vs lw"" ",,'P fWfI!$S~)1t5 J. L .o\U5T IN , ~01J(;I,AS r.ASK ING,,'(~. ,:.:l-1')O J!T~. (!.M ., G ILIIEnf,l\vl/:. J. J. C. SM III~l'

UII. F., W AISM .ANN and DIC Ii. L. W ILL,O. j:. t'I!AU5i II. M . MACIVJ:Jt. I;. ,I. \1;'ARNOCK. J. 6. URMSON


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4/10

. .. . .I'" "' . \ , . 1 A '~ V . : . ' ? ; , 1 . i. ty,p~~~jcl!ll~}r1li f~rrucd . : 0 1 1 1 . tJ~~it: jntctr~)gi\d\~c w ?~ds. ,~ut ~rj '~~~"~.~9J1 J .sJ~tY.cnfo. r . sU.PPDsulgthat . the : Gn:di 5 to ck o f In tcrrq gll,. ,:; .,tlVt; . ~ , : < > r d s . ~ either ;t!i .~ 'CouOPl.i&;:lI.is 'p~ 5jblc o r as rjc h ns m .ig Jn!~~ d c .~ r .r .c d . . 1 -~ ()wc :\~ .r h I s d nc , s uc h : 1.5 t ~ ~. W : \S ..l 1o ta c o.tU p lc rd y .~illy.6J_e. ) :Qraf t. i: t~U 'prQ,P0sidona l fuuc ti on ' is 'ou ly i ()ucstiont ' ; ir it ~opbJs ti c;z tcd1y. TIlc proJ7os it io l l: a1 f imCl ton 'x to ;SI1Ub-DoseJ'iO~n, o ,oly i ti 'p rn~ (: a. l : lS roc i.3t io lu Croln 'Who i s s i1ub -uoscd f: : .ul ld . .SOCt '3 tc: .ss ~ ' c :d Iib its 1 1c :.>U~rc o r J es s L l1 3JI 'Wh ere isS ocr:lrc n~ or 'W lut-Jjl,;,c (qui1Jj~ ) i s S OC ldl\".5I'or 'H ow bigh

Socrn~t'sl' acc.ol' tJi l1g to lhcgr.J,t'c ~c::Ic;ctcdor IJ'. (C f. L ew is 3ndLaJ1g~ord: ,SrllJb"~ir I-b,~I'f, ril" 3j2..,4: :m d Cartup ou '\V. . ,qUCs tw lI s 1 f1Lo,l1,ml . . C ; ) ' 1 1 t 1 7 . ' I :ri~r:is un$lJcccss~uJ. : :t l1d:thohC'Q~5:CshiiU ri,~d lhornl"te~ O Il ill thC ' course uf this l':lpc.r, I,, '.a ut J II ~t~ co Jntr .o dt le -c S au tc t cchn ic lll jd io /[ l~ . I t i s p at cm c l1 3[i n : I.. ~~ i s.~. SCtl~CtlCC5'(:'OU~1.i~p:lrts;i lr hvu 'SCl1tCJI I:C .~.11ib e ,t>I1:wluch c:.UI~ntcr 't11t9 SCiltC;iict 'sothtr\yis~ diss1.nU1u':1~~I~i',~r~H'~~gJt,.wo~ds wiU be ' s~ it c: J]d, "'&cj ;q !S ,b ut. so Wi !, (pht .l $c l, \f at \i 9+ 'g 'r :cc o f c :o JUp lt 'X i lYas wd l :uent ir .t ,.d,3us~, Thl1s in lhe. ~CI)[6J\.'C I :1m th(' nun who wrotc this ' I ' ' J ' . I . ' ) t J . ;. . tl "p:lpCf., ,. t 1~ lUau \\: 1O.f W JO wm c t 11~J'aJ>r[, W rote u!;papC.e ;lnJ all si.~It\'V dllJlIgI~~cUt~UC.c-JjICit,l\r~ r:m not bl' l:X tr:\C Wtl. ti'om :Ill ;c ()U 1~ i.1 J:- "I t.i\? I1 S~ :~ ht'Y( '.a n b C:3 b.~ ~c tc J f rum ~ n) ' \1 )c cj( !C 4.c om bio ~- ' :rjf)u" ~fw~: t*~ -:~,~ ~t~A~cJia~d;~,I!.bs~tutc fot.~~y::r.r.~S1l'!cutoCj~ ' ,4 '4 ~ ~ ~ i ! ~ i' l& ~ ~ ? f ~ il i c : :p l ~ ~ % ~ ~ ~ : A f ld ' sp ~ ~ ; w : b a t is J u n k : ~ S~J1~'~: \f:lCto1::: '~~';n .!tgu;11 (u.ujtCly.;.~p;and'''90~ the dotted l1nq)? to~ ho \V t hi1 t a ud ljow th e ~Hch~ fa ctQ r re qu ir es c l.)mplc :tjo Jl~ 'B ut .

C AT EG O lU ES . t.yth ct l( )~ ti :l l l iu c, l ho ugh i ~. t e- ql1 jr t'S SO l1 1CcOl 1\ pk -,l1 tc nt :~':ro ther.\ vo l1 Jd t o1c rn .w ': as il s c t1 jup l? rn l~~~ Arly' (1~\t~raIl1l1der1J~ltemngco f .Gi ct or t, T I \l i.~ ' .S (I i: r: 1I 'C$1$ , . . . o r l:U ll. the m:\1\ w lm s~ .:md:10', () ( 'Such 4 1 1 c 1 . s u c h I Utp 1i ci lh at tOi i)Ot r( 1\\ ' ~ Sa~f(b;' , ~n :nonC:Ut cnC t'S bU t s (: nlc llc c: "f .r :tt nc ~ oul )'. th ~ g ar s 1 11w in d, r Cl.) ln rct o b e c (l ln pl ct 't! tI h y f urt hl 'r SC 1\t l.'1 IC e- f.) (.~ tim, Th e re qu ir ed . C lf 1; \l-p lcm alt$ ,...'O u1 d, o r (:UUr5 I= ",~ v4 .~ to I~ n f d iff.'..:rc nt !:O I't5 II~ , th et hr ee 4 .l il fi :r cn t. . ( ni ne s, '.,' ugly" would (:ompk~e (IIJ{~, .,;_ .v,i,itcd Edinburgh )'cHcrd.\y ' wuuld comple[c Ihe $I:wud. ;tlul'[< ,day's being 'i'\lc~day , . .' would complele the lhird. :md nonew ou 1d cO ln l'/ct~ citb t'r o ,f th l! < ?tl1 cn , , . . .Q ;hl1ough 'hot :lIIY factor IS fit to be , the c om plc J1}


5/10

,~ J:.,SS,t\YS ON l()(;JC ,\1'11) L,a.NG\.I/\c;libc: '~om~,lcCCtI hy Sl!tlle In!' t t~) t. b) ' I I! '}' nl tcrn:J .~i~c cot l1plcl11cl1ts .: ,~~u; U u:u(,:'~,etw osorts o( C Ult here; So aud S(P~ m b, .J ' gr :un.n .12. -: .. '~ y'~~ u:l~ ~~ fd rc o.tn ple ni(!U ts.t;{ ).th ~'.m ':p In :cU,c utc d b y 'so lW ei. (~~tK ~\I,~ l~ .~ .~ ?n~ ~.~ .~ () ~ ,! U~ $t ~~ ~tJ~ 13 1.~ ~~ ~~ :;~ \# l,:.1 tS ;..~ CS st ii't i ~ ~ .,:':.R~SI).~~tu:~.#y.~~t bed, bt,~k.\:n~,.~!I~J'~i3~1l)I:lf' .~~t:";.tJ~ c'~ kn cc is n .b su rd .. '4 n~ c< J.u ct.ltly '~ ~c PO '~ ~.~ .C='~ 6m i)tcmco ts . .'n.~,~, be. not 0

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~1~}'.~( ccrtm u s.r~m lU :1l1C :llt),p.~,. L hey ~ nll$~' jib" .L~l1~$ p ro J'p $IUou,;.& c .to r~ o fc ertilln (o gic ~l ~ vi;~ "S . T .h~ s ev er:! lf :1~o~ i n 3 . rt on -; ab~ lt rd s et lt c. ucc h r~ t) ;l jk a ll )t ~ u . t t c d to. c~dl.oili~'r;l hn ,r e an ~n ~b$u rd ! lc :n tc :u (: c, or ~o tnc nC thc ri J. : ll ~t 't yp !t ~U)' t tl 1$u i. r-.1 bl~ !~ ')c ad t o th er. '1 '1 >14, }'th :tt;\ g i\,c u p ro r( )r.iti~ ,) JI ~f1 \c tU r is o f IIC~~II C\~goryor typ.c.is

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to 5 3} ' 'U 1:tt .it ~ CX l) rC,~ion .tuuM COI11-{~e te . cC '.tt.u u F .C lttc 1) c~ fr. ..m cs '\v 1th hu t tib su rd itv .' '. .

Ittlic iu tL 'l'p l'e ta tio l1 . [ ha t 1 . i1 :i~ c g ivC:l1 ,,( Aris to tle 's d ~'c td 1\c . ..,r~ fC ga rii:5 ~ C 01TCCt,WC ~ s:itclilitJn 6urdll1pL')rtitl1tcspc.:rI~~ .O~Ihe.rlg}~ .tra~~ For . ltl~~~Og:\t~vc5c;:ntClttcs.\ ' \'!ICU.nn- .'1~4. 111:lbS~rn( .l lou 1i' !. tJ l1 t J jc tr '1~ r:u :: .t tt .11 rol~ as !>r: tl ti ul l5 or,~OJnI112}Jdf.Are, s~n~t lc&- ft :l .i 1)l~s . null I Jl ciut c. rr .ognti i :c \Vofc1~ ind~r:.~. :lrc g nl> :;tgm. .A ttd . b >:;d istj]jg uish in g \'"HClit-,s o f.s~ms o f'IU fl.~ ?J1 .~ i _ATJ~ to dc IS ' U 3ll1 g a gc ne rill :ritc th od fo r \:x .h ib iti.u g\.~ t;1 Ct1C5 [ ty pt' o r th e fil~ tt'Jtf,:\ h id l. w ou ld ' llc , ;:amw cril to th o:\('we$t ions o r ~m~I(: J1 tc t. .t~ to tb;~s~ ?~L)-!oiW'S~' , ",On th e o th er b and I lls p ro cc d~ lI 'I:: I.~< !d ec .- bv e, tn tlu db llowmg,"l1yS. . He: ?nly. u cn :.m pts to da ss.a f)' th e t)'l'c s of .; \ smt\l ls ll lH: .1~$.~.~f~ropo:"t1on..f;t(.tI1r$.1~:1,ntdy the (;Onsr:itI1CU~:lUtI.c011lponcJ.1tSof. . tU .1p lt -.: smguJ ar PJ'C>P l}SHl iH tS . .e t u s ( llut.\'o rsc l]m ll tIu s. h e- d oe s ! iN r l'C :Dgni1 .e 't1U tt th e' ty l'~ or ~il. 11 .)rs. on tr ol ~ lI d : uc , tO ll l. l' ol h: cl ~y tUl ' l S 'g iq1\ L imn 9 f.t hc p r~pO$ ii io nsI1to.:wIDc:h dlC.~'C:tncnt~h cX~eptiii:tljC.5(;IUtilry~MC(~rlrn(1:i~.ular... 1I .h sbnccs wJ~* (h , l 1c t cc ." dg lU ;! t, s; (jM lim t. occi lt ?y jt h~ b~ t: 4s ~o f(~ ~~ di ~ t:ltio tL ~. U l3 .g nit.. d cti'; p ositio ns, k i~ (h , c tc ., iu ,~ ;I.Ip t he ;';~~ bc~ pl.~ prQ pO sitioJls. .' . .., " .

71. H ~, w ith the logkbris of l:1tcragc$, scentS to h:tV c.thoughtdut wh il e t :l ud wh il ~ ~ht rc : a rcvn ~io u!: t.yp cs 9 .[ tcrtn s,. y et the re is o nly ,o n~ sort of c~ ~p 1iu g,f or : ~l I: \~~ fY $ :Ln tc t ~rm ,\Vh ic h OCC \.l (S I~ . on c 1 ,r op0S :t .t 10n3 .515'lhj~tC :1~~CClit' in,.:il\t1t.hcr 3S 'pi:cdi:,tC ',. ", , ..' ...,'A$ '; 1ny l e tt er o f t hc 'a lp ha be t n~y be JU)Ct ;'p o~cdw ,c b R~Yotht!rIcttCf'..wii:1lOl2tmodi fy ii lg t hc '.d cs ig t}~ o f t .h o~c I c [t cr s, 5 0t t ~ ec ln sto hOl.v Cb een th ollgh t th at th er.e is n o in teractio n bC 1W~


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'.' t)j'l l.OtO/C Nf) LANGV.:HUi. JC..\NT'S ]Ul)('JMEN1'-/:USCM.SI\r-;n C:\Tr:(;OIlU$. K ;m t s dr.)ndil~ () ( CiltrgQrics " tl tt l: \ l imn I pl it t: : I d ii fh cw : quart:


7/10

y,,,,,",.t., ,"-::i~~. .~

E!>5AYS ON t,OGIC ANt) I.:\NOUII(;F.I 'Jl.lf sces dIal .in g~~c,raI pr~po~itions d\crc arc different ~Om) co~p1inB' but this is n9t ~Uo,yc(1 to. UH)dify h\$ thcory of "';C~n u.) K an t se cs th at th ert, b ,.a .,g .\ll\:\y .o f so rts ' o (~ ou pli1 \g ~ i1 cl : J) th es e Jc tc rm in ,c p ro C lfC~ ct,c :rJ 11 i~ t~ d,y t,h ~s orts uCr.,ctou' .~,1 call be . c oupte d.: A ns .t - 1S1 . a .1 ph !1 bc uc l h.c cty ;o f ( .1 l" to n .j

'nd : I~implc ' .iuX 'Ppo~i\ ;j6n' d l l. .. 'Oryof thei r combii lh t1oi \s i l{ant' s~' ,

$f 's) 'ntnCc,

k :U : d lC 01 1' :\ ,~out the com Mn:ltions of'(ri.C toJ'$, and':.

:, sequcnt!Y:1,, synbcUa' theory Aho,ut t ll l.~I )' rc : s Of lhos~J: '\C tot$ "_ " ,r 's (.' 1 in terp re t h is cry ptic '\~ tter:m cd n h6 uc 'fu ncticH lO So f '!\l111\y\ ' '

' 'i-10\vc\ .c r , K.3nt. '~~t1g ,; ti ri cs ft renot i dc :m iC: l'w it h , I us foouso fj gm et1!., 'X 'bey. ue.iJi,so~'U:ri~3CUre ' ;' \l ily ,'he \ iro jc~.f i~n: \of~ ,lo glc ul fC ?rt1 uu ~n tl\~.{i~tb.orn,3tui.:\llMng' :uicl eventS.NBtuta l roct s, f~c t$ d,~~~isd~t'arc tSt. '\b li sh; 'lb lc by. obsen:at ion l 'rU n\t:I1II~ry of or in~uc..tion froil1 or c:na:11 inri:~1tc rrm u. J ;C' (\ 'o1 ti om .: \11embody ccr t: ii n l~rhi dl '\ c~ v i: "SLI1 (t ui 'C , , ,, -h ic ll50mcho \Vacr i~ f roUI t Il e i t~ l~ i t' ! t he { !\ 'h lcof j \l (l gl i\ ~I ,c .. .f ()m l. 't .~

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Utc c~nsi s.~ }' of th ing s p 'o s ,s ~< .i l. g d ctCl 1S h,,

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: l~ . b ,~ l1 Ig U1 !UtC: ; Atp:1~11t;1I6f ,~1l0rnCJ1t~ of t ll \~C ,and \U1~( I-"'lil1g n tll ta tit 1t 1S o t p c.rj .1 et tl 3.ti ol l~ u f s tn tc :I cc ord h1g t o c a \ j~ ,, 1:1~~.~~vcrytlung ~U\pidc;n1, n~ltS, t\"1JcL J1 :clt1 pM y.t1l(,'.IU,

Nor: docs bc' c:.'(pl~n how they :II"C c s t , a h U s h c . & ,S3YC hy TCCOlrl-

mend ing tis tb .fC3d trndidoJ\ullt.>gk.. . ;;

D f(ire lC ::1\;.\u gtbe Itl!1tocy o f the top ic, w e sh.)u lJ !\tm cc on e:,p rcsup p shiul\ w hich A risto tle ~tld K ~l\t share. w hk h j~.'I bdicvr, .

unrcf1ccti\"e1y.!bated hy n numhcr (.,(.cuntcl11ror:tryplulosophcl'S._ .

N : 'I I1 \ I: .I ). , i t was 5\1PP ') : : tll\ 1: lt t he rc t" 'x is ts : t fmit e c :a t.a lo gu e o{ :

c .~ tt ;gp ri e: , 4 .? f t ) 'P~~. .fLl r iu ..t:m cc , lll:1 t. t\1 ~r.C t:'X ist ju s~ t~n (o j"c lg ht) 'ty p~ 5 (If term s, o r th :\t th L1 rt~ cX l:it JlI~ t t'\\" dV l~ J lItIJ~I1 1C :1 \lp: \t lcrm:, j ,U. l ;t11$~hc~ ,",, , ,islju.st t\i., ' t'IIW-~i~ kttc,'~ h . w e : 1 !1 1 .~ 1 ) ~ h1 1 1 p l U 1 b c t , . j u 5 0 i x t ) ' - I i : J u r sq ua re s u n th e c hc s ~b u , ,~ J . :a u d . JUSt $1:\Sl' cc Jc s o f d1C :. \~n tCn .~rhl s , ccn tS t o b ~ IH Lr.c:\n yth . T hc t~ ,Q J'C ."adt\1l.~ G;\tnbits lit; C 'hr\bsmJ, .

ahhtn,gh iLor ,~so r b rc :t k \ .ypc: r: u, lc s. L :~ tt cr lj t he . \t te l: . \tI~)\1

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h 3~ b c( ~n r (l ~\ ls cc l ( In ( ' r t: t11 t $Qrts u ~ t ~}'c::"[C~P1~S~.lake thm


8/10

/" .,,,,,,,,.. \ ,. j , '.l,lldC I\NIJ I.Ar'I\;UJ\Gl: . : , .. ",

I. t, I IH ;() III r:.s 77.th e. t1 ~lIg cri~ . o f c (JIjrsc ~ th ~t w~ sh;dl he laken .~~~ sha.1llll~wittiu gl) ' lu ke o l1 r~ cl"t~ sto b e ta lkmg gmU lIl1 :1 r,:tj I f. I t :w asaU p'~rt l)[?TIC topjc to ~:\y :Pl~l,r;IJ1I:..>umc;~:1l\t:1\ 'C':s. lngu1ar

.-crbs and The dou(..'(lhlle Ul .. . u lithe can be (:ol.l1pletedw it h "What } 'OUarc f lOWsay ing. . ," :t 1ll 1c ;annot be comp le ted'' I .. Wh I ".. .Jt 1 :it nrt1 IH'W S3)'lIIg. . . , .We lty" d~c:u; to' j; :!}" .t J1 :1 tnhsu rd it ic s t~S \lh /Tom d.l c imrrop ;rc ou pH rit; h ot. o f c "Jtrc Ssio il5 { ,u t o r wha t th e (;'> :p "C~$H> IISlWUty.though the coupling \I!ld mi.H :oupling or thcm is dr.:ctcd byop~rat il lg l lpon. u1dr c :xp rc ss iO l I' l; .. nU t t( .c rc i~ . 11 0.1 :am ! l~ i1 IU 10 te ;m y un iv ucal title: (~ Ir a ll th e

sW!y!t :d / tlofeJ tprC$s i, :'m.s il icc :l f Lhere \v:i ..~s llch :1r id: . 1111,lC~l's ig ri ij lc (J tdw()t il cJ he o f u l1e amI UI l1S: lI I1CYJ!e. !.Aud JUSt Llus 1~w Ji:lt w as. ~t bottom w rong w ith thc'lQ ch:~ lI. t\:'w liuC JIt'gy ot'i dt n' a nd th e. Md rloug iun tCl IJ ti uu logyof 'Qb jt< :ts ". wcmJs w l~khwere , employed to J~c (for lU 1 :X:1C tl )'h j$ i tr ipo~ibJc t :i sk . .Othcr comm only U!icd titlC$. h:l:\rc CKtra rma.11\CC$ :'5 w ell.'T ~l1ns' rcu iu5 SO lllt~ of its. tr:tditiollal nsso ci:ttiol1s :t1IJ sh ould

be m cd. if :It all. 01' p;\rl'kul:i"s-ijl'-lJI I: tl it ic~-nr -r ", 'b ti om . t .t l~ "'CLI I1C'C ptS 'dO t~ i, li nt c ov er c il lw r p :u l ie u a n o r c l\t ir l~ p ru po ~i t1 () 11 ~o r c :-\'~ 'n cOU ll'k '~ l1 s e lf c Ol1 cc pr~ . S II I u se .I .'I C.1 !,o .< jtiq n-f..cto l"(In tcnding it to l1 :w c :.1.11'n~ ,~ jh ll' typc-;ullbigll\(k ~). lI.I r;olll."ct

w h"'t\'cr is r.igT lH icd b}' ;IU }' (.~~ pn ~inn, $iU lJ1lc- or c0 111plt'x.wl. li eh ~ :111b( .' \ 1c l. iJ lt }' h: lH t 'l 1l t ~) : 1 !pp -s i! !, n i ll &OI llCs ,. lJ tt -: 1! .a :- rr :!n lC '(I [ o L h r . r (or' wl \ic .h CUI h~' :J v . :th tc IJ f;1 v: tr i: \h l t in ~OIHCpropCl~i-tiem aJ fU l1t:tion or


9/10

.I:.:':>...r~ UN l.UGIC ANV LANGUI\(.; ., ;.: .fncf~rs ~rc im p01:tcd :1,\ , ,!tw lativc :Q .m l?lc.II1~J}ts t o the- : ;l~ j, g :!t" '~ Jg 1J$ .. U le res ulta nt sc nten ce s a rC '.~ lg l1 ih c:m t in th e O lle' :-r~111d:ab~urJ

.in Ule : (!~ ilc~ . It i s lC '1 IP.u

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'nl; but 11()~C Juite C ('lrrc~t "i}...i'j:";:1~the con\'el~r: ~l t lu: .; th:1(t . .vo J.1CtOf1Irc. 'of the sa.mc.typc ..ll..r c~ ts ':a ny c :a ~!=whc n: b oth C31 1fd ! th e S .' J I(:g :ll" P or 'I " lid ';\~ f'

1 \'~ 1t cr l '[ um p ap l'f ' C :< l1 I~ : lh clUa l" iV I : I ! J~Jl'nt) ,h ;H g :\ p- si gl 1 h a~ ~ yp k"L : lmh ig ui c) "\ vh it ht c. r s }'Ulbo Il $u J wc )u lJ ~!\C:.lJ":' F~)r t Jl !. '

.r.\(~t that :I given ga l.::otc:~..fral\lc rail h t: hU ed b y c ()1 11 plc tn clJ t~ b Ctw cr1 l w hic I;\rc .~ n d iffC rc lIc es o [fo ra 'n is its elf t1 :\c t tlb ou t th e. ty pe s154 :c tC l lt co iupku .\ r; 'u tr .; .: 1. ,

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. .. .: . Tut ! GENJi !\ iS 011 Tnn- llUml lS\V do' we COJI I( 't o b c' ( '., .~ ~r ci! ed: ib ou i: th ~ f o( 'm~ o f p r~ jp o-:o r the typC1 Ip fp ropO!i i t lOu -f .1 c (l )h a Or . w pu r jt in :1 1 C ' 5 S~: '. r; Igb l ~ ; :"y ,wh: tt 1 l I:>J. :t .' .St urge-lit {tl[ I t'> to f ind def inhiol l$I Jy ~~ 0 1 COIl t:( :p t: .! rO,r ",~ d ~i n ot g 1" :l tu it ou sl r rUJ II I1 l;J gc i lln:mcs ()T rtlcydnf':tnhas aftcr notiom (In \\'hidl to perfCllIl1. .l ciOI lS .Typc -. -p ro hl cms s eem to h e { () re cd UpOl l liS ill p\'o

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