18th Century Themes

• Next 5 Chapters – Enlightenment (chapter 18) – The Clash of Absolutism v Constitutionalism

(Chapter 19,20) • Second Hundred Years’ War • France versus everyone

– The 2nd Agricultural Revolution (next two chapters- 19, 20)

– Political Revolutions (chapter 21) – the start of the Industrial Revolution (chapter 22)

The Enlightenment (18th C)

The Root of the Enlightenment was Actually in the Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th Century

• Causes of the Scientific Revolution – Protestant Reformation had weakened the church

so there is more breathing space for scientists – Discoveries in the New World had opened up the

European mind to the possibility of new discoveries... wisdom that is not received

– Greater number of scientific instruments • For example the telescope was born out of

oceanic voyages

Put him in jail!!! Run Galileo!

Heh, heh,

heh!!!

Science v Religion

• Ironically, many of those who wanted to challenge the old Aristotelian and Ptolemaic model saw their efforts as redeeming God from the inelegance of Ptolemy’s mathematics… (annoying retrograde motion, for example)

• Still few atheists

A Quick Skim Through the Scientific Revolution

• Copernican Revolution – Heliocentrism (as opposed to geocentrism) – Attack on Ptolemaic and Aristotelian models

• Why? – Created a model of the universe that was much more rational, but

challenged so many ‘sacred cows’ – Church clashes with the new science

• Ironically, the Protestants (whose movement made the Scientific Revolution possible, cracked down more swiftly and harshly on the new science

• Why? They have staked their entire theology on the flawlessness of the bible… and new science contradicts the bible

– If the earth goes around the sun, how/why did Joshua command the sun to stop? – For example, if there are craters on the moon, then ‘heaven’ is not perfect as it

had been perceived • And yet, the craters on the moon are a bit hard to refute, right?

Aristotle to Copernicus

GODSUN + STARS

EARTH

A Quick Skim Through the Scientific Revolution (cont.)

• Famous post-Copernican scientists– Keplar worked out the mathematics of planetary motion

• Using Brahe’s meticulous observations

– Galileo was an empiricist• Experiments (example, acceleration of gravity) • Moons discovered around Jupiter. Why so important?

– Newton was the giant• Synthesized other great scientists work in the Principia • Everything in the universe could be understood with mathematics• Gravity explains that earthly motion and heavenly motion are the same• Gravity, inertia

Alexander Pope on Newton

• "Nature and Nature's Laws lay hid in night;God said, 'Let Newton be!' -- And all was light."

William Blake’s Newton, 1795

Impacts of the Scientific Revolution

• Scientific Method – A combination of Francis Bacon’s empiricism (inductive

reasoning) and Rene Descartes (deductive reasoning) – Hypothesis, experiment, observe and record, etc. – Testing knowledge

• Science became a great hobby of the nobility and the bourgeois (who had leisure time) – Ballooning during the French Revolution – Expands ‘the public’

• Let’s not get carried away… this was not applied science… most people didn’t know about the new ideas and it didn’t affect their personal lives

On the Scientific Method

“If one starts with assurances, then he willsurely end in doubt. If however, one is contentto begin with doubt, then he will end insurety.”

– Francis Bacon

The Enlightenment

• Inspired by the successes in Natural Science • “Hey, why can’t we develop a scientific method for

studying the social sciences?”– You might be able to see things like Capitalism,

Communism, Socialism, Utopianism coming down the pipe here

• Two Keys– Faith in reason– Faith in progress

• Compare Medieval ‘static’ life and Enlightenment Utopianism • You might even be able to see the Revolutions

coming at the end of this movement…

Zoology & Biology

A dissection at the Royal A dissection at the Royal Academy, London.Academy, London.

Chemistry Labs & Botany Gardens

Private Collections

The Origins of Modern The Origins of Modern Museums.Museums.

Natural History Collections

James Petiver’s BeetlesJames Petiver’s Beetles(London apothecary)(London apothecary)

Examples of Enlightenment Work• Science popularized (picture on page 605) • 1st Encyclopedia – compendium of knowledge • Deism

– Distant Watchmaker God– God is the laws of the universe– God is math

• Skepticism • Rise of ‘public opinion’

– Newspapers – Salons – Salonnieres

A Parisian Salon

A Parisian Salon

Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie

Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie

Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie

Famous Philosoph

• Voltaire • John Locke • Thomas Hobbes • Baron de Montesquieu • Many more… • More on these individuals and their ideas

later!

Thomas Hobbes

John Locke

Voltaire

Baron de Montesquieu

The Salonnieres

American “Philosophes”

James James MadisonMadison

(1745-1826)(1745-1826)Ben FranklinBen Franklin(1706-1790)(1706-1790)

Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson(1743-1826)(1743-1826)

Late Enlightenment Counter Movement

• Towards the end of the 18th century, there is a countermovement philosophers who attack pure reason and feel that human emotion, spontaneity, and passion have been forgotten – Rousseau

• Can we see how people like Rousseau can be challenging pure logic, but still be a part of the Enlightenment?

Rousseau

Centers of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment Triangle

Hansen Name ____________________World War II Period _________

An Introduction to the Enlightenment Note-Taking Guide

► The Root of the Enlightenment was Actually in the _________________________ of the 16th and 17th Century

• Causes of the Scientific Revolution – ________________________________________ had

weakened the church so there is more____________________ for scientists

– Discoveries in the _________________ had opened up the European mind______________________________________ ______________________... wisdom that is not received

– Greater number of ___________________________________• For example ____________________ was born out of

_________________________

► Science v Religion• Ironically, many of those who wanted to challenge the old Aristotelian

and Ptolemaic model saw their efforts ________________________ ___________________________________ from the inelegance of Ptolemy’s mathematics… (annoying ___________________, for example

• Still few ______________

► A Quick Skim Through the Scientific Revolution• Copernican Revolution

– ____________________ (as opposed to __________________) – Attack on Ptolemaic and Aristotelian models

• Why? ________________________________________ _____________________________________________

– Created a model of the universe that was _________________ ______________, but challenged so many ‘_____________________’

– Church clashed with _______________________________• Ironically, the Protestants (whose movement made the

Scientific Revolution ____________, ________________ ______________________________ on the new science

• Why? They have staked their entire theology on ______________________________________________… and new science contradicts the bible

– If the earth goes around the sun, how/why did _________command the sun __________?

– For example, if there are craters on the moon, then ___________________________________ ____________________as it had been perceived

• And yet, the craters on the moon are a bit hard _______________, right?

• ___________________________________________• Famous post-Copernican scientists

– Keplar worked out the _________________________________ • Using Brahe’s _____________________________

– Galileo was an __________________• ___________________ (example, acceleration of gravity) • Moons discovered ______________ . Why so important?

______________________________________________________________________________________________

– Newton was _________________• Synthesized other great scientists work in _____________• Everything in the universe could be understood with ______• Gravity explains that __________ motion and ___________

motion are the same• _________, _________

– Alexander Pope on Newton• "Nature and Nature's Laws lay hid in night;

God said, 'Let Newton be!' -- ________________________.“

► Impacts of the Scientific Revolution

What am I doing here if this lecture is about the 18th century? ____________________________ ________________________________________________________

►The Impact of the Scientific Revolution • Scientific Method

– A combination of Francis Bacon’s ______________ (inductive reasoning) and Rene Descartes’ ________________ reasoning

– Hypothesis, experiment, observe and record, etc. – _______________________________

• Science became a _____________of the nobility and the bourgeois (who had leisure time)

– ___________________ during the French Revolution – Expands ______________________

• Let’s not get carried away… this was not __________________… most people _______________________________and it didn’t affect their ________________________

• “If one starts with assurances, then he will surely end in doubt. If however, one is content to _____________________, then he will end ____________________.” Francis Bacon

► The Enlightenment • Inspired by the successes in _________________________ • “Hey, why can’t we develop a scientific method for studying the

_____________________________?”– You might be able to see things like Capitalism,

_____________, Socialism, ______________________ coming down the pipe here

• Two Keys– Faith in ___________– Faith in ____________

• Compare Medieval ____________ life and Enlightenment _______________________

• You might even be able to see __________________ coming at the end of this movement…

► Examples of Enlightenment Work • Science __________________ (picture on page 605) • 1st __________________– compendium of knowledge • ___________

– Distant ______________________________– God is the ____________________________– God is _____________________

• _________________________• Rise of ‘public opinion’

– __________________– __________________– __________________

• Famous Philosoph– Voltaire – _____________________– Thomas Hobbes – _____________________– Many more…

• Later Enlightenment ___________________________– Towards the end of the 18th century, there is a countermovement

philosophers who attack _____________ and feel that __________________, _______________, and passion have been forgotten

• ___________________– Can we see how people like Rousseau can be challenging pure

logic, but still be a part of the Enlightenment? _______________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________

• Centers of the Enlightenment – The Enlightenment Triangle: __________________,

__________________, and _____________________