1914-1918:1914-1918:The WorldThe World

at Warat War

Ch. 27Ch. 27

1914-1918:1914-1918:The WorldThe World

at Warat War

Ch. 27Ch. 27

1. Bismarck System of Alliances

3 Emperor’s League (1873)

Austria Russia Germany

Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty ( 1887)

Triple Alliance (1882)

Italy Germany Austria

2. Germany changes strategyWillliam II fires BismarckWilliam terminates German-

Russian Reinsurance TreatyRussians form new treaty with

France

The British Empire in 1914The British Empire in 1914

3. Why end of German-British “natural alliance”?

Boer WarGermany envy of English

EmpireEconomic and military rivalry

Economic & Imperial Rivalries

Economic & Imperial Rivalries

4. Anglo-French EntenteBritish join with Japan and the

French to form new allianceGermany feels threatened and

pushes for more territory in Africa

5. Algeciras ConferenceGermany asks for international

conference over question of Morocco

Germany receives no territory because English and French hang together

Germany feels left out

ColonialRivalries:

Africain

1914

ColonialRivalries:

Africain

1914

6. Problems in the BalkansSerbian nationalism increasesSerbia looks towards Russia for

helpAustria annexed Bosnia and

Herzegovinia ( Serbia’s neighbors )

Serbia attacks and conquers old Ottoman Empire to the south

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

The“Powder

Keg”of Europe

The“Powder

Keg”of Europe

The Balkan Wars: 1912-1913The Balkan Wars: 1912-1913

7. Berlin Conference gives relief

Austria-Hungary given rights to Bosnia and Herzegovinia

Serbia , Romania and Bulgaria get independence

Ottoman Empire retains control on some territory as buffer to Austria-Hungary and Russia

The Balkan Wars: 1912-1913The Balkan Wars: 1912-1913

8. Why Serbia and Austria-Hungary Bad Blood?

Austria-Hungary’s annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovinia

Serbia’s partnership with Russia

Assassination of A-H Arch-Duke Francis Ferdinand blamed on Serbians

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassin: The Assassin:

GavriloPrincipGavriloPrincip

9.Differing Viewpoints9.Differing Viewpoints Diplomacy failedDiplomacy failed

Austria desperateAustria desperate

Austria-Hungary “used” by Austria-Hungary “used” by GermanyGermany

Germany used war to hide Germany used war to hide domestic problemsdomestic problems

NationalismNationalism

Who’s To Blame?Who’s To Blame?

Aggressive NationalismAggressive Nationalism

Europe in 1914Europe in 1914

The Alliance SystemThe Alliance System

Triple EntenteTriple Entente::Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::

Two Armed Camps!Two Armed Camps!Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers:: Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::

The Major Players: 1914-17

The Major Players: 1914-17

Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]

Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]

George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]

Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]

Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]

Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers::

Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]

Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]

Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]

Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]

Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::

Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]

Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]

MobilizationMobilization

It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go;It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know!To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly,Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square,Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary,It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!But my heart's right there!

It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go;It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know!To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly,Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square,Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary,It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!But my heart's right there!

Home by Home by Christmas!Christmas!

No major war No major war in 50 years!in 50 years!

Nationalism!Nationalism!

Home by Home by Christmas!Christmas!

No major war No major war in 50 years!in 50 years!

Nationalism!Nationalism!

Recruitment PostersRecruitment Posters

New French RecruitsNew French Recruits

A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

Militarism & Arms RaceMilitarism & Arms Race

1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914

94 130 154 268 289 398

Total Defense Expenditures for the Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br.,

Rus.] Rus.] in millions of £s.in millions of £s.

1910-1914 Increase in Defense

Expenditures

France 10%

Britain 13%

Russia 39%

Germany

73%

10. Schlieffen PlanGermany attacks France

through BelgiumBritish come to aid of Belgians

and slow Germans

The Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen Plan

Europe in 1914Europe in 1914

11. Why a 11. Why a Stalemate?Stalemate?

A “War of A “War of AttritionAttrition””

11. Why a 11. Why a Stalemate?Stalemate?

A “War of A “War of AttritionAttrition””

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

Trench Warfare

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

Verdun – February, 1916

Verdun – February, 1916

German offensive.

Each side had 500,000 casualties.

German offensive.

Each side had 500,000 casualties.

The Somme – July, 1916

The Somme – July, 1916

60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

13. Developments Entire generation of men lost Split develops between veterans and civilians Russia invades Germany (eastern front) and loses

2.5 million soldiers Germany and Austria-Hungary defeat Russia and

Serbia Italy switches sides with promise of Austrian

territory British, French and Japanese seize German

colonies U. S. enters war in 1917

AmericaAmericaJoinsJoinsthethe

AlliesAllies

AmericaAmericaJoinsJoinsthethe

AlliesAllies

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Zimmerman Telegram

The Zimmerman Telegram

The YanksAre

Coming!

The YanksAre

Coming!

Americans in the Trenches

Americans in the Trenches

14.14.The War of theThe War of theIndustrial Industrial Revolution:Revolution:

NewNewTechnologyTechnology

14.14.The War of theThe War of theIndustrial Industrial Revolution:Revolution:

NewNewTechnologyTechnology

French Renault TankFrench Renault Tank

British Tank at YpresBritish Tank at Ypres

U-BoatsU-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

The AirplaneThe Airplane

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

The Flying Aces of World War I

The Flying Aces of World War I

Eddie Rickenbacher, US

FrancescoBarraco, It.

Rene PaukFonck, Fr.

Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.

[The “Red Baron”]

Willy Coppens deHolthust, Belg.

Eddie “Mick”Mannoch, Br.

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

The ZeppelinThe Zeppelin

FlameThrowers

FlameThrowers

GrenadeLaunchersGrenade

Launchers

Poison Gas

Poison Gas

Machine Gun

Machine Gun

Krupp’s “Big Bertha” GunKrupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

15. Back Home Nationalism- “our country is the best!” Rationing-products needed for war effort

are limited availability Wage Controls- salaries kept artificially

low Price Controls- suppliers are not allowed to

raise prices Socialism-government takes greater

control of economy

Universal Draft- everyone must serve in the armed forces

Military Control- the armed forces and not civilians control the government

Labor Shortages- fewer workers mean unions become stronger

Social Equality- war evens the plain Propaganda- information meant to

convince the people that the war is just

““Art”Art”ofof

WorldWorldWar IWar I

““Art”Art”ofof

WorldWorldWar IWar I

German Atrocities in Belgium

German Atrocities in Belgium

Recruits of the Central PowersRecruits of the Central Powers

Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians

Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians

A German A German Soldier Says Soldier Says

Farewell to His Farewell to His MotherMother

A German A German Soldier Says Soldier Says

Farewell to His Farewell to His MotherMother

Soldiers Mobilized

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

France Germany Russia Britain

Mil

lio

ns

WomenWomenand and thetheWarWar

EffortEffort

WomenWomenand and thetheWarWar

EffortEffort

Financing the WarFinancing the War

For RecruitmentFor Recruitment

Munitions WorkersMunitions Workers

French Women Factory Workers

French Women Factory Workers

German Women Factory Workers

German Women Factory Workers

Working in the FieldsWorking in the Fields

A Woman Ambulance Driver

A Woman Ambulance Driver

Red Cross NursesRed Cross Nurses

Women in the Army Auxiliary

Women in the Army Auxiliary

Russian Women Soldiers

Russian Women Soldiers

SpiesSpies

“Mata Hari”

Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle

German Spy!

“Mata Hari”

Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle

German Spy!

Posters:Posters:

WartimeWartimePropagandaPropaganda

Posters:Posters:

WartimeWartimePropagandaPropaganda

Australian PosterAustralian Poster

American PosterAmerican Poster

Financing the WarFinancing the War

German PosterGerman Poster

Think of Your Children!Think of Your Children!

War Is HELL !!War Is HELL !!

Sacrifices in WarSacrifices in War

TheTheEasternEastern

FrontFront

TheTheEasternEastern

FrontFront

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,

1916-18

T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,

1916-18

T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-

19

T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-

19

The Tsar with General Brusilov

The Tsar with General Brusilov

TheThe“Colonial”“Colonial”

FrontsFronts

TheThe“Colonial”“Colonial”

FrontsFronts

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa

British Sikh Mountain Gunners

British Sikh Mountain Gunners

Black Soldiers in the German

Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]

Black Soldiers in the German

Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]

Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa

3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

Fighting in Salonika, Greece

Fighting in Salonika, Greece

French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916

French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916

1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies

50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died

50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

The Armistice is Signed!

9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead

World War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties

01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000

10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS

320,518 Americans are killed, wounded or taken prisoner. Almost half of the dead are victims of the flu pandemic

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

Turkish Genocide Against ArmeniansDistricts & Vilayets of

Western Armenia in Turkey1914 1922

Erzerum 215,000 1,500

Van 197,000 500

Kharbert 204,000 35,000

Diarbekir 124,000 3,000

Bitlis 220,000 56,000

Sivas 225,000 16,800

     

Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey

   

Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000

Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000

European Turkey 194,000 163,000

Trapizond District 73,390 15,000

Total2,133,19

0387,800

The Russian The Russian RevolutionsRevolutions

16. Liberal HopesExposure to Western ideas would

bring about democratic reformOnly changed in the short term

17. Why the Tsar fellHuge losses in the world war-

2.5 million- after loss to JapanWeak leadershipRasputin scandalFood shortagesBloody Sunday

18. Downfall of Provisional Government

Russian has freest democratice country in the world temporarily under Kerensky

Government mistakes– Postponed land reform– Continued with WWI– Shared power with the Petrograd

( communists )

19. Lenin’s (leader of Bolsheviks) BeliefsRevolution is

necessary to destroy capitalism

Intellectual elite must lead

Mensheviks believed in democratic govt. led by the masses

20.Trotsky takes action

Trotsky ( follower of Lenin ) centered power in the Petrograd

Bolsheviks – control military– Have superior leaders– Appealed to workers and soldiers– Allowed peasants to seize land– Allowed workers to take over factories

Russian withdraws from WWI– but loses western territories

21. Russian Civil War And in this Corner….the White Army

– The white army was made up of anybody who did not approve of Lenin

– They were given support by many outsiders, but could not beat the Red Army and their leader Leon Trotsky

Civil War very deadly– 14 million Russian’s died in 3 years– Red Army won

• Significance- Bolsheviks were able both to seize power and maintain it!

22. Why Germans Lost

People weary of warAmerican reliefSoldiers and workers

demonstrate for peaceThe Jews! ( or so said Hitler )

23. The Treaty 23. The Treaty of Versaillesof Versailles

23. Results of Versailles Treaty France trades demands for land for alliance with

England and USA Germany loses land in Africa and Europe Germany admits guilt, limits army and must pay

mucho $$$$ Austria Hungary and Ottoman Empire cease to exist Wilson arranges Plan for Peace

– Fourteen Points• Secret treaties, armies and navies, colonial claims,

changing borders, League of Nations• Self determination

24. Controversy over Troubled Treaty

• USA prefers to remain isolated and does not want alliances in Europe

• USA turns down treaty in the Senate

• Italy and Japan unhappy over gains

• Colonies did not cash in on war

• League is too weak

• England also turns down alliance so France feels betrayed