1892troops in campaign

8/12/2019 1892troops in Campaign

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I TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN.

Army of the United States.6f,.

WASHINGTON :,_

QO- FBRTTINQ OFFIOE.

1892..h


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WAR DEPARTMENT,January h3,lfW.

The President of the United States directs that the folloningregulations for troops in canIpaign be published for the govem-nient of all concerned, and that theybe strictly observed. Nothing-Wary to the tenor of these regulations will be enjoined in anypart of the forces of the United States by any commander whatso-ever.

S. B. ELKINS,8eordasy of War.2

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CONTENTS.

Article. Title. page.


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TROOPS IN CAM-PAIGN.

ARTICLE I.

ORQ~TION OF AN mMY IN THE FIELD.

1. When it becomes necessary to concentrate the landforces of the United States for field operations they willbe organized into brigades and divisions, and if necessaryinto army corps aud separate armies.

2. A brigade will ordinarily be composed of troops ofone arm of the service. It is a tactical unit, requiring anadminiskative staff only when acting separately. It iscomposed of two or more regiments, depending On theirstrength, and is commanded by a brigadier-general, orby th% senior colonel.3. The division is the basis of organization of an army,

, and is both a tactical and administrative unit. The ad-ministrative control in matters relating to courts-martial,the supply service, and money and property axxountabil-itv. vested in the commanders of territorial departments,d&olve, in the field, upon divisioncommander&, under theorders of the commanding general of the army or depart-ment. A division is ordinarily composed of two or morebrigades of infantry or cavalry; but, under special cir-cumstances, may embrace troops of all arms of the serv-ice. It is the command of a major-general.

4. An army corps will ordinarily consist of two ot more

divisions of infantry or cavalry and a brigade of artil-lery; but, when designed to act independently, should con-tain such proportions of all arms of the service as to beself-sustaining. An army corps detached from the main


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4 TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN.

army, but operating in the same theater of operations,remains under control of the general commanding themain army. Army corps are only organized by specialauthority from the President.

5. Brieades in divisions. and divisions in armv corps,receive Gmerical designations upon their orga6izati6n:as first brigade, second division; third division, firstarmy corps, etc. Army corps are numbered in the or-der of their organization. Seuarate armies receive ter-ritorial desi&tions.

6. TempoTary organizations consisting of more thanone division, as wings, center, and reserve, may be formeduhder temporary commanders, but such temporary com-manders will not interfere with the organization or ad-ministration of the divisions thus united, and will onlydirect their movements in marches and on the field ofbattle.

7. As the troops arrive at the rendezvous or place ofconcentration they will be assigned to brigades and divi-sions by the commanding general.

COMXAITDS.

8. The commander of a separate army is assignedby thePresident. When two or more armies are combinedunder the direction of a single general he will be distin-guished by the title of general-in-chief. The command-ers of army corps are also designated by the President.In case of death or disability of the commanding generalof an army or corps the next in rank shall exercise thecommand until the will of the President be known.

9. If the commanders of brigades and divisions be notdesignated by theWar Department, they will be assignedby the commanding general of the army in the field.

10. The discharge of the functions of a commandinggeneral is greatly facilitated by the existence of the or-ganized fractions of the army, since he communicates only


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14. A provost-marshal-general will be attached to theheadauarters of the commanding general. He will haveunder his command the force necessary to preserve aproper police throughout the lines of the army; to pro-tect the inhabitants of the country from pillage and vio-lence; to keep watch on all non-military persons and campfollowers; TV follow the column on the march and bringup stragglers, and to arrest skulkers and fugitives fromthe battlefield. He will take charge of all prisoners ofwar and deserters from the enemy, and, under the direc-tion of the commanding general, will superintend the se-cret service. He will receive his orders through the chiefof staff, and make such written reports as -may be re-quired.

15. There will also be attached to the general head-quarters an officer vesbd with authority to establish, ar-range, and command the camp, place the posts andguards. and control the administrative services of theheadauarters. He will also direct the movements of itstrain, and, in conjunction with the provost-marshal-gen-eral, or by means of the necessary guard allowed him,

preserve order at headquarters.16. There will be attached to the hesdquarters of eacharmy or army corps a commissary of musters, and toeach division or separate brigade an assistant commis-sary of musters, whose duty it shall be to make all mustersinto and out of the military servme, to give any infor-mation upon the subject of musters that may be neededby officers serving in the command to which he is attached,and to exercise such supervision over the preparation ofthe regular muster and pay rolls as will secure their uni-formity, accuracy, and completeness. He will conductthe business of his office and will render reports and re-turns thereof in accordance with such instructions as may

be prescribed from time to time in orders from the Ad-jutant-Generals Office.


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ARTILLERY AND ENGINEERS. 7

1Y. The staff of an army corps shall consist of thefol-lowing officers: One assistant adjutantcgeneral, one quar-termaster, one commissary of subsistence, and one in-spector-general, who shall be assigned from the army orvolunteer force by the Secretary of War. Also the au-tthorized aides-de-camp of the commanding general. Thesenior officer of artillery in each army corps shall, in ad-dition to his other duties. a& as chief of artillerv and ord-nance at the headquarters of the corps. (Act Gf July 17,1862 sec. 10, chap. 201.)

18. The number and rank of staff officers attached tothe headquarters of a division will depend, to a certainexten$ oncreations made by Congress. There should bean assistant adjutant-general, an inspector, a judge-ad-vocate, a medical director, a commissary of musters, aprovost-marshal, and chiefs of the several administrativeservices, with the number of inferior officers and em-ploy& required by each.

19. Brigades will be provided with such administra-tive staffs as are necessarv.

LO. Separate brigades, thatis, brigades notassigned to

divisions, will be provided with such administrative staffsas are deemed necessary by the authority creating them.Commanders of such brigades have the powers of divisioncommanders in all that regards discipline and adminis-tration.

al. All staff officers who are not otherwise employedat the time act aa aids to their commanding general onthe field of battle.

92, The artillery and engineers will be organized inesch army according to the nature of the service and thetheater of operations. They will, as a rule, constitute

special commands, under their own officers, but whenas-signed to army corps and divisions will be on the foobing of other troops attaohed for service.


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8 Tnoops IN CAMPAIGN.

33. Under ordinary circumstances, from two-third9 tothree-fourths of the field batteries will be distributed tothe army corps, or to divisions, and in proportion to thestrength of those commands. The remaining batterieswill be organized into brigades, and will constitute thereserve artillery of the army.

34. The ammunition columns, with artillery mate-rial, the tools, etc., required for general repairs, willcon-stitute the grand park of the artillery; those requiredfor each army corps will constitute the artillery park ofthat car s. - -

25. I 8 it is probable that a siege train will be required,it should be organized. instructed. and held in denot untilneeded. When brought forward; it will report-directlyto the commander of the artillery for instructions.

36. The reserve artillery of the army and the artillerybrigade of each army corps should, aa far as practicable,be kept together; but on the march, or in camp, or whennear the enemy, additional batteries may be attaohedtemporarily to divisions, due provision being made fortheir proper supply.

37. If the army be not organizedinto army corps, a su-perior officer of artillery will be assigned to command theartillery of each division. He shall also act as chief ofMiller upon the staff of the division commander.

28. 4 he organization, distribution, and service of theengineers are arranged on the same general principles asthe artillery.

99. The engineer park, with the reserve pontoontrains,and two or more regiments of engineer troops, willbe under the command of an engineer officer. who renorteto and receives the orders of the officer commandink theengineers of the army. When circumstances make itexpedient, either on the march or near the enemy, en-gineer troops and bridge equipage may be distributed to&my corps-or to divisions.- - - -


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ARTILLERY AND ENGINEERS. 0

30. If the army is not organized into army corps, asuperior officer of engineers will be assigned to the com-mand of the engineers of each division, which will con-sist of one or more battalions of engineer troops and thenecessary bridge equipage, material, and stores. Heshall also actas chief engineer on the staff of the divisioncommander.

31. Commanders of artillery and engineers receive di-reetly,or through the chief of staff, the orders of the gen-eral officer under whom they serve.

33. Officers of artillery and engineers are prohibitedfrom communicating to others than the commanding gen-eral, or the general officer under whose immediate ordersthey serve, any information ae to the state of material andstores under their charge, or as to plans of position, orworks executed or to be executed under their direction.

33. An officer of the artillery, engineers, or of the staff,charged with the construction of works, or with the di-rection of other military labors to be performed by troops,will make a requisition for the necessary detail, specify-ing the number of men required, the time and place atwhich they will assemble, and the time for which theywill be required, and the name and rank of the offlcer towhom they will report, and from whom they are to receiveinstructions. This officer will direct what is to be done,how it is to be done, and will see that it is done correctly.

- It will be,the duty of all officers commanding workingparties, whatever may be their rank, to see that such in-structions are duly followed.

34. Officers of engineers attached to headquarterswill,at the close of a campaign, report their operations in allth.at concerns their specialty to the headquarters of theircorps. Those having commands will also submit copiesof the reports of battles, etc., rendered to the generalunder whom they serve, together with such special re-ports as may be necessary or useful for the records of the


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Engineer Bureau. These reports will embrace plans ofmilitary works erected, and in case of siege operationsthe journals of attack and defense.

THB ADI+lINIsTBATIvB sBBvIcEs.35. Chiefs of administrative services will, in like man-

ner, render reports to their respective bureaus, with such

information and suggestions for the improvement of theseservioea as they may be able to furnish.

QEIfERfd POLICE.36. Civilians employed with the army will carry with

them certificates of their employment from the head-quarters employing them.

8Y. Private servants will not be allowed to wear theuniform of any corps of the Army; and eaoh will be re-quired to carry with him acertificate from the officer whoemploys him, verified, for regimental officers, by the sig-nature of the colonel, for other officers under the rank ofcolonel, by the chief of their corps or department.

88. The arms and accoutermentsof deserters from theenemy will be turned over to the Ordnance Department,and their horses and other public property in their pos-session to the Quartermasters Department. The com-pensation to be accorded to deserters for such objectswill be according to appraisement made under the direc-tion of that department.

39. The enlistment of deserters from the enemy, with-out express permission from general headquarters, ispro-hibited .

ARTICLE II.

TENTS, BAQUAGE AND BAUGAGE TRAINS.

40. Tents are supplied by the Quartermasters Depart-ment on requisitions approvedby commanding generals.The number for each regiment, for general and staffoffi-

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TENTS, BAGGAGE AND TRAINS. 11

cers, for hospitals, etc., will depend to a great extentupon the season, climate, and nature of service. Theymay be dispensed with, if, in the opinion of the generalcommanding in chief, it becomes absolutely necessary.Hosnital tents are for the sick and wounded. and mustnot be diverted from their urouer use.

41. The commanding general of an army will regulateand limit the amount of baggage to be carried by each of-ficer, in accordance with the exigencies of the service.

4%. The baggage trains belonging to headquarters,and to the headquartersof army corpsand divisions, willbe in charge of officers of the Quartermasters Depart-ment attached to those headquarters.

43. The train of each regiment will be under the con-trol of the regimental quartermaster. When the severaltrains of a division, corps, or army are united the seniorofficer of the Quartermasters Department present shallhave charge of the whole.

44.. Each quartermaster, with his assistants, must bewith the train. He will require it to take and keen itsappropriate lace in the column, and will see that his wag-ons do not ci eck the march of the troops or movementsof trains in the rear.

45. None but authorized wagons are allowed to movewith the train. Those of the several headquarters, theregimental wagons, and those of traders -will be con-spicuously marked.

46. In every case where practicable, generals whohave headquarter guards will detach sentinels therefromto protect their baggage during the night, rather thancause a distinct detail to be made for the purpose.

41. The trains of brigade commanders will join with,and be mote&d in march bv. the men attached to thetrains03 the regiments in the&respective brigades. Theregimental trains will be guarded in march, as far as prac-ticable, by convalescents, or men non-effective in theranks, and in the cavalry by dismounted men.


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4% When trains are to be escorted with a view to de-fense, they will then become convoys, and, in such cases,the offlcer in chargeof the same will be under the ordersof the commander of the escort.

49. The several trains will move in the order corre-sponding with the position in the column of marchof thecorps to which they belong. The general supply trains ofthe army will have a place especially assigned them.

50. General officers will not permit officers of their ..commands, nor any persons whatsoever attached thereto,to have more than the anthorized amount of transportrt-tion; and, to properly enforce this regulation., they willmake, or cause to be made,, frequent inspections of thetrains. They will not permit a trooper to be dismountedthat an officer may use his horse, nor to be employed tolead a private horse, nor allow a soldier to drive a privatevehicle. They will not permit the wagons of the artillery,or trains, to carry anything but the authorized articles,nor a public horse, on any occasion, to be harnessed to anrivate carriape.* 51. The depot quartermaster will provide storage fora reasonable amount of officers surplus baggage, and theextra clothing and equipage of the men.

ARTICLE III.

HEADQUARTERS, DEPOTS,ETC.

52. A general officer encamps near the center of hiscommand on the main line of communication. If histroops bivouac in the presence of the enemy he shouldbivouac with them.

48. The grand depots of an army are established atpoints which are not threatened by military operations.

Minor depots are established at convenient points for thetemporary supply of an army, or fractions thereof, wherealso may be located general hospitals and convalescent


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ISSUE OF RATIONS, ETC. 15 ;

camps, to which the disabled are sent for treatment, andfrom which those fit for service may be forwarded. Theymay also be made points for the re&pt and distributionof recruits tend detachments.

ISSUE OP xA l Io ?s.

54. The time and period for the issue of rations will de-end on circumstances, and will be regulated in orders.

.- # hen a command is not moving, they will be made forthe period of three or four days. Issues to the companiesof a regiment will be superintended by an oi&er detailedfor that purpose.

ARTICLE IV.

IlfTEENCEED POSTS.

55. Posts connected with the operations of an army areestablished only by the order of the general command-ing the army. An intrenchment that requires artilleryis considered a post, and a guard or garrison and com-mander are assigned to it.

56. The general who establishes an intrenched post,gives to its commander detailed instructions in regard toits defense, and the circumstances under which the de-fense should cease.

57. The commander reconnoiters his post; distributesthe troops; posts the officers and non-commissioned of-cers; forms a reserve, and gives orders for all thecontin-gencies which he can foresee. Having defended his oost%o he last extremity, or until the purpose of the defenseis served, he may then disable his guns and rejoin thearmy, under cover of night, or by cutting his way throughthe enemy.

CAMPS.

58. In the selection of camp grounds great care will beexercised aa to wood, water, healthy location, and theroads by which the supplies are to reach them.


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59. Troops will encamp in strict military order, readyat any moment to form in order of battle or march. Thefront of the camp should be on or near the line of battle,and should be equal to the front of the command whendeployed in strong battle order. Camps near theenemyshould be covered by light intrenohments.

60. The form of camps for regiments of cavalry and in-fantry, and batteries of artillery, will be found in thedrill regulations of the several arms. They will be fol-lowed, unless the general in command prescribes otherwise.

acIuTARY EXERCISES.

61. When troops remain in camps or cantonmentsmany days, regimental commanders will require them tobe given proper tactical instruction. They will notbe exercised at firing without the authority of the general commanding in chief. The practice of the fieldmusicmust never begin with the Lgeneral, the march,Lboots and saddles, to horse, or to arms. Thehour for practice is always announced.

ARTICLE V.

RECOIPNAISSAKCES.63. Speoial reconnaissances are made under the in-

structions of the general commanding,, and by such offi-cers, and with such force, as he may direct.

68. Offensive or forced reconnaissances are to ascer-tain, with certainty, the enemys position, or his strengthat special places. They are sometimes preludes to ac-tions, and sometimes only demonstrations. They drive inhis outposts, and may engage special corps of his line.They will only be made by order of the general command-ing in chief, or by the commander of an isolated corps.


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MILITARY OCCUPATION, ETC.

ARTICLE VI.

MIUTABY OCOUPA CIO~, CORTNBUTI 0198, AXD mum-TIOBS.

64. Military jurisdiction in the enemyscountry, underthe lays and usages of war, extends to property and per-sons within the territory occupied or controlled by theArmy.68. It is exercised by commanding generals, under theinstructions of the War Department. It is based uponmilitary necessity, and applies to those measures whichare indispensable for securing the objects and ends of thewar, and for the proteotion of life and property of non-combatants.

66. Military necessity admits of all direct destructionof armed enemies, and other personswhose destruction isincidentally unavoidable in armed contests. It admitsthe capture of every armed enemy, and of every enemy ofimportance to the hostile government or of danger to thecaptor. It allows the destruction of property; the ob-struction of the ways and channels of traffic, travel, orcommunication; the withholding of subsistence or meansof life from the enemy, and the appropriation of what-ever an enemys country affords necessary for the sub-sistence and safety of the army.

67. Military authority may suspend the execution ofthe laws of the hostile and occupied country. It may sus-pendor change the relations which arise from the servicesdue, according to the existing laws of the invaded coun-try, from one citizen or subject of the same to another.It may collect and appropriate public revenue and taxes,and confiscate public property. Unarmed citizens are tobe spared and protected in their persons and property, inso far as the exigencies of war will admit, and will be as

little disturbed in their private relations as possible.


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16 TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. k

68. When the needs of the army absolutely require it,and in other cases, under special instructions from theWar Department, the general commanding the army maymake requisitions, in money or kind, on the enemys .country occupied by the troops. No other officer can levy Ccontributions or make requisitions, except under specialauthority from the War Department.

69. All property, public or rivate, lawfully takenfrom the enemy, or from the in I abitants of an enemyscountry, by the forces of the United States, instantly be-comes the public property of the United States, and mustbe lmcounted for as such. Property captured, or taken byway of requisition belongs to the United States, and cannot, under any circumstances, be appropriated to in-dividual benefit.

70. Officers will be held strictly responsible that allproperty taken from alleged enemies by them, or withtheir authority, is inventoried and duly accounted for. Ifthe property taken can be claimed as private, receiptsmust be given to the claimants or their agents, and it mustbe accounted for in the same manner as public nronertv.

71. When a foraging party is sent out for provisionsor other stores, the commanding officer will be held a~-countable for the conduct of his command, and that atrue report is made of all property taken.

76. No officer or soldier shalLwithout authority, leavehis colors or ranks to pillage, br enter a private housefor that purpose. All such acts are punishable withdeath, and any officer who shall permit them will be heldequally guilty with the actual pillager.

Y8. It is forbidden to purchase horses without ascer-taining the right of the party to sell. Stolen horses shallbe restored. Estrays in the enemys country, when theowners are not discovered, will be taken for the Army.

74. Neither officers nor soldiers are allowed to makeuse of their positions or power in the enemys country forprivate gain, even for commercial transactions vther-


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17AFEGUARDS.

wise legitimate. Offenses to the contrary? committed bycommissioned officers, will be punished with cashiering,or such other punishments as the nature of the offensemy require; if by soldiers, they shall be punished a~-cording to the nature of the offense.

Y 5. All wanton violence committed against persons inthe invaded country may be punished with the death ofthe offender, or such other punishment may be inflicted asmay be deemed adequate td the gravity of the offense.Any officer or enlisted man committing such violence,and disobeying a superior ordering him to abstain there-from, may be lawfully killed on the spot by such superior.

ARTICLE VII.

SAFEGUARDS.76. Safeguards are written protections granted to per-

sons or property, by the commanding general of an army inthe field. They are usually given to protect hospitals, mu-seums, establishments of religio;, charity, or education,mills, post-of&es, and other institutions of public bene-fit; also to individuals whom it may be to the interestGfthe Army to,respect.

FORM OF A SAFEGUARD.By order of -.

A safeguard is hereby granted to (A. B. --; stating precise1the lace, nature, and description of the person, property, or builB-ingsP. All officers and soldiers belonging to the Army of the UnitedStates are therefore commanded to respect this safeguard, and toafford, ifnecessary, protectionto(person, family, orpropertyof-,as the case may be).

Given at Headquarters of the -day of -.A. B. -.

Major-General Commanding-in-Chtif.C. D. -,

Assistant Ad&tan&General.

7%. The act of February 13,1862, will be printed or-written across the face of the safeguard. Safeguards willbe sumbered and registered. .

1176-2


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PRISONERS OF WAR. 19

enemy who are known to give no quarter: deserters fromthe militarv service of the United States who have vol-untaril eniered the service of the enemy.

83. $he principle being recognized that the medicalofficers, stewards, nurses, attendants, and chaplainsshould not be held as prisonersof war, they will be imme-diately and unconditional1 discharged, unless the enemy

- has previously failed to ta i e like action in like cases.88. Prisoners of war will be disarmed and sent to therear, and reported as soon as practicable to the general

headquarters.84.. Commanders of denartments or armies in the field,

having prisoners of war in their possession, will requirefull descriptive rolls to be prepared, showing the rank,regiment, and company or corps of each prisoner and thetime and place of his capture. These rolls will be for-warded without delay to@e Adjutant-General, withaletter of transmittal, showing what disposition has beenmade of the prisoners, and giving any other informationthat may be useful. They should be signed by the offi-cer taking charge of the prisoners at the time they arecaptured.85. Generals commanding departments or armies inthe field may, at their discretion, send prisoners of war tothe general depots, furnishing them with proper de-scriptive rolls, showing in each case the rank, regiment,and company or corps, ma place and ah3 of capture;after whmh their charge of them will cease.

86. Whoever intentionally kills or wounds an enemyalready disabled, or who orders or encourages others todo so. shall suffer death.

S?: Every prisoner of war will be treated with the con-sideration due his rank. He is required to obey thenecessary orders given him, and upon being duly interro-

gated. is reauired to disclose his name. rank. and desig-nation in the military service. Wounded prisoners a;eto be treated with the same care as the wounded of the


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Every prisoner of war is entitled to one ration perg??eenardless of rank : other allowances to them will de-pe&d &conventions with the enemy. Prisoners ,horses,arms, and other public property will be taken up and ac-counted for, as captured property, in accordance with therequirements of paragraph 38 of these regulations.

88. Money and other valuables on the person of a ris-oner, such as watches and jewelry, as well as extra P oth- .ing, are regarded as private property. The appropriationof such property is considered dishonorable, and is pro-hihit&.-l_l--.

89. A prisoner of war, being a public enemy, is theurisoner of the Government and not of the cantor. No ran-som can be paid by a prisoner of war to 6is individualcaptor or to any officer in command. The Governmentalone releases captives, according to rules prescribed byitself.

90. Prisoners of war are subject to such confinementor restraint as may be deemed necessary, but they areto be subjected to no other intentional suffering or indignity. The confinement of a prisoner may be varied dur-

ing his captivity, according to the demands of safety.91. Aprisonerof war, while attempting to escape, maybe shot; but if recaptured neither aeeth nor any otherpunishment shall be inflicted upon him simply for his atrtempt to escape, which the laws of war do not considera crime. More rigorous methods of confinement may beresorted to after en unsuccessful attempt. If, however,a conspiracy be discovered, the purpose of which is aunited or general escape by force, the conspirators maybe severely unished, even with death. Capital punish-ment may a so be inflicted1 upon prisoners of war whohave plotted rebellion against the capturing authority,whether in combination with fellow-prisoners or other

persons.92. A prisoner of war remains answerable for offensesagainst the captors army or people committed previous


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COMMISSARY-GENERAL, PRISONERS. 21

to his capture, ma for which he has not been punishedby his own government. All prisoners of w&r ere liableto the infliction of retaliatory measures, if such arefoundnecessary.

98. Sick end wounded prisoners, as far as practicable,will be collected in hospitals designated by the Surgeon-General for their exclusive use. A suitable guard will bedetailed by the commander of the departmd, in whichsuch hos itals itre situated. The commander of the

3uard wll make the returns and reports required of de-pot commanders. Convalescent prisoners will be sentto permanent depots as often as may be convenient.

TEE COXXISURY-GERRRAL OF PRISOREBS.

_

.

94. In time of war a commissary-general of prisonerswill he announced,and all communications relating topris-oners of war will pass through him. Depots for prisonerswill be designated by the Secretary of War, to whioh suit-able and permanent guards will be assigned, the whole tobe under the orders of the commissary-general of prison-

ers. He will establish regulations for issuing clothing,and will direct the manner in which funds arising fromthe saving of rations at the prison hospitals or stationsshall be accounted for and disbursed, to provide such a.r-titles as he msy deem necessary for the welfare of theprisoners, He is authorized to grant paroles, on therecommendation of the medical officer attached to theprison, in cases of extreme illness, but under no other cir-tiumstances.

95. If not otherwise provided, guards for depots andprison stations will be detailed bv the commander of the?lepartment in which such depot; are situated on the applioation of the commissary-general of prisoners. Such

&*

uards will not be relieved or changed without informing

1l11of the face but all returns and reports of theseguards will be made to the department commanders, who


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are responsible for their discipline, as in the case of othertroops.

96. The commissary-general of prisoners has author-ity to call for such reports from officers commanding de-p&a of prisoners as niay be necessary for the proper-d+charge of his duties.

91. A full record of all prisoners of war will be kept inthe office of the commissary-general of prisoners, in suitable books, giving the name, rank, regiment, atia com-pany or co a of each military prisoner, and the residenceof each clv3 prisoner, with the charges against him, andthe time and place of his capture or arrest. Any specialinformation of importance will be added from time totime in the column of remarks. When disposed of byexchange, parole, or release, the authority therefor andthe date ~111 be noted on the record. In case of death,the date, cause, place of burial and number of grave willbe recorded.

PAROLE AND EXCFXANOEOF PRISONERS.

98. The exchange of prisoners, and the release of offi-cers on parole, will be regulated by the War Depart-ment.

99. The release of prisoners of war by exchange is thegeneral rule; release by parole is the exception.-

100. The exchange of prisoners is made under a car-tel, mutually agreed upoh by the belligerents, statingat what times, in whet manner, and at what rates theexchange shell be made and the prisoners delivered.

101. A declaration of exchange can only properly em&nat.e from the Office of the Adjutant-General. Whenevercommanders are authorized to make exchanges, theirauthority is restricted to the delivery of prisoners of warand to the receipt of others as equivalents. Thejr will

furnish the commissary-general of prisoners with listsof all persons thus received and delivered, upon the re-ceiat of which the order declaring the exchange will be


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a4 TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN.

serve during an existing war, unless exchanged. Thispledge refersonly to active service in the field against theparoling belligerent or his allies. The breach of such aparole can be punished with death. The pledge of theparole, however, does not refer to internal services? suchas recruiting, mustering, or drilling recruits; fortlfyingplaces not besieged; quelling civil disorder; fighting against belligerents in no way connected with the parol-ing belligerents; or to any civil or diplomatic serviceupon which the paroled officer may be employed.

109. If the government does not approve ofhis pa-role, the officer giving it must return into captivity.Should the enemy refuse to receive him he is absolvedfrom all obligation.

110. A belligerent government may declare, by a gen-eral order, whether it will allow paroling, or on whatconditions it will allow it. Such orders are communi- cated to the enemy.

111. No prisoner of war can be forced, by the hostile

kovernment, to parole himself, and no government is ob-aged to parole prisoners of war, or to parole all cap-tured officers if it paroles any. As the pledge of thearole is an individual act, so 1s paroling, on the otherfland, an act of choice on the part of the belligerent.

11% Whenever prisoners of war are released on paroleand sent through the lines, the officer whoreleases themwill immediately send descriptive rolls to the Adjutant-General, containing an exact list of the prisoners, withrank, regiment, and company, date and place of capture,and narole. These rolls are indispensable in effecting exchanges of prisoners.

118. The commissary-general of prisoners has chargeof paroled officers and men of the United States Army, and of all correspondence relating to them.


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MARCHES. aa- j

ARTICLE IX.

MARCHRS.114. The strength of the Army, the objects to be cm-

complished, the position of the enemy, and the number ofavailable roads determine the order of march, the num-ber of columns, and the character of troops of which eachcolumn is composed. The intervals between columnsshould be such as will enable them to readily communi-cate with and mutually sustain each other, and to reunitewith facility whenever necessary.

I 15. The general,sounded one hour before the timedesignated for marching, is the signal to strike tents, loadwagons, pack animals, and send them to the place of as-sembly.

116. The execution of marching orders must not bedelayed. If the commander is not with the troops whenthey are to march, the next in rank puts the column inmotion.

117. The advance and rear guard aie ordinarilyformed of lieht troons. Their strength and comuositionin different &rms are regulated according to the natureof the country and position of the enemy.

118. The entire advance guard does not always pre-cede the column; most of it may be deployed to coveraflank exposed to the enemys attack. The deployed menwill move on the exposed flank and resist anydemonstrrt-tion on the part of the enemy as best they can, until thecolumn is prepared to meet it.

119. The ioneers of eaoh brigade or division will beunited at the t ead of the column, when their services arenecessary to remove obstacles or overcome difficulties onthe roads to be traversed by the troops.

l%O. Night marches should not be undertaken exceptfor urgent reasons. When made, great caution will beexercised to prevent straggling. Guides will be posted


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a6 TROOPS IN ChMPAIGN.

at crossroads, or at localities where the proper route maybe difficult to determine, in order to point out the direc-tion to be taken.

121. The column will halt as often as the object of themarch and the dist,ance to be traversed will permit.Frequent and short halts serve the purpose of restingand reforming the troops, enabling them to adjust theirequipments and to obey the calls of nature.

122. Commanders of divisions, brigades, and regi-ments frequently send officers to the rear to see that thetroops of their commands march in the prescribed orderand keep their distances, To quicken the march, thegeneral warns the colonels, and may direct a prescribedsignal to be sounded. which will be reneated in all the6 iments.

f 28. On the march, no one shall fire a gun, or givethe signal for the halt or march, unless ordered to do so.

124. When it can be avoided, troops should not beassembled at places where they will impede the move-ments of other troops. A staff officer wili be sent by thedivision commander to the annointed rendezvous tr, re-

ceive them ss they arrive, and place them in their properpositions in order of battle, or of march, as may be con-templated.

125. The hour of march for each corps, when severalare to take the same route. will be reculated bv the Gen-eral-in-chief, or by the senior gene%1 present, in casethe former has not given his orders on the subject.

126. On the march, when practicable, the battalionsof a brigade may, in turn, have the advance, the battalionleading on one day being placed in rear upon the follow-ing day. Battalions may be marched by the right andleft flanks alternately, so that the head of a battalioncolumn upon one day will become its rear on the day suc-

ceeding.1WY. The led horses of officers, and the horses of dis-mountedmen, follow their regiments. When the general


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MARCHES. a7

orders the field train and ambulances to take places in thecolumn, he designates the position they shall take.

198. If two corps advancing in opposite directionsmeet on the same road, each passes to the right, unlesstheir future routes require otherwise, and both continuethe march, if the rosd is sufficiently wide; if it is not, thefirst in order of battle takes the road, the other halts.

1 SS. A corps in march must not be cut by another. Ifthe corps meet at crossroads, that which arrives lasthalts if the other is in motion. A corpsin march passesa corps at a halt, if it has precedence in the order of battle,or if the halted corps is not ready to move at once.

180. A column that halts to allow another to pass re-sumes the march in advance of the latters train. If acolumn must pass a train, the train halts, if necessary,until the column passes. That column which has nrece-dence must yield if, if its commander, on seeing the ordersof the other, finds that the interests of the service de-mand it.

18 1. For the accommodation of the sick and disabled,a wagon, or ambulance, will be attaohed to the rear guard

of each battalion, when practicable; and a surgeon willbe present to give assistance, and to see that no improperpersons are suffered to avail themselves of the transportation. If a man is taken sick the company commandermay direct a corporal to remain with and report him tothe surgeon.

18% To prevent straggling and all its attendant evils,commanding officers of regiments may require the rollsof companies to be called, and results to be reported tothem, after the troops are formed for and before com-mencing the march. Canteens should be filled beforestarting. Captains will cause an officer to march in therear of their companies, with instructions not to allow anyman to leave the ranks without written uermission. andwithout leaving his arms and equipment; with hisborn-pany if his absence is to be of short duration.

J


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ARTICLE X.

JOURNALS OF lttAmxE8, rttmTARY MAPS.

133. The commanding officer of every body of troopsordered to march will select a competent person, prefer-ably a commissioned officer, to whom he will intrust thespecial duty of making the field notes and sketches, andkeeping the journals hereinafter re uired for the prep*ration of amapof the route traverse 8 . The person so se-lected will be relieved of so much of his routine dutiesas will enable him to give due attention to the subject.The commanding officer will, daily or more frequently,inspect and varify the notes and journals.

134. The journal will be kept m notebooks, issued bythe Engineer Department for that pur ose. If they cannot be obtained, it will be kept in booIPIs made of sheetsfolded to half the letter-paper size. (For specimen pagesof the notebook adopted for issue and use see pages 28Aarid 28B.)

135. Notebooks will be freelv used. and to guardagainst loss of valuable data, cop?es will be made,veri-fied, and retained, and the originals forwarded to army orde artment headquarters at every available opportunity.WE enever a sufficient halt is made, a map of the routeup to thatpoint, together with a report thereon, will betransmitted in the same manner. When passing overknown routes, the notes will be kept with the same careas upon routes which are new.

ARTICLE XI.

COIT'JOYS ANDTEEIRESCOETS.-

136. The strength and composition of the escort of aconvoy depend on the country, the nature and value ofthe convoy, and the dangers it may incur.


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29- CONVOVS, ETC.

13Y. The commander of the escort should receive de-tailed instructions in writing, as to the condition of thecountry to be traversed, the dangers to be apprehendedfrom natural or other causes, the order of march and thedispositions to be made to guard against or resist attack,and, if cavalry enter into the composition of the escort,the uses to be made of it.

138. As far as the defense permits, the commander ofthe escort shall refer to the officer in charge of the convovfor the hours of departure, and halts, the parking andorder of the train and the precautions to be taken againstaccidents.

139. Officers who accompany the convoy, but do notbelong to the escort, shall not exercise authoritvin it ex-cept by consent of the commander. If they arejunior tothe commander, the latter may assign them to duty if thedefense requires it.

140. In marching through a hostile country great pre-caution will be taken to prevent surprise. At night, par-ticular attention should be naid tonarking. either incir-cles, or squares; with axles of wagonstouching and

tongues within the inclosure; also, to the positions ofgua&ls, sentinels, or outposts. If the nature of the routeto be traversed demands it, small reconoitering partiesshould be sent out from the camp before moving, andwhile on the march, advance and rear guards and dank-ers should be maintained, at sufficient&tance from theconvoy to give timely information of any hostile indica-tions, that the necessary dispositions may be made forproper defense or attack.

141. In case of attack. if the whole convov can not bedefended the most valuable part, may sometimes be savedby abandoning the rest. If all efforts fail, and there isno hope of succor, the convoy must be set on fire 44d

the animals killed that can not be saved.


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ARTICLE XII.

MOVEXBBT OF YROOPSBY RAIL AND WATER.143. When troops are ordered to move by rail or

water, the commanding officer thereof will furnish thefollowing information to the quartermaster, to whom ap-plication is made for the necessary transportation:

(1) Anexact return of the command, showing the num-ber of officers, enlisted men, and animals, and weight ofbaggage to be transported.

(2) Acopy of theorder directing the movement.143. Sufficient notice will be given in every case to en-

able the Quartermasters Department to prepare the re-quisite transportation. The length of such notice willdepend upon the urgency of the movement, the strengthof the command, and the amount of railway or watertransportation available.

?&OVEMBX?TSY RAIL.144 It is the duty of the Quartermasters Depart-

ment to make suitable arrangements for transportationof the command.

145. As soon as the transportation is provided, it willbe carefully inspected, by the commanding officer, to see.that the cars are in proper condition, and sufficientlysupplied with fuel and water.

146. In the transportation of organized commands,the following regulations will be observed: The cars willbe assigned to the several companies by the commandingofficer, who will cause to be marked, with chalk, on thesteps of each passenger car,, and on the side of each freightor stock car, the design&on of the company or detach-ment to whmh it is assigned.

147. The field baggage will be loaded by details from

the several companies, under the direction of the quarter-master of the detachment or command. The rations, for-


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of the oompany commanders. The baggage will be un-loaded by details from the several companies under direo-tion of the quartermaster. The commanding officer willthen cause the cars to be inspected. If it is found thatthey have been damaged by the troops, he will call aboard of survey to investigate the circumstances, to as-certain the amount of damage, and to report the party orparties responsible for it, against whom he will proceed ascontemplated in the fifty-fourth Article of War.

MOVBMEltTS BY WATFZ.

IQ % Military commanders charged with the embark-ation of troops, and officers of the Quartermasters Departrt-ment intrusted with the selection of transports, will seethat the vessels employed are entirely seaworthy andproper for such service, and that suitable arrangementsaremade in them for the health and comfort of the troops.

153. If, in the opinion of the officer commanding thetroops to be embarked, the vessel is not proper or suit-ably arranged, the officer charged with the embarka-

tion shall cause her to be inspected by competent and ex-perienced persons.154. In inspecting water transportation for troops,

the inspector must be governed by circumstances andnecessities, but not to the extent of endangering life.Ordinarily, and especially in voyages of any length, ves-ssels whichwould furnish reasonable comfort to passen-

. gers must be provided. If there be anything to indicatenecessity for a critical inspection, the services of an ex-pert will be employed.

155. The inspector will call for the written contract ifthere be one,. andsee that its stipulations are compliedwith. He will report whether the vessel is adapted to

the purpose and vo age designed, or in what particular,if any, she may be Llefective, and whether any repairs ora&erations are necessary before sailing.


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33

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MOVEMENTS BY WATER.

136. The inspector will ascertain how the vessel israted at the underwriters, the apparent age of the hulland machinery, and their existing condition. He willin-quire when the vessel was last in dock, the condition ofthe engines and boilers, and ascertain when they wereput in. He will examine whether the pumping machin-ery, outfit of tackle, spare spars, et&, are sufficient;whether there is an ample provision of boatslife-buoys,and spare parts of machinery, and whether there is &frWent deck room for auarters for officers and enlistedmen, and will see that ihe limit of tonnage and passen-gers prescribed by law is not exceeded. He will see thatthe vessels crew is large enough for her proper working,and inquire into the comuetencv of the officers: he willsee thai, the proper instruments of navigation, compasses,etc., are provided. He will report if the chronometershave been rated, and if there is a supply of charts. Thedistilling apparatus water tanks, and butts will be exam-ined to see if there 1s sufficient water for passengers andcrew. He will especially inspect the cooking arrange-ments? see that the vessel is clean, and that the portionocoupred by troops is dry and well ventilated.151. To secure and preserve discipline, provide againstdisaster from the elements, or attack by the enemy, thesenior officer in the military service, present upon anytransport, will assume command of the troops (unless hefinds. on aoine on board. acommander alreadv designatedby propeG authority), and he will take all neckssar -meas-ures to put his command into the best state of e &clencyto meet any emergency, and will enforce an observanceof the requirements of the following paragraphs:

158. At the earliest moment after the embarkation.the troopswill be inspected, organized into detachmentsor oompanies, officersand quarters being assigned to eachorganization. So far as practicable the men of each com-pany will be assigned to the same part of the vessel, andsquads to contiguous berths.

1176-3


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159. Arms will be so placed, if there be no racks, as tobe secure from injury,. and enable the men to reach thempromptly. Ammumtlon and cartridge boxes will be se-cured from fire; reserve ammunition to be reported tothe mast&r of the transport, with request that he desig-nate a safe place of deposit.

160. No officer will quit theship without the permia-sion of the officer comm~anding on board.

161. Theguard will be proportioned according to thenumber of sentinels required: At sea, the guaFds willmount with side arms only. Sentinels will be kept nearthe fires, with buckets of water at hand, promptly to extin-guish themif necessary. Smoking will not be allowedbe-tween decks or in the cabins; nor shall lights be permitrtad between decks, except such ship lanterns as themaster of the transport may direct, or those carried bythe officer of the guard in the execution of his dutv.

i69. The commending officer will make ar;ange-merits, in concert with the master of the vessel, for callingthe troops to quarters, so that in case of alarm.on accountof storm or fire, or the approach of an enemy., every manmay repair promptly to his station; but he will take carenot to crowd the deck. The troops not required at theguns or to assist the sailors, and those who can not be ad-vantageously employed with small arms, will be formedas a reserve between decks.

163. All the troops will turn out for inspection at aprescribed hour in the morning without arms (in warmweather without shoes or stockings), when every indi-vidual will be clean-his hands, face, and feet washedand his hair combed. The same personal inspection willbe repeated thirty minutes before sunset. The cooksmay be exempted from one of these daily inspections ifnecessary.

164. Officers will enforce cleanliness. The weatherpermitting, bedding will be brought on deck every morn-ing for airing. In harbor, where there is no danger from


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aar Recruits, and all enlisted men requiring it, willf e reauentlv drilled in the setting uu exercises.

lY& At6orning and evening parades the surgeon willexamine the men, to observe whether they exhibit any in-dications of disease.

IYS. The sick will, as far as practicable, be separatedfrom the well. On the first auuearance of malignant con-tagion a signal will be made for the hospitalvvessel (if;yrre be one in the company), and the sick removed to

.114. A good supply of hospital stores and medicines

willbe taken on each vessel. and used onlv for the sickand convalescent.

115. The surgeon will warn the men against costive-ness on approaching a hot climate. In passing the WestIndies to the southern coast, for instance, and for someweeks after landing in that latitude, great care is requiredin the use of fruit, asstrangersare not competent to judgeof its effects, and most kinds after long voyages are m-jurious.

116. The commanding officer will, on arriving in sightof port, require written reports of the voyage from thesenior officer of each staff department on board. Thesereports he will transmit, with his own, through the properchannel to the Adjutant-General. The reuorts shouldgive any facts of interest relating to the accommodatiouand health of the troops, the manner in which the officers and crew of the transport have performed their du-ties, the length of the voyage, and any observationswhich may enable the War Department to detect andcorrect abuses and nunish neclect.

IYY. In loading Vessels width subsistence supplies orother stores for a military expedition, the cargo of each ,should be composed, as far as practicable, of a full assort-ment of such ammunation, supplies and stores as may beneeded by the troops upon arrival, that they may be usedat once in case of necessity should other storeships be de-


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TRANSPORTATIOlt OF HORSES.

18% Transports for horses should be specially prepared forthe purpose. Ventilation is of primary impor-tance, thesafety and condition of the horses mainly de-pendmgupon their having plenty of fresh air. Large air-ports or scuttles are indispensable, and wind-sails downevery hatch, to each deck, will be insisted upon. If timepermits, fixed air shafts shouldbe provided for each deck.The ventilation of steamers may be assisted by using thedonkey engines for this purpose.

188. Stalls are preferable between decks; never, if itcan beavoided, in the hold. Should horses be put on thespardeck, nothing will be stowed on the stall-sheds. Stallsshould be about six and one-half feet long, and twentyeight inches wide; tail boards fastened to the rear posts,and padded as low as the hock; breast boards and sideboards fitted in grooves about four feet from the floor,the first padded on the inner side and upper edge, thelatter on both sides ; the floors of the stalls setonblocks,that the water may pass under them ; four slats acrosseach floor to give the horses foothold. Troughs shouldbe made to hang with hooks, so as to be easily removed.Before the embarkation, the side boards will be removedand replaced as each horse is put in his stall.

184. In embarking horses from the wharf they areslung; or,if the height of the vessels sides permit, they areled by ramps to the deck, and then lowered. If the trans-port can not lie at a wharf, the horsesare brought along-side in lighters and transferred by slings. In hoistinghorseson board, the slings are made fast toa hook at theend of the fall, or the knot is tied by an expert seaman,so that it will be well secured and easily loosed. Eachhorse is run up quickly to prevent him from plunging,his ascent and descent being regulated by two guys at-

tached to the halter, one held on the wharf or lighter,andthe other on the transport. A portable stall may also beemployed, into which a horse may be led; the stall is


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ADVANCE GUARDS, ETC. 39

then hoisted by a donkey engine. Horses will not be puton board after severe exercise nor unless perfectly cool.

185. Horsesmust not beoverfed, and branshouldformpart of their diet. At the usual hour for stable duty theeyes and nostrils of each horse are wiped with a wetrag.Oqcasionall the nostrils will be eponged with vinegar andwater and t I e troughs washed. Should any contagiousdisease appear, the animal attacked will be promptlykilled and thrown overboard, and precautions againstinfection taken.

ARTICLE XIII.ADVANCE OUARDS AND OUTPOSTS.

186. The covering detachments of an army or campare the advance guards and outposts. Their purpose isto cover its approaohes, to discover and observe any hos-tile demonstrations or movements of the enemy, to givetimely warning thereof to the main body, and in theevent of his advance, to resist him for such length of timeas will enable the main body of the army to make properdispositions for battle.181. The advance guards of an army are usually fur-nished by brigades? wnd are posted and established underthe direction of brigade commanders. When the armyencamps in line of battle each brigade commander establishes the outposts in his immediate front. He is respon-sible for their strength and efficiency, and that connec-tion is at all times maintained between his outposts andthose of the brigades on his right and left. The com-mander of abrigade on the flank of an army will, in addi-tion, establish such lines of outposts on the flank occupiedby him as may be deemed necessary. If the army be en-cam ed in one or more columns the outposts to the front

will ?Ie furnished by the leading brigades of each column,and outpost9 drawn from the other brigades will be es-tablished on the exposed flank and in rear of esch col-


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umn in such number and force as may be deemed necessary by the general commanding. When detachmentsoperate independently, outposts are established by thedetaohment commander at such points andin suoh num-ber as he may consider essential to prevent surprise.

188. The strength of the advance guards depends,onthe strength of the main body, the nature of the country,

the position and strength of the enemy, and the disposi-tion of the inhabitants in the vicinity. It is commandedby a field officer, who is under the direction of a brigadefield officer of the dav. who in turn is sunervised bv thebrigade and division&mmanders. In c&e of nece&ity,captains may be &led to the roster of fleld officers forthis detail.

189. Advance guards are usually established at thesame timeas other guards. They may be mounted beforedaybreak, if the brigade commander deems it necessaryto change or double the outposts at that time. The doub-ling of guards, however, weakens the corps and fatiguesthe men, and should seldom be resorted to, especiallywhen preparing to march or fight.

190. An advance guard is conducted to its post by itscommanding officer. guided bv a staff officer who under-stands the d&position% which ihe General wishes to make.After the post has been established the commander com-municates with the brigade commander for any instruc-tions he may wish to receive, to meet special circum-stances which may arise. In the evening he sends anon-commissioned officer for the parole and countersign,which he furnishes before dark to the advanced posts.He will not suffer his guard to be relieved except bya guard of the brigade or in accordance with specialorders directing his action.

191. The commander of an advance guard receivesdetailed instructions from the General-in-Chief, from hisdivision and brigade commanders, and from the field of%cer of the day.. He instructs the commanders of the out-


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ADVANCE QUARDS, ETC.

posts in their duties, and explains to them the arrange-ments for defense and retreat. The commanders of ad-vance guards may, in urgent cases, change the positionsof the outposts. If the change is to be made at night,the outposts wait until the advance guard is in position,and darkness hides their movements from the enemy,and then march silently and rapidly under the charge ofan officer.

199. If there is no pass to be watched or defended, thesupports are placed near the center of the ground theyare to cover, ina sheltered, and if possible high, position,the better to conceal their strength and observe theenemy. When during the day they are placed very near,or in sight of the enemy, the posts at night may be changedor points selected during the day.

199. In broken or mountainous countries (particularlyif the inhabitants are ill-disposed), or when the advanceguard is posted at a considerable distance from the camp,intermediate nests will be established between it and themain body of ihe command to preserve communications.

194. The sentinels or outposts, and the videttes or

mounted sentinels, are placed on points from which theycan see to the front with the greatest advantage, but soas to preserve communication with each other and withtheir uickets. Thev are concealed from the enemv asmuch *as possible bi walls trees, or elevated ground.They should not be placed in positions where the enemymay capture them.

198. If a nest must be established bevond communica-tion with thehicket, acorporal and threemenare assignedto it, or two sentinels placed upon it, that one may beavailable to communicate with, the picket. During theday communications may be made by signals previouslyagreed upon. At night sentipels are placed on low groundor in slight depressions, that objects approaching maybe better seen.196. A sentinel should always be ready to fire; videttescarry their carbines at an advance. A sentinel once sat-


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isfied that the enemy is advancing, must fire, though alldefense on his part is useless, M the safety of the postmay depend on the alarm thus given. Sentinels fire onall hersons deserting to the enemy.

197. Tolessen the duty of rounds, and keep the senti-nels more on the alert it night, posts may be relievedever hour. With raw troops, or when the light troopsof tKe enemy are numerous or active, and when thecountry is broken or wooded, or the night dark andstormy, sentinels will be posted m. oairs. -

198. The following are the e&era1 instructions togrand guards, independent of any special orders whichmay be given: To inform the nearest posts and the fieldofficer of the day, or the brigade commander, of the move-ments of the enemy, and of the attacks they receive orapprehend; to examine all persons passing the line of out-posts, oarticularlv those coming from without : to arrest.suepiiious persons, and all solvdiers and cami followerswho try to pass out without permission, and to send tohis superiorofficer all citizens who enter.

199. After an advance grand guard is posted the first

oare of its commander., and of the field officer of the day,is to obtain information of the enemy ; then to recon-noiter his position, and to examine the roads, bridges,fords, end defiles in the vicinity. This reconnaissancedetermines the positions at which pickets should beplaced, and the number of sentinels required for eachduring the day or night. These pickets, according totheir importance, are commanded by officers or non-com-missioned officers.

900. The guard at advanced posts will not be passedthrough any forms of ceremony or inspection which willexpose them to the view of the enemy.

901. The commandant of an advance guard visits hissentinelsfrequently; changes their posit&s when neces-sary; requires them to repeat their orders, and instructsthem under what circums-mnces, at what signals, and inwhat directions to retire.


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ADVANCE GUARDS, ETC. 45

902. At night, small detachments of picked men aresent fOrw8rd on the roads by which the enemy mightattack or attempt to turn the position. They w&t&h theforks of the roads, keep silence, conceal themselves, lightno fires, 8nd often change places. They announce the 8p-

roach of the enemy by signals agreed upon; 8nd retreat,iiy routes examined during the day, to places previouslyselected, 8nd rejoin the guerd.

w8. If & body of troops attempt to enter the lines 8tnight and its anticipated arrival has not been announced,norspecial directions given to rtdmit it, itwill be promptlyhalted by the outpost and the ne8r posts warned. Itscommander will be sent under proper guard to the fieldofficer of the d&v. and instructions concernimz it awaited.

204. Bearers&f flags are not permitted t.o p&s the outerline of outposts or sentinels. Their faces are turned fromthe post or army, 8nd if necessary, their eyes are band-aged. A non-commissioned officer stays with them toprevent indiscretion on the part of the sentinels.

205. The commander of the advance guard receiptsfor dispatches received from the enemy, sends them tothe field officer of the day or brigade commander, and dis-misses the bearer. If the bearer of a, flag has discoveredwhat ought to be concealed from the enemy, he is de-tained aa long 86 necessary.

206. Deserters 8re disarmed 8t the outposts, and sentto the commander of the advance guard. If many comeat night, they 8re received cautiously, a few at & time.They are sent, as soon aa practicable, to the field officerof the day, or to thenearest post or camp, to be conductedto the brigrtde commander. All suspected persons 8researched by the commanders of the posts.

209. On the approach of anyone at night, the sentinelcommands Halt If the order is not obeyed after it is

once repeated, he fires. If obeyed, he calls, Who goesthere? If answered, Patrol, he says, Hrtlt; adv8nceone with the countereign. If more than one advances at


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the same time, or the person who &dv&nCeS ails to give thecountersign, or signal agreed on, the sentinel fires andf8lls back on his picket. The sentinel over the arms, assoon as his hail is answered, turns out the advance guard,and the corporal goes to reconnoiter.

228. The commander of an advance guard regulatesthe numbers, the hours, and the march of patrols and _rounds, according to the strength of the troops and thenecessity for precaution; and, accompanied by those whoare to command the patrols and rounds during the night,he reconnoiters all the routes they are to follow.

209. Patrols and rounds merch slowly, insilence, andwith great crtution, and halt frequently to listen 8nd ex-&mine the ground. The rounds consist of an officer, ornoncommissioned officer, and two or three men.

2 IO. Cavalry patrols should examine the country to 8grertter distance to the front than infantry, and report tothe outposts everything they observe. The morningp8trOlS and scouts do not return until broad daylight,and when they return the night sentinels are withdrawn8nd the posts for the day resumed.

211. When patrols are sent beyond the advanced poststhe vedettes and sentinels should be warned. On theirreturn their commanders report in regard to the groundand everything they have observed of the movements ofthe enemy or of his posts, and the commandant of theadvance guard reports the information to the field officerof the day.

212. All outposts stand to arms at night on the ap-pro&oh of patrols, rounds, or other parties; the sentinelover the 8rms has instructions to turn them out.

213. At night half the men of the advance guard who8re off post wet&h under 8rmS while the rest lie down,arms by their side. In the cavalry the horses are alwaysbridled; the horsemen hold the reins and must not sleep.214. The fires of advance guards should be hidden bysome sortof screen. To deceive the enemy fires are some-


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SIEGES. 45

times made on unoccupied ground. They are not usuallypermitted 8t the pickets, or at small posts which 8re indanger of being surprised.

%I& The horses of cavalry guards 8re wstered and fedby detachments. When an advence guard of cavalry isSO placed as not to be in danger of a sudden attack fromthe enemy, the general may permit the horses to be fedduring the night, unbridling for this purpose 8 few at 8time.

ARTICLE XIV.

SIEC+ES.

216. The commanding general may Select a generalofficer as Director of the Siege, who, under the instruc-tions of the commanding general shall have immediatecharge. of 811 he siege operations.

21?. The COmm&nd&ntS of engineers and artillery &C-company the first troops before the place to examine theworks and approaches. When the engineers h8ve com-pleted the reconnaissance of the works and of each front8~ far as practicable, the commander of engineers makes89 exact and detailed a plan thereof as possible, 8nd,under the instructions of the general commanding drawsup the general plan of the siege, and discusses it withthe command8nt of artillery in regard to the best em-ployment of th8t 8rm. These officers then submit theirjoint or separate opinions to the general. who decides ontheplrtnof thesiege, andgivestheordersforitsexecution.The comm8nd8nt of the engineers directs the construc-tion of 811 the siege works, under the authority of thegeneral, snd lays before him every day a report of oper-ations, and 8 plsn showing the progress of the attack.The commander of artillery makes daily reports to thegeneral of 811 hst relates to his branch of the service.218. The divisions, brigades, regiments, 8nd bettal-ions are encamped, during the siege, in the order of batC


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tle; or in such formation as the commanding generalmay prescribe.

219. The brigade commanders serve, in turn, as gen-erals of the trenches; one or more being detailed daily,according to the front and number of attacks; they super-intend the operations, and dispose the guards of thetrenches to repulse sorties and rotect the works.

220. In each division, the coHonels and lieutenant-col-onels of infantry alternate for duty in the trenches; one ormore are detailed daily ; they superintend the service ofguards and workmen in the part of the work to whichthe general of the trenches assigns them, being postedwith troops of their own regiments in preference. Thecommander of the siege may place the colonels on theroster with the brigadier-generals.

221. The cavalry is employed in outpost service; indetachments placed in observation to protect the siege,and in escort to convoys. When these duties are notsufficient to employ them they take their share of dutyin the trenches.

222. The commanding general of each division ap-

points a field officer of the trenches, who is aided by oneor two subordinate officers. He is charged with all thedetails relative to the assembling of guards and workmen.He distributes theguard on the different points of the at-tack, agreeably to the orders of the general of thetrenches, and forms the detachments of workmen for theengineer and artillery; that he may be prepared for thisdistribution, he receives every day from the adjutant-general a statement of details for the next day.

223. On the arrival of the general of the trenches,the field officer of the trenches gives him all the infor-mation necessary to enable him to station the troops; atrtends him in his visit to the trenches, and takes his or-ders on the changes to be made in the position of troops.The execution is intrusted to the commanders of thetroops. One or more companies of the guards of the


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trenches are put under his immediate orders for the 1preservation of order and police.

994. The infantry has two kinds of siege service-theguard of the trenches and the work of the trenches.

225. The guards of the trenches mount every day, bybattalicns, in such order of detail that all the troopsmay take an equal share and no part of the line be lefttoo weak. Battalions of the same division arc not takenfrom the same brigade.226. The battalions first for detail for guard of thetrenches, and the companies first for detail for work in thetrenches, furnish no other details, but are held in re-serve.

227. The battalions for guard are detailed at leasttwelve hours in advance; they furnish no other detailsduring their tour. If a whole regiment be detailed, itleaves a sufficient police guard in camp.

22% For twenty-four hours before mounting guard intrenches, the battalions detailed for guard do not furnishworkmenand the companiesof those battalions whose tourit would have been to work in the trenches do not work fortwenty-four hours after guard.229. The chiefs of engineers and artillery make re-quisitions for workmen in advance, that details may bemade in time to prevent delay. They should exceed theexact number required, that there may be a reserve forunforeseen wants.

230. The detail for work in the trenches is bycom-pany, from all the regiments at one time, or in turns; itcontinues generally twelve hours. The detail from a reei-ment should never be less than a company.

231. Workmen required for other work are taken byroster from the battalions not employed in the trenches.

232. Guards and working parties march to the trenchesin silence, fully armed and equipped. Their arms arekept near them while at work. Everything likely to st-tract the attention of the enemy is avoided, especially on


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48 TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. 2

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the day the trenches are opened. For this purpose thehour of relieving guards may be varied.

233. Before the guardsand workmen march, the fieldofficer of the trenches arranges them so that each de-tachment can reach its ground without confusion. Thetroons are costed in the trenches accordinn to the uositionof their regiments in order of battle. The reserves ofworkmen are placed at the depot of the trenches, or thenearest suitable place to the works.234. The workmen, in going to the trenches, carrysuch tools and materials as are required by the engineersand artillery.

235. The guards enter and leave the trenches witharms trailed, and the workmen also, unless they carrymaterials or tools, when their arms are slung. A cor-poral is sent to the opening of the trenches to guide therelief.

236. Sandbags are placed on the parapet, at intervals,to cover the sentinels; they are more numerous than thesentinels, so that the enemy may not know where thesentinels are placed.

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231. When detachments are posted at night in advanceof the trenches. to cover the workmen. the men lie downto hide themselves better from the enemy. To preventmistakes, the workmen are told what troopscover them.

238. No honors are paid in the trenches. When thegeneral commanding the siege visits them, the guardsplace themselves in rear of the banquette. The colorsare never carried to the trenches unless a regimentmarches to repulse a sortie or make an assault. Evenin this case, they are not displayed until the general com-manding the siege gives a formal order.

289. Tools and siege materials of all kinds are col-lected in such places as the field officer of the trenchesmay aplery anx

oint, on the advice of the commanders of artil-engineers. They are in charge of officers of

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ASSAULTS. 49

engineers and artillery, with guards or non-commissionedofficers of both corps.

240. In C&BB f a sortie, the guards move rapidly to thelaces designated by the general of the trenches. Having

r med the banouette to fire on the enemv. the troous formon the reverse of the trench to receive him. The workmentake arms and retain their positions, or retire with theirtools, as ordered. The officers commanding the detach-ments of workmen see that their movements are madepromptly and without confusion.

24 1. The troops that advance bevond the trenches torepulse the sortie-must not follow in pursuit. The generaltakes care that they return to the trenches before theretreat of the sortie allows the artillery of the place toopen on them. When the workmen return, the ofacersand non-commissioned officers of the detachments callthe roll without interrupting the work, which is im-mediately resumed.

ASSAULTS.242. However practicable the breach may appear, or

however ruined the works in rear of it, the heads of col-umns must always be supplied with ladders to get overunexpected obstacles.

243. The general commanding the siege causes pickedcommmies to be desianated to nrotect nronertv and ner-sons; and prevent pillage and violence,*from the momentthe plde is carried. The officers exert themselves torestrain the men.

24.4 The General designates the places requiring partitular protection, such as churches, asylums, hospitals,colleges, schools, and magazines. The order for theirprotection should remind the soldiers of the penalty ofdisobedience.

245. Whether the place be taken by assault or by cap-itulation, the provisions and military stores and the pub-lic funds are reserved for the use of the Army.

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DEFENSE OF FORTIFIED PLACES. 61

etructions for a case of attack, and exercises the garrisonaccording to his plan of defense.

258. Inframing his plan, hestudies the works, and theexterior with the radius of attack, and investment, thestrength of the garrison, the artillery, the munitions ofwar, subsistence ma supplies of all kinds, and takes im-mediate measures to procure whatever is deficient oftroops or supplies, either by proper requisitions, or fromthe means at his disnosal.

tS4. On the appioach of an enemy, he removes allhouses and other objects, withinor without the place, thatcover the approaches, or interrupt the fire of guns ormovements of troops. He assures himself personallythat all pasterns, outlets, embrasures, etc., are in properstate of security.

955. He shall be furnished by the War Departmentwith adetailed plan of the works ; with a map of the en-virons within the radius of investment; with amap of thevicinity, including the neighboring works, roads, waterchannels, coasts, etc.; with a memoir explaining the sit-uation and defense of the place, and the relations and

bearings of the several works on each other, and on theapproaohes by land and water; all of which he carefullyreserves and communicates only to the council of de-

Pense.956. He consults his next in rank and the senior of-

ficers of the engineers and artillery, either separately oras acouncil of defense. In the latter case he designatesan offleer to sot &8 secretary to the council and to recordits proceedings and the joint and separate opinions of themembers, which are kept secret during the siege. Themembers record their opinions over their own signatures.In all cases the commander decides on his own responsi-bilit

N&. The commander of the plaoe and the senior of-ficers of engineers and artillery shall keep journals of thedefense, in which shall be entered in order of date, with-

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urn TROOPS IN CAMPAIQN.out blank or interline&ion, the orders given or received,the manner in which they are executed, their results, andeverv event and circumstance of imnortance in the nro-gresi of the defense. These journalsAand the roceedihgsof the council of defense shall be sent, after tiie siege, tothe War Department,

X68. There shall be keot in the office of the commanderof the place, to be sentaf&er the siege to the War Depart-ment, a map of the environs, a plan of the fortifications,and a specml plan of the front of attack, on which thechief engineer will trace in succession the positions oc-cupied and the works executed by the enemy, and alsothe works of counter attack or defense, and the succes-sive positions of the artillery and other troops of the gar-rison during the progress of the siege.

959. The commander shall defend in succession theadv8xmed works, the covered way and outworks, the bodyof the work, and the interior intrenchments. He willnot be content with clearing away the foot of the breaohesand defending them by abatis, mines, and all the meansused in sieges, but shall begin in good time, behind the

bastions or front of attack, the necessary intrenchmentsto resist assaults on the main work.960. He shall use his means of defense in such manner

asto have at all times a reserve of fresh troops, chosenfrom his best soldiers, to resist assault, retake the out-works, and especially to resist assaults on the body of theplace, and a reserve for the positions of the last period ofthe siege and of ammunition for the last attaok.

961. He must compel the besieging force to approachby the slow and successive works of siege,and must sustainat least one assault on a praoticable breach in the body ofthe place.

969. When the commander thinks that the end of the

defense has come he shall still consult the council of de-fense on the means that ma remain to prolong the siege.&t in all cases he alone wil 9 decide on the time, manner,

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IBATTLES.

53 I

and terms of surrender. In the capitulation he shall notseek or accept bettor terms for himself than for his gar-risen, but shall share its fate and exert his best endeav-ors to care for the troops, especially the sick andwounded.

263. No commander in the field shall withdraw troOpa :or supplies from any fortified lace, or exercise any au- .thority over its commander unfess it has been placed un-der his command by competent authority.

ARTICLE XV.

BAllLES.

261. Beforethe action,thegeneralsindicatetheplaceewhere they will be; if they change position, they give no-tice of it, or leave a stag officer to show where they havegone.

263. During the action, the officers and non-commis-sioned officers keep the men in the ranks and enforceobedience if necessary. Soldiers must not be permitted toleave the ranks to strin or rob the dead nor even to assistthe wounded, except by express permi&ion, which is onlyto be Piven after the action is decided. The highest inter-est ans most pressing duty is to win the vi&&y, bwin-ning which only can a proper care of the wounded Lin-sured.

266. After an action, the officers of ordnance collectthe munitions of war left on the field, and make a returnof them to headquarters. The Quartermasters De artment collects the restof the public property capture 8andmakes the returns to headquarters.

261. Within ten days after thecloseof every engage-ment, or affair, the commanding officer of eaoh regiment,

separate battalion, and light battery concerned, wili pre-pareand forward to the next superior headquarters, a con-oise report of the part taken therein by his command, in-


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1892troops in campaign

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