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Name: ________________________________________________ Period: _____ Date: _______________________ WHAP

Unit 5, Chapter 19 – Internal Troubles, External Threats, 1800-1914 – Reading Guide

Chapter Introduction 1) What were the four dimensions of European imperialism that confronted the societies of the world?

I. The External Challenge: European Industry and Empire New Motives, New Means

1) Why were so many European products and so much European investment going to foreign markets in the late 1800s and early 1900s?

2) Explain the quotation by Cecil Rhodes. Why did he, and others in Europe, believe that imperialism was necessary in order to avoid class conflicts?

3) Explain how the growing popularity and importance of nationalism in Europe helped to drive overseas imperialism. New Perceptions of the “Other”

4) Summarize the changes in European attitudes toward other cultures that occurred as a result of industrialization and imperialism.

5) Briefly explain one example of how Europeans used science to support racist attitudes.

6) Explain the concept of the “civilizing mission.”

7) Explain the concept of “Social Darwinism”.

II. Reversal of Fortune: China’s Century of Crisis The Crisis Within

1) What are some of the ways in which rapid population growth negatively affected the Chinese people and government?

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2) When was the Taiping Rebellion? What were the revolutionary ideas that motivated this rebellion and made it popular among the people of southern China?

3) Who was finally responsible for stopping the Taiping Rebellion? How did this signal the growing weakness of the central government of the Qing Dynasty?

Western Pressures

4) Why had Western nations resorted to illegally smuggling opium into China illegally in the early 1800s? What effects did this have on Chinese society?

5) Explain the Chinese government actions that led to the “Opium Wars”. What were the results of these wars?

6) The Treaty of Nanjing of 1842 concluded the first Opium War. How was this an “unequal treaty?”

7) Despite the fact that China maintained its official independence, how did the Opium Wars make China almost totally dependent on Western industrial nations and limit China’s own ability to industrialize?

The Failure of Conservative Modernization

8) What were the goals of the “self-strengthening movement” of the late 1800s? Why did this movement fail to reinvigorate the Qing Dynasty?

9) When did the Boxer Uprising occur? What was the goal of this uprising? How was it finally suppressed?

10) When did the Qing Dynasty finally collapse, taking the millennia-old Chinese imperial system with it?

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III. The Ottoman Empire and the West in the Nineteenth Century “The Sick Man of Europe”

1) Which countries became independent from Ottoman control by the mid-1800s? Who helped some of these countries gain their independence?

2) What groups within Ottoman society were highly conservative and resistant to efforts to reorganize or modernize the government and military structure?

3) Explain how the Ottoman Empire fell into a state of dependence and weakness compared to the Western nations that gained influence within the Empire.

Reforms

4) Briefly summarize the economic, legal, religious and political changes of the Ottoman Tanzimat era, beginning in 1839. Identity

5) Who were the Young Ottomans? What did they want?

6) Why did the Sultan Abd al-Hamid backtrack on the constitutional reforms he had promised to the Young Ottomans in 1876?

7) Who were the Young Turks? What political and social changes did they implement after seizing power in 1908?

8) As Arab nationalism grew in response to the Turkish nationalism of the Young Turks, what happened to the Ottoman state? Outcomes: Comparing China and the Ottoman Empire

9) Explain the ways in which Chinese and former Ottoman societies differed, particularly in terms of religion, following their political breakdown.

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IV. The Japanese Difference: The Rise of a New East Asian Power 1) Who was Matthew Perry? What did he do?

The Tokugawa Background 2) Explain the position and responsibilities of the Tokugawa shoguns who ruled Japan from the 1600s to the 1800s.

3) What did it mean that Japan under the Tokugawa dynasty was “pacified, but not really unified”?

4) How did the elite samurai warrior class change during the peace of the Tokugawa dynasty?

5) Explain the ways in which the Japanese economy had developed and grown during the peace.

6) Despite strict official Tokugawa social regulations governing their behavior, how did the merchant and peasant classes change under the Tokugawa?

American Intrusion and the Meiji Restoration 7) Explain the Japanese relationship with foreigners prior to 1853.

8) What was the initial reaction by the Tokugawa to American trade demands?

9) Explain the goals and attitudes of new government of the Meiji Restoration after they overthrew the Tokugawa in 1868.

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Modernization Japanese Style 10) Explain the political and social reorganization and reforms undertaken by the new Japanese government.

11) Explain Japan’s new attitude regarding Western culture.

12) How were the new government and educational systems a mix of Japanese and Western ideas?

13) What was the status of the traditional Japanese religion of Shinto under the new government?

14) Explain how the Japanese government directed and encouraged industrialization.

15) How did Japan’s rapid industrialization affect peasants and urban workers?

Japan and the World 16) What were the wars that established Japan as a Great Power of the world?

17) Despite its new global image as an example of successful resistance to Western imperialism, Japan itself became an imperial power. Which countries did they control by 1914?