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Twenty Years Twenty years is a longtime. When the first issue efthe Mita Campus came out,these students who are run--ning it now must have beenbabies in their mothers' arms.We cannot expect these youngmen and women to truly com-prehend the ctrcumstance un-der which the Mita Campuscame to be. It was 1946 N!vhen a smallgroup of ambitious Keio Eng-lish Speaking Society mem-bers conceived the idea of astudent periodical in Eng[ish.It was exactly one yearofter the end of the waron the rationed food whichA large portion of the city of"vvhich grew over the bvrnedthe streets, i sometimes hadpleasant suburb. Then a ionecf the disaster the year before. In such times any honestmediate return. A shred ofonce for patching our oldon the backyard improvedanything produced or any1ife and comfort. We werethe change every day, andproducing effects, we feltopen to us, or that any idealeur own efforts. If we werehappy days for men with The AAita Campus wasThe boys wanted to do

NXZith

{Prof. Eiichi Kiyooka)

when the Japanese people Iived kept them hungry always. Tokyo was green with grass out area. Walking a]ong an illusion that 1 was in a chimney woulal remind me

work one did had an im- clolh saved would serve at clothes; any vegetable grown our food situation. Indeed, work done contributed to ovr full of hopes. For as we saw every iittle effort of ours that there was a great futurs would be attainable with cold and hungry, those were hopes and dreams born under such circumstance.something. Though lacking in

the Mita Campusexperience find funds, they had energy and wrecklessenterprise. They said that a student EAglish periodical wascalled for in order to let the foreigners know the truethoughts of the Japanese youth. Indeed, the foreignersknew so ]ittle; very few of them were acquainted withthe name of Keio University. The boys talked their alumni friends in the Japan Timesto prinhng the first issue of the AAita Campus with thepromise of payment after the issue was sold. When theboys came to me to inquire what l thovght of the enter-prise, l said, "Go aheacl. I'Il help you." I had been caughtup in the spirit of the times. And I did help them intouchtng up th,eir English for every issue in the first severai

years. This youthful enterprise of the students fuilfi11ed theneecl of the times. Keio University had no faci]ities forpublic relations and the authority was too occupied in thereconstruction to give their thoughts to PR among the for-eigners. For some time, some foreign residents of Tokyothought o`f Keio as the school which published the AAitaCampus. When the University celebrated its Ninetieth An-niversary of its foundation, and there was to be a greatceremony, the university authority found there was noprinted matter to distribute among the foreign guests ex-cept the special issue of the AAita Campus which the univer-sity purchased in numbers for use at the ceremony as we[las for distribution among visitors in the months following.This achievement of the Mita Campus made me realizethat in Keio the students take as much interest and respon-sibility as the faculty in the development of the insTitution.I value thls +eature of Keio University as highly as itsscholarly achievements. Those were the good old days. Our life was simple,and there was so litt]e to think abouX We ate whatthere was-no rhought of choosing good food or argueabout the good restaurant. The school authority, theemployees and the students were united in the one thoughtof the reconstructing school after the disasters of the war

which had reduced the available classrootn area to aboutone third of what there used to be. If there was muchwork to be done, no one had any question as to whatmust be done. Twenty years later, celebrating the "Jubilee" if theMita Campus, lam induced to think that it is much morediificult to live a fuil life in peace time than in emergencytime. In these days of peace and plenty, an honest workmay or may not bring its deserved effect. Hunger noionger is a problem for most people, but there is moreunrest in the society than twenty years ago. In the stu-dents' extracurricular activities too, it is much more diMcultnow to create a worthwhile activity. The Mita Campus has had a Iong life of twenty years thewith fine efforts of many generations of its members.This is truly something to impress anyone who learns itshistory. I arri one of those prMleged enes who haswatched the history being made and to have touched thespirit of Keio in action. {t seems to me that the time hascome for the members of the AAita Campus to stop and their mission. What is the purpose of publish-reconsidering an English periodical?. Is it to give information tothe foreigners? ls the paper to be a forum where ideasof the East and the West are to meet? What shou[d bethe main features of the paper? -news or discussion?Times are gone when anything done was a service done.'JVork in peace time calls for refinement and higher ideals.In "deveioping" time, inspiration is given you, but in asettled time, you must create the inspiration yourseif. TheAAita Campus, l feel, has reached a point where it shouldfind a new purpose and set a new goal. I am afraid thatin the past ten years or so, my relations with the AAitaCampus has been less close than it should have been.After all, it had grown strong enough to stand on itsown feet without my giving a helping hand. Now writ-ing for the paper after some interva[, l find it diMcultto write anything but a reminiscence and a sort of preachingwhich l would have ridiculed as an old man's mumbiingwhen l was actively engaged in the pioneering work ofthe Mita Campus twenty years ago. After all, l rnust admitS have passed into the period of life which I would call,for self-assurance, the venerable age. (Prof. Eiichi Kiyooka)

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Åëe-ehrate 20 rvears "Twenty Years" has past. The Mita Campus is twentyyears old. In celebration we, the staff members of the MitaCampus, wish to express our appreciation to our predecessorswho this news paper possible. made

We also say, "Thank you." to our readers. Our existencedepends upon the basis created by our predecessors and theencouragement of our readers.

it is easy to say "twenty years" but it is important tounderstand the meaning of twenty years. Twenty years haschanged everything, the world situation, social society, people'sway of thinking and so on.

Twenty years ago, Japan was in chaos, for 'vve had beendefeated in World VV'ar II. The Mita Campus was born in suchan era through the efforts of our vigorous founde]'s.

' Now, twenty years after the war, we live in peace. Wetnink naturai, an undoubted right. it

The people in the world seem to be living in external peaceexcept of course in fighting areas. We are acquainted withpeace, and we don't feel its importance. We are, so to speak,living an obscure life in peace.

We must construct a better, indeed the best, society. 'I[he peaceful society has a great many contradictions suchpresentas poverty and wealth and unequality between nations. Men who live in 1965, twenty years after World War II,should be aware of thes contradictions and work toward theirreform for a berter world. Thinking on these things, we publish our 20th Anniversarynews paper; we investigate in it the question of true worldpeace through the "Vietnam war," "Japan-ROK Treaty" and'` The Future of Japan."

Mita Festival, to break down old habits and it indicated the fundamental DiSCuss Hotlv ectgl:•.d.i.Ofzze,:,`y,d".'gs,faor,l\[i;.fi

t strained circumsta]nces and in The 8th Mita Festival, a cul- Japan there is the Japan-ROKtural festival of Keio University, Treaty problem. There were awas held from Nov. 20 to Nov- few clubs and discussion groups23 '65 at Mita Heights. to discuss current problerns dF The slogan of Mita Festival rectly, but the executive com-was "creation through strong mittee of Mita Festival held twowill and solidarity through dia- Teach-Ins: "the image of today's

Iogue." youth" and `"study for the poten- The slogan was intended tials of democracy after the

World War II" as the base ofthese problems. It was especially noted thatlotteries and dance-parties wereabolished of decreased, and thepresentation of the result of stu-dent reseach increased.

Reformation of Currricdulum

Examination of reformation ofthe school regulations expectedto be enforced in '66.

Under the new standard ofuniversity establishment an-nounced by the government,Keio University organized "thereformation of the school's re-gulations committee," aiming atenfercement of new carriculumfrom '66.

3 directors of EducationalBureau, Noboru Yamamoto,Mitsuo Maebara and Yoh Kunopresent a written opinion to allthe faculty meetings. They saythat it should enforce reforma-tion of the school's regulations"by referring to the new re-formance plan on the standardof the universjties establishment,pr.esupposing today's universityinstitution."

The written opinion points outthe transportation between Mitaand Hiyoshi, the establishmentof the general lecture, recon-sideration of methods of foreignlanguages education, examina-tion system.

Every department intends tocontrol the plan among the de-partment in General Committeeafter the fo]'mation of the tenta-tive plan, and to make originalplan at leas,t by next June.

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On November 12, at the begin-ning of the main session ofHouse of Representatives whichwas held from O:18a.m., theTreaty was approved and passedwitbout warning on ChairmanFunada's proposaL This meansthe Treaty was vored in withoutawaiting the consideration of theHouse of councilors.

The government make an ex-pression of setting seal to Japan-Korea Treaty with the Koreangovernment. Togakuren andZengakuren have often struggledhard to prevent the ratificationand enactment of the Treaty. In Keio University, Teach-Insconcerning Japan-Korea prob-lems, student meetings demon-strations against the Treaty haveoften been held.

Twice in November l2, at 2p.m., and 6 p,m., about 2,500students of the Togakuren join-ed the Socialist Party membersof the Japanese Labor Union(So hyo) to object to the H. ofRepresentatives' railwading inthe Japan-ROK Treaty. They shake-danced in a reutethrough Akasaka-mitsuke, Tra-nomon, Shinbashi, the Nationalrailway Labors' Hall, and final-ly assembled in the platform ofTokyo station where a generalstrike of the National rai!waylaborers Railway was being held.

After this, they held a meet-ing voiee objection to the forc-ed vote for the Japan-ROKTreaty and to try to block theadoption of the treaty.

Twice on November 13, at2:OOp.m. and 6:OOp.m., the So-

lroaded J-ROKTreaty

cialist Party and the CommunistParty jointly held amess assem-bly consisting of 80,OOe partici-pants to voice then oppos. himJ-ROK Treaty and thereby toobstruct the enforcement theLower House ratification theTreaty. After the assembly theymarched the Diet in order todemonstrate to the public and tosvbmit their petition to the Dietmembers. The demonstration paradesfollowed two courses, to Shin-bashi add to the Diet. 3,OOO stu-dents of Togakuren marched tothe Diet and as usual staged aradical demonstration along theroad their process in. On the other band, Zengaku-ren whieh called together 10,OOOstudents at the Meiji Parkmarched along the other courseleading to Shinbeshi Station. Nostudents appeared in the class

worm of Waseda and Hitotsu-bashi and Tokyo University inorder to protest instructors andstudents joined demonstrationparades hand by hand.e At Keio, 200 students berongto Togakuren, whereas IOO stu-dents to Zengakuren. They alljoined together in the united mo-ments of Togakuren and Zen-gakuren.

6:OO p.m. of November 20,the urgent Central Assembly tocrush the J.-ROK Treaty, tooverthrow the Sato Cabinet, andto claim disorganization of theDiet was held by the CentralExecutive Committee for de-struction of the J.-U.S. SecurityTreaty at the Meiji Park. 5:OO p.m., November l9, theCentral Awaking Assembly tocrush the J.-ROK Treaty to over-throw the Sato Cabinet and toelaim disorganization of the Diet

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Page 2 The Mita CdMPUS 20th

When the Japanese Constitution was promuegated (xfter Wortd desired t5o Japan to u.s. theWar II. D. MacArthur mentioned thatmaintain the neutralization. But as the beginning of the Korean Warand the threat of the appearance of Communist China Regime. the U.S.Government has converted its poIicy to make Japan as the breakwaterof the Far East. It was then realized as the Strueture of Peace of San Francisco in and the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty was signed in that year. ten years passed from that treaty. New U.S.-Japan Security Treaty signed in 7960. 0n this 7'reaty. the serious dispute w4Ts caused in (so-called Anpe Struggie). This struggle was one sprout of Nationalism which splashed as the reaction of 75 years that have had blindiy obeyed the U.S. And by the externai ele- American spy fiight (U2j to the Russian territoriai air made * 7it 7k

795 7.

ThenwasJapanJapaneseJapanments.Russia enraged and thatcaused the destructionof peaceful coexistenceof both US-Russia hadgave the Japanese peo-ple some kind ef fearabout the alliance withthe U.S. Any how those, and otherelements rose a disturbance ofPresident Eisenhower comingto Japan. This event muchinfiuenced Japanese about theirown security whose mindtake the U.S. Forces in Japanas a matter of course. 'IEheAnpo Struggle had posed toJapanese to consider earnestlytheir own Nation's Securityby their own mind which hadnever been posed before to theirconsclousness. And now 5 years had passedsince that struggle. though theTreaty itself is stilr effective,most of the Japanese do not payattention to this treaty and theNation's security inspite of thatformer ardent struggle. Theyare now begining to feel somesort of vanity crying out andthinking about Nation's life andsecurity as the Japanese tradi-tional proverb fits their at-titude, "Kings have long arms." Japanese-Korean Talk and it'streaty also posed the proposi--tion which is always old butnew, again. IVs came again tous in the content of it's treatywhich defend Japanese securityby the U.S. military er by theneutralization poliey. 'Ihis dis-pute was exploited by conserva-

tive party (Liberal-Democratic)and reformist political party (So-cia!ist Party) and had never com-prehended and permeated tothe general mass but enly madea political issue of both parties.

Now, Japanese-Korean Treatywas ratified by the majority ofLibera!-Demoeratic Party. Theessential problem like JapaneseSecurity was again ostracizedwithout complete discussion and

it is even beginning to be forgot- ten among the people. And in 1970 (the term of expiration ofUS-Japan Security Pact) the prob-lem of Japanese Security will bebrought about in a grandscale

struggle.

As we have stated above, the Security of Japan, has always been abandoned by the pardes,and the general masses have never

deliberated this issue except theposition such as Anpo Struggleor J-K Talk. It had neverdeliberated as a daily way ofthinking but only in a gphereof the term problem. This problem must search ina way of patient, rational notin a emotional field of thinkingwhich Japanese usually lack. Looking back en the history oftwenty years since WorldWar 2, Japan made a hastyand epoch-making change in aword of good or bad sense. Ina bad sense we can point outthose things. That Japan mustforce to the splash of manykinds of thuoght such as demo-cracy, liberalism and commu-nism by a turning peint of theJapanese defeat. In such cir-cumstance, of course, instabilityof economy was other element,most of the Japanese could notaford to think about the Naticrnor it's direction for they weretoo busy thinking about theirown lives. So that the idea of democracyor liberalism had spread fromthe higher authorities such asG.H.Q. (the General }Tead Quar-ters) to the people and it had notpenetrated to the general mass. These days, the trend of theworld is dizzily changing. From the cold war to peacefulco-existence, the rapid develop-ment of Communist China andan increase of its effect to theAfro-Asian, the burning idea ofnationalism from the developingcountries, the world structure ischanging at a great speed. Look-ing at all these movement, wemust urdently establish what isJapanese security and what is es-

sential idea of it, with a cool andrational mind.

For those reasons we, theMembeers of the Mita Campus,have searched the future of Japan

and it's security for coming 1970 structure. First: We will look throughthe institution of US-Japanwhich is important and cannot

ignore looking back on the his-tory of twenty years:.

Second: The issues; of the re- lation between the US and Ja- pan and that future. Third: The historFf of relation between China (include commu- nist regime and Republic of Chi- na) and Japan. Finally: We shall investigate what is the real Japp.nese figure.

Anniversary Special Editien

Japan-U.S. UeSe Strategy The Far East Policy of the United States We can divide the change ofthe Far East policy of theUnited States. "IIhe first stage (l947-1952).During Truman's term of oMce,the aim of American foreignpolicy was the containment ofcommunism, and the accomany-ing military was called Sall-outstrategy. The second stage (1953-!959).During Eisenhower's term, theaim of American foreign policywas the roll back of communi-sm, the military strategy usedto accomp!ish this is calledltcircumferential strategy. The third stage (1960-Pre-sent). In the period spanningEisenhower's term of oMce toJohnson's, the aim of Americanforeign policy has been peace-fu1 coexistence and balance ofpower, and its military strategyis called 'advance strategy andaims at containment of China. Now, let's explain simply theindividual military strategies.

*All-out Strategy Capitalist states "encircle"communist states, arrange manynuclear attacking forces on theboimdaries, compose bombingforces that have been equippedwith nuclear military weaponsand assume wartime organiza-tion. SArneriea has the pre-rogative of deciding to makewar or not. All-out strategy ispossible only assuming thatAmerica is the only countrythat has the atomic bomb andcan directly attack the SovietUnion, but that the SovietUnion cannot make retaliatorybombing to America. *CireumferEential Strategy America regards the SovietUnion and China as potentialenemies. But America does notregard the two nations aspotential enernies at the sametime, that is, America regardsone nation ag an enemy andtakes care not to fall into warwith the other. America em-phasizes smalj nuclear weaponssimiliar to ordinary arms andrecognizes limited spot war as anecessary means.

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Each capitalist nation equipsitself with nuclear military armsand creates self-defense byregional groups. Japan theFederal R. of Germany ascountries which are contactwith America considers Japancommunist nations and whichare in need of nuclear militaryarms. With the present turnedof ccoperation between Americaand the Soviet Union, the mainforce of American po!icy isdirected to word the contain-ment of China. It has been suggested thatthe Korean War was a preven-tive war the strategy of whichdivided China and the SovietUnion. America attacked Chinaunder the co!ors of a neutralzone between the Soviet Unionand China. At that period, thepolicy of contai'nment of com-munist nations included notonly an aggressive policy againstthe Soviet Union but alsomilitary action in other nationsor areas leaning forwards com-munlsm. In 1949, America brought intoexistence NATO under the pre-tence of commen defense forarmed attack against membernations and for a domestic coupd'etat. But this was actuallyone means of achieving the con-tainment of communism. In the autumn of 1949, the So-viet Union announced its airforce was equipped with atomicbombs. Therefore the SovietUnion could make retaliatorybombings on the U.S.; this plusthe end of the Korean War,resulted in the collapse ofAmerica's all-out strategy. Afterthe end of Korean War, due tothe fact that the Soviet Unionpossessed nuclear military armsand th'e means to carry them,the U.S. and the Soviet Union

ceased battling with each other,they had fought between them-

selves to the point of damege. America then considered the necessity of suppressmg lm- portant areas in view of world strategy, and was convinced that the containment of China was necessary. Therefore America continued to create disturbances about China, block- aded the coast of China and isolated China economically, if disturbed the communistic cen-

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struction of China. In January 1959, Mikoyan in-vited Americca. In June 1959, the Soviet Unionuni!aterally broke off the China-Soviet Union agreement con-nected with a new art nationaldefense. In September 1959, Khrush-chev declared the policy ofpeaceful coexistence in anAmerican magazine. In July 1960, the Soviet Unionbroke off China-Soviet Unionagreement of friendship. In 1961, during the Cubancrisis, when America declaredthe marine blockable for bring-ing missiles into Cuba theSoviet Union withdrew its at-tacking rockets from Cuba. Judging from these facts therelation between the U.S. andthe Soviet Union envolved into

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one of peaceful coexistence andbalance of power. Here,Ameirca concentrated its wholemind upon the containment ofChina. But the international govern-ing power of America, diminish-ed the level stood in 1960.Therefore America began tocarry out the scheme ofequipping Japan and theFederal R. German, countrieswhich come in contact withcommunist nations, with nuclearweapons. IfJapanandtheFeder-al R. of Germany have nuc!earweapons, these then constitutemilitary threat to communistnations. The miiitary power ofthese communist nations con-centrated on circumferentialareas and thus their militarypower against the U.S. is Iessen-ed.

of Japan There are three concreteforms of the security. They are(I) coliective defense, (2) sepa-rate defense, and (3) neutrality.

First, conce-rning (2), today itis undesirable and impossiblefor Japan to defend itself indi-vidually, according to the pro-visions of the Constitution andall our experiences of the past.For example, present day Ja-pan can produce the atomic andhydrogen bombs, but it isaimost impossible to arm our-selves with nuclear weaponsfor defense, in consideration ofeconomical conditions (it is saidto at least 100 hundred milliondollars Tto produce the firstbomb) and home affairs.

As to (3), there are twoforms of neutrality, as yeuknow. One is the neutralitywhich is secured internationallyby the decision of the inter-national conference like that ofSwitzerland and Austria.

The other is the neutralitywhich one nation declares one-sidedly, as in Asian and Africannations after the War. Theonly neutrality., which can beappricated to a nation situatedat such a strateglc point of

East and West relations as Ja- pan, is the eMcient one ad-mitted by international con-

ference like that if Switzerland and others. To attain it, first it is necessary, through na- tional unity, to comp!etely leave the struggle of international

politics and not to bring in in-ternational oppositions with inJapan. Secondly, Powers aroundJapan must think it is pro-fitable that Japan remains neu-tralized. Even if Japan is neutralizedunder these conditions, thiswili not always establish hersecurity. Fer, if powers judgethelr profit gained by the in-vasion of neutral nations to belarger than the damages in-surred by international reproachand punishment, they will bold-ly aggress neutral nations. Forinstance, Switzerland, the neu-tral nation, was aggressed uponfour times by France and Aus-tria, as was Be!gium in WorldWar Ir. Thus it is also neces-sary for neutral nations tamake a military defensive policyagainst the invaders. Switzer-land has rather strong arma-ments, an army ef the strengthof 700,OOO, which can bemobilized in 48 hours. Wouldthe policy of unarmed neutrali-ty, which is partly insistedupon fit in with the reality?Next, concerning coilective de-fense (1), the U.S.-Japan Secun-ty Treaty belongs to thiscategory. Nowadays nuclearweapons have been added tothe opposition of the East andthe West. Would the most

realistic and eMcient way (but a little unprofitable) to Japan be to join in the collective de- fense? (Ccntinued en Page 3)

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20th Anniversary Speciae Editien

(Continued from Page 2År strengest bases of America. Actually, the retaliatory pow- The nuclear armaMentS Of ers of Okinawa creates pressure China are aP' on the nuclear menace of CoM-Communistparent!y a menace to JaPan• munist chma, and derivativelyIf Japan should not conCIUde secures Japanese safety. Thethe U.S.-Japan SecuritY TreatY safety of Japan proper is secur-and be aiIied with no natiOn, ed at the cost of people ofJapan may lose her own inde- okinawa. But as a million in-pendence in the relatiOn be- habitants in OkinaLwa are Japa-lI8.e.",.C,OMMM."i}LSi`..C(h.i"Sreg2hdn,,e.se'.,W,.e,.Ct?•g.nOtt.aEi8.Yti.(lg,'efr.il

has said. So JaPan exer. T[his is a very diMcultgenerai)cannot but be protgCted M.Ore problem closely connected withintensely by AmenCa againSt the security problem of Japan.the nuclear weapons Of COM- As mentioned above, theremunist China. AmeriCa PrOteC- are many and very much diffi-tion is not necessarily gbsOIUte, cult problems between the realbut it is far more realistiC and states of Japan and ideal states gf a neutral of Japan. But we ean mention, than thateMcientpolicy or of possessing OUr OWn and it is never truitless, bothnuclear weapons• ideal and natural state of Ja- Finally, we express our opin- pan, independently; Japan oughtion about the problem of Oki- to behave self-respectively innawa and the security of Japan the state-activity, or Japanproper. In Okinawa there are should not be infiuenced sothe strong air force capable of much by the force of Americanuclear attack, the marine in the sphere of economics,corps and the flying corps ef politics, diplomatic etc. Becausethe army, which is one of the it is natural that Japan, one of

UeSe -Japan Security

We, at the time of considering

independent countries, shoulddecide the policy to her own.We, Japanese ought to resolveproblems without being par-ticula about an ideology or asocial and economical constitu-tion.

There is a relation betweenhuman and human, before allsuch things exist. And we canlead a following question whyJapan does not acknowledgeneighboring country, Commu-nist China in sDite of her ad-mitting almost' every countryexcept Commun:,st China in theworld. And why she does noteven make effort to do so. theGovernment of Japan seems tohave several irrational ways ofthinking. Indeed, there aremany problems which are in-capable of resolving in a ration-al means, but it is necessaryfor us, atl of Japan, whichincluding statesman to makeeffort to rrLake progress towardthe ideal states of our country,and of all the country in theworld.

Treaty

How;

Japan is the most developed country in the economic sphere in Asia in the twenty years af- ter World War IL Until now Japan has adopted the policy toward Asia, asking how Japan should deal its part as leader in Asia.

Inclemnity Problem After losing the war Japan has adopted a new independent for- eign policy that the Hatoyama Cabinet reentered into diPlomat- ic relations with the Soviet Un- ion; since then Japan has adopted only the policy toward America. The indemnification problem was accepted for the purpose of opening the window that Japan had closed in econom- ic fields in Asia. The Kishi Cabinet regarded the focus of the relation between Japan and Asia as following; Japan, which has enormously increased industry and popula- tion, must cultivate the market for industrial goods in Asia, and Japan cannot look for any road other than economic foreign pol- icy to secure its economic future in Asia. It is the purpose of this eco-nomie 'foreign policy that busi-ness men and statesmen arepersuaded te be able to regainJapanese honor which was lostby the war and to establish thestate as a leader ot' an anti-cemmunist Asiatic regionthrough the trades.

Japan tried to work their wayinto the economic centers ofthese nations. But we must notoverlook the fellowing point;this indemnity was recommend-ed and was made a part of theindemnity by America insteadof Japan. In the case of VietNam, when North and South VietNam have broken up, Japan re-cognized only South Viet-Nam.

Japan has been thinking thatthe indemnity problem on VietNam was finished. Granting allthis and more, this indemnity isthought to be a part of Americananti-communist policy. AndAmerica must wish that Japanin the group of free nations paysthese indemnites for Asiatic na-tions and again take leader shipin Asia. How can we say it isa true indemnity? A true indemnity is to truIymake up for these nations with-out political backing.

Tracle and Overseas :nvestrnenfin Asia Japan is not near the industrialcountry like various Western

Japanese

Japanese Problems, can't form an accurate judgement wjthout knowing how Japan relates with the United States, today. And it is very the U.S.-Japan SecuLri-p ty Treaty that is considered to be the base for all actions be- tween Japan and the U.S. The Treaty, eff.ecting.1960- 1970, consists of preamble and ten articles. We must pay at- tention not to investigate it in- dividually but to examine it in relation among the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, San Franciscopeace treaty and MSA agreement

etc.

And one more important fact we must rea!ize is that the Treaty is situated in one ofAmerican Far East Militarv Set-up, relating wlth the U.S.-For- 'mosa Mutual Defense AssistanceTreaty, the U.S.-South KoreaMutual Defense Treaty, SEATO,the U.S.-Philippines Mutual As-sistance Treaty, and ANZUSTreaty. Composing so calledAmerican crescent Military Set•-up. Now we intend to examinethe U.S.-Japan Security always

thinking of the relation likeabove-mentioned and, then, todo Okinawa Problem, too.

the articles of the U.S.-Ja-'pan Security Treaty consists ofabstract and inevitably fiexiblestipulations, emphasizing "MarLn-tenance of Security and Peacein the Far East". And it isPolitical, Economical, betweenJapan and the U.S. rnakingMilitary Alliance quality. Andsuggests Japanese obediance tothe United States, though to takea glance at the each article giveimpression upon us that it isthe very economical stipulation,at any rate.

And Economical Cooperation,in fact, is distributed the pro-gression of the Mi!itary Setupbetween the U.S. and Japan.For example, recentry, the ex-port of the Japanese product to-ward South East Asia is gradual-ly increasing, which arose in-directly from Japanese economi-cal dependence upon Americandollar-payment to the Area forthe Armament.

When we read through, withabove-mentioned attention, theTreaty, we can not help findirtg

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the existence of the ineaning of the Americ,an Compulsion for Japanese Armament, of Capa- bility of American interference m Japanese domestic affair,s, and of Capability of Japanese being base for American Im- perialistic invasion, etc. AII the stipulat]ons include possibility of Japan's becoming one ef the important base for the U.S. imperialistic invasion in case of emergency. And we can't be optimist emphasizing the existence of Consituation Article 9, because it has a pos- sibility of ]'ustification of Japa- nese armament, interpreting ex- pandedly the meaning of self defense. Well, we try to describe MSA conventions. MSA conventjon has a military character, in- cluding stipulations on econo- mical, military, technical inter- change in it. And it is evolved centering establistment of Amer- can military system, being con- cluded with the liberalism cir- cles in the world. J[apan agreed to conclude this MSA conven- tion with America in 1954, ef- fective on the year. We must pay attention to the fact'that there lies several treaties or con- ventions-the U.S.-Japan Se- curity Treaty, MSA convention, beginning with San Francisce Peace Treaty, for example-be- tween Japan and America since the end of the World War II. So, it may be a fruitless effort to do away with some of a series of treaties, without trying to abolish all unsound treaties be- tween the two countries. But we dare say we dc} not intend

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to deny a sound treaty. Today's japan apparently hasa important role for the peaceof Paeific-Ocean Area. And we,Japanese, have to contribute thepeace and security in the FarEast area. At this point, "theissue in Okinawa" appears. Thespeach made by American HighCommissioner to Okinawa, Wat-son, shows her military policyin the Far East area.

He says, "We will carry outa pledge comes from the treatyon General Western part of Paci-fic Ocean, and accomplish ourmission in Southeast Asia, andthen maintain our administrat-ing authority in Okinawa..."Appalentry he leads it naturalresult to occupy Okinawa forever. Above rnentioned "apledge comes from the treatyon General Western part of Paci-fice Ocean" means; Securitytreaty, and the U.S. South KoreaMutual Defense Assistance Trea-ty, the U.S.-Formosa Mutual De-tense Assistance Treaty, theU.S.-Phihppines Mutual Assist-ance Treaty "Our mission inSoutheast Asia" means accom-plishment ef Viet-Nam War andto encircle "China".

And se, it may be naturalthat some one should allarmthe crisis in Japan-ROK Treatyas being embodyment of Ameri-can idea of NEATO. Now, Okinawa plays an veryimportant part of the peace andsecurity of Far East.

But, in this point, AmericanGovernment intends that thepeace and security of Far Eastis always in danger by the ex-

istence of the Red China. Therefore it. may be given asa conclusion that the securityof Japan is maintained at thesacrifice of Okinawa. In thisway today's Japan is a subjectof American skilful deplomaticpolicy. This is why they saythat Japanese Government hasno independent foreign policy. Therefore we, the generationwho will be the supporter offuture Japan, should endeavourto make our Japan into the posi-tive direction, changing Japa-nese subdominate policy. It is necessary for us to estab-lish the status of Japan as oneof the member of Asia to theexclusion of Japanese subordi-nate policy. We always shouldbear in mind. We should alwaysbear thus in our mind.

The Mita Campus Page 3

Asian Policy

Europe nations. Under the oc- Nam War, even if it were in cupation of the U.S., Japan that indirect things. begun to reconstruct a capilalis- tic economy, deepened economi- Japan in Future cal dependence with America in Asia after the War. And Japan traded with `fAsia ,h5".idCaB?.yWe. tph.iEki.hOXkig9Pjli2

in the group of free natiOnS" must think of the close relation-

assist without political backing, This is a truly friendly nationher, trade will increase much foward America. And Japan

raise the Japa- should attempt to willmore and allew Vietnese position. Nam to spend a peacefui and

free life.Viet-Nam War and Japan it is possibie that Asia can

At present, the battle has been perform greater developments incarried out in Viet Nam in Asia. economic trade. By expressing

A number of Japanese wish to the distinct and characteristicnot get involved in any wars. Asiatic policy of Japan. And atThough Japan has been harbor- the same time, inerease the num-ing a deep question of Viet Nam's ber of peaceful nations in Asia.policy toward America, she be- Though Japan considers vari-gins to get indirectly involved ous roles in Asia, she exists inthis battle. aposition to iead them. This is First of all, Japanese govern- a natural role in such a situa-ment took care of sai!ors in con- tion•formity with the Japan and the Japan as a leader in Asiau.s. Security Pact on the should think not only of profitL.S.T. that carry all sorts of to the Japanese people but alsoMilitary goods, soldiers and so the profit of all of Asia's peopie.

on. We think that the following. Secondly Japanese bases and four principles need to be pursu-mstitutions are used for repair- ed.ing and supply of airplanes that 1. To keep economical pros-are used in the Viet Nam War. perity in Japan. Thirdly Okinawa, that Japan 2. To think much of the Na-has potential sovereign power tive welfare.over is used as the most im- 3. A principle of governmentportant base for carrying out system's allowing for Free De-directly and indirectly the Viet terrpination a principle of a self-

Nam War. determination. In this way, Japan somewhat 4. Not to intervene in anbegins to relate with the Viet othercountry'sproblems.

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Page 4 The Mita Campus 20th Anniversary Special Edition

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1naPolitical TransitZon After one country engages in as the country participate inwar with an other country, signing the treaty.these countries must conclUde [he British government helda treaty of peace. In the CaSe that, `tNo countries 'nas a great-of World War II, Japan signed er right to speak than Chinathe peace treaty with the Allied about taking part in the peace in San Francisco On of treaty, asagreat deal dam-PowersSept. 8th 195!. HoweVer, OUr age was done to C:hina over ancountry has not yet concluded extended period of time, "and a treaty with ComMUniSt insisted that China, which issuch or Soviet Russia• HOW recognized by England, shouldChinais it that matters came to SUCh participate the peace treaty•

astate? Asamatter of course, China wnen we consider the prOb" protested against being lift outlems lying between Japan and of the treaty on Sept. 18th,the USA, we.m"st nOt dO lgsl. But in spite of England'sso without considemng the rela- insistence AmericaL refused due 'tion between Japan and China• to the fact that china was the

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with interested nations such as Thus Japan was made toEngland and China, Dulles drew decide with which country sheup the Seven Principles of should conclude a treaty, andpeace with Japan and in No- the famous "Letter Fromvember, distributed them among Yoshida" was born. This letterthe nations participating in the states, "The po]itical powerFar Eastern Committee, includ- China is named as an aggressering the Soviet Union. China by the United Nations atcriticised these principles. This present... And Japan at thisis how the postwar relations time agrees the UN. "The Rus-between China and 3apan began. sia-Chinese Treaty of friendshipOn Dulles' second visit to Ja- is virtually a Military Alliancepan in January 1951 after talk- against Japan." "Consideringing with prirne minister Yoshi- the.se facts, Japan has no inten-da, he decided upon placing the tion of concluding a treaty withU.S. forces in Japan after the China." As soon as contentspeace was established. of this letter "were known, He next visited the Philip- China protested, saying thatpines, Australia, and New Zea- the letter was only a promotionland, held talks with the heads of the illegal Treaty efof these coimtries and soon re- San Francisco." Before a yeartumed to Washington to make had passed, the Peace Treatythe draft. Again he distributed between Taiwan and Japan wasthe draft among the countries concluded, April 28th, 1952.concerned; in order to make As we look at these facts,final arrangement with Japan, China has always taken thehe finally rnade a third visit to consistent attitudie that sincethis country. In June, he visit- the Treaty of San Francisco ined England to reach accord on which China did not take partthe treaty. The purpose of his was illegal and invalid, Chinavisit was to solve the que.stion could not be recognized.of which country, Communist It goes without saying thatChina or the Republic of China the Japan-Taiwan Treaty is theon Taiwan should be selected greatest obstacle in re-establish-

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ing Japan-China diplomatic re-lations, but many other prob-lems remaiLned unsolved. First,there is the problem of terri-tory, including the loss of theKurile Islands and southernSagh alien, and the problemsof the trust territory of Ryu-kyus and the Ogasawara Islands.In fact, the problem of repara-tion has not really been solved. Finally, the most importantthing is that Japan and Chinaare legally at war. From 1937to 1945, the Japanese Armykilled more than one hundredmillion people and damagedover fifty Lbillion dollars wealthof property. It is true that ourcountry caused damage toChina. On hearing these facts,no Japanege, no human beingfails to feel deep emotion. Ithink every Japanese feels thisresponsibility. It is a ploblemnot concerned with their per-sonal ideologies. Therefore the prob!em ofrepar.ations should be solvedat once, but before it wemust recognize China as acountry immediately. We mustnot forget the fact that thewhole world will probably sooniecognize China. We must notforget China covers vast ter-ritory anct has the world'slargest population, six hundredmillion.

Without recognizing China asa country, Japan cannot payany reparations, much less re-establish diplomatic relations.At the same time, there is awish for China to refrain fromMr. Chinki, making such state-ments as following," The pup-pet of imperialism must havebeen drivec! from the U.N.

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Change in Private Trade

1948 Feb.: The movement to re- open Japan-China trade began. Aug.: The Japan-China Trade Promotion Association was organized, to promote tech- mcal co-operation by Japan- China trade and to plan both countries' industrial reconstruction and develop- ment. It encouraged good- will between japan and China.1950 Dee.: Japan-China Trade in- terrupted. Following American Gov- ernment's instructions over- all export embargoes China was enforced.1952 COCOM (the Coordinating Cemmittee for Export Con- trol) was established. CHINCOM (the China Committee) was establish- ed-Japan joined in Nov. (The former organization was abolished and the lat- ter was Ioosen in 1957.) W!th the suspension of hosti!ities of the Korean war, the business became dull and with the lessening of international strain, the necessity for international trade expansien was recog- nized. Jun.: The First Japan-Chma Private Fore!gn Trade Agreement was signed.1953 Oet.: The Second Japan-Chi- na Private Foreign Trade Agreement was signed by the Japan International

1930 391946

47 10,164 48 4,080 49 3,144 50 19,632 51 5,828 52 599 53 4,539 54 19,097 55 28,232 56 67,344 57 6e,485 58 51,113 59 . 3,646 60 2,726 61 16,639 From the Fmance Ministry The figures in brackets are from the previous year

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two Chinas. 3) Reforming from protest against the normalization of diplomatic relations between Japan and Chi- na. In addition, China an- nounced "three ru]es of trade". ]) Agreements between the two governments 2) Private Contracts. 3) Individual transactions.1962 Nov.: The member of the Liberal Democrats' and the Chinese Government signed "The memorandum to de- velop long-term composite trade between Japan and China" (L.T. trade).I9M Aug.: Chinese trade mission came to Japan.1965 Jan.: Japanese trade mission left for China. The oihce in Peking was to be the Pri- vate Trading Representation Department. The Ministry of International Trade and Industry decide to change the name of this oMce into "Japan Trade Encourage- ment of Trade with Japan" (JETRO). Aug.: The fourth year's Ja- pan-China L.T. trade agree- ment was signed.

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AppToaches Though seventeen years havepassed after the World War II,war is noib finished under thepresent circumstance betweenJapan ancE Communist China(afterwards China means Com-munist China). The basis of the relationshipis as folloNvws;

A) Economic mutual depend-ence B) Moral responsibility toChina C) Political opportunity We should think that somesubjects which we face nowa-days and rnust grapple with thefuture can have real meaningand that recovery of diplomaticrelations can be supported bygenerative power the same asnow.A) Economic mutual depend- ence Econornic mutual dependencehas been impressed by a sym-bol, that is, trade between Chi-na and Japan. We desire thetrade between the two nationswhenever we can't improve theJapanese economic conditionsunder dependence on America.- Control ---

Japanese rapid economic de-velopment without depending onthe Chinese Government marketand China fell against the Japa-nese market, on that ground, itwas a vicious circle that thebrains of Japan neglected inbreaking the Japan-China rela-tionship.B) Moral responsibility to Chi- na Japan owed to Chinese Gov-ernment Clultural benefits for along time as a culbually ad-vanced nation. But Japan owesnothing to Chinese culture. Ja-pan has a sort of moral burdentoward China because of suchfeeling. But on important ac-count, we feel a responsibilityte China. [he Japanese govern-ment does not make peace withthe Chinese and enter intodjplomatic relation with China.

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Trade Promotion Commit- tee League. In this Agree- ment the following things were decided upon 1) The holding of Trade Fairs. 2) To establish a Trade Representation Depart- ment in each country. Trade Fairs were held in 1955 and 1965 in both Ja- pan and China. But about the second item, the Japa- nese Government assumed a conservative attitude.1957 May: The Third Japan-China Private Foreign Trade Agreement was signed for a fixed period of time.1958 Feb.: An iron and steel Agreement covering a five year program was signed. This demonstrated the possibility ef long-time and secure trade between Japan and China.196e Aug.: As terms for reopening of trade between Japan and China. China stated "the following three political rules. 1) Cessation of hostility forward China. 2) Refusal to join in any plan which had as its object the"creation of

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At the worst the Japanesegovernment does not make anyeffort to enter into diplomaticrelations. As a Japanese wefeel a guilty conscience for ourwar of aggression. t- Control -

a) How can we explain our war responsibility to the in- creasing post - war - genera- tions? It becomes hard to explainthe meral responsibility towardC.hina to the young generations.There is a gap between the gen-erations who know the War andwho do not.

b) The nuclear armament of China Japan, invading China, moral-ly occupies a suborminate posi-tion to China, and at last Chinamorally becomes higher in rankby forgiving the invader. The leaders of China have amoral sense of their superiori-try.

The nuclear arrnament ofChina has a special meaning toJapan, for if the new natien-alism appears in place of theold Japanese Nationalism, it isa) the consciousness of uncon- ditional responsibility for war,b) the spirit of unconditional aversion for nuclear weap- ons,and it is not until these twofactors are adapted that theJapanese racial consciousness isshaped. But Japanese new racialconsciousness is in a di!emmadue to the armament of China.

On ethe contrary, in casof China, the moral respon-sibility is one of Japaneseracial consciousness, thereforethe breaking of the Chinesemoral predominance by thenuclear armament cannot af-fect the Japanese racial con-sciousness. The infiuence onthe peace-campaign in Japanbeyond ideology is summarizedin these points. And the nu-

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clear armament of Chinareverses not only the break ofChinese Government moral pre-dominance but also the power-ful prerdominance between Ja-d) pan and China.C) Political Opportunity From the view point of thepolitical reason for the recoveryof intereourse between Japanand China, this armament is adanger to the peace and securityof Asia, therefore it is indis-pensable for peace in Asia torestore the intercourse betweenJapan and China. Graduallythe separation ef the securityof Japan in Asia and the restora-tion of/intercourse for the inter- recently.national peace beganOne example occured when theSecurity Treaty was improved. Against the Security Treatythose assert that the SecurityTreaty will decrease the safe-ty of Japan because it excitesRussia and China. If we favora strong Japan-China relation,we are pleased at the revivalof the relationship.

In short, at the point of na-tional security, the revival ofrelations between Japan andChina creates a strong fear ofincreasing national power andmilitary p6wer and we increasenational security by friendshipbetween our two nations becausethe Japanese government re-gards the Chinese Governmentas a hypothetical enemy. On the contrary, consideringinternational security, regardingChina as a hypothetical enemyendangers the safety and peaceof the Japanese people. Forwe seek parthers in peace inall countries, either democraticor communist, but Japanesegovernment tries rush into peaceby making efforts to changeother countries. There shouldbe a theoretical differenee be-tween nationai and internationalsecurity. 'This can be seen in the reformof the Security Treaty. On re-

forming the Security Treaty, Ja-pan made an effort to increasethe military and then the Japa-nese government grew self-con-sciousness as a military power. Due to this, we now regardChina as a military power, ineffect, the military side is em-phasized in Japan-China rela-tions. From the point of viewof national safety, national andinternational security have be-come differentiated and opposedbecause the Japanese govern-ment stressed the military, tradi-tional military power becomeuseless against China. In termsof national security, and Japan,inevitably, should oppose Chi-nese Government nuclear arma-ment. From the view point of in-ternational peace, all nucleararmament, not oniy China,should be stopped. Traditional Japan could takein only a suitable part of Chineseculture.

On the other hand, there isa structure of colonial policy,as is often said, "Material Chinaand industrial Japan", in theeconomic relations between thetwo countries. Thus, it is assumed that theJapanese economy is supenor tothe Chinese. We necessarilythink of post-war Japanese-China trade in this image ofthe Japan-China relationship.Because Japanese power issuperior to Chinese Government,Japan was connected with Chinaby culture, morals and economy. Moreover the Japanese viewof Asia is based on cur view ofChina, and Japan thinks thatChina is weaker than Japan.Therefore our view of Chinasince the Japan-China war waschanged by Chinese Governmentnuclear armament. As mention-ed above, this means not onlythat the tables are turned be-tween Japan and China, but alsothat our view of China and Asiawill change. Therefore it is im-portant for us to make a decisionwhether we think on the basisof natienal security or interna-tional security.

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20th Anniversary Special Edition

Oct. 26 the House of Representatives of JapaneseDiet held a special committee of Japan-ROK Treaty anctbegan to discuss the problems of Japan-ROK Treaty.

Nov. 11 the Government enforced to vote the billsof Japan-ROK Treaty though the discvssion of the prob-Iems was not thoroughgoing enough. it shows that howthe Government was eager for succeed and aSso shewsthaf the importance of the Treaty. The Japanese, both the supporters and the opposers,ra;sed cry for th;s measure of fhe Government. This picture was the moment that Diet members ofLiberal Democratic Party cried Banzai (Bravo} after votingthe bills of Japan-ROK Treaty.

Economic Aid The Japan-ROK (Republic of The J-ROK economic co-Korea) Treaty has been ratified. operation worked smoothlyJapan-ROK economic co-opera- from the time of the Park Ad-tion has moved on a new stage. mimstrat!ve power. The Japa-

First, let us see the move- nese Government consideredthement of Japanese economic: feelings of Korean dbr Japanese.1953: Korean War was over. And it took the form of tax-Special procurements from free manufacturing. In thepastU.S.A. was stopped. Japan fexnr years, however, this co-had to make inreads into for- operation has changed in theeign markets by itself. So following ways: Tax-free manu-japan had to recover its eco- facturing, Technical co-operation,norny rapidly, especially indus- Export of producers' and con-tria! technique. sumers' goods by a Loans

1956: Technical reform, equip. Direct investment jnto the realment mvestment were pro. intention which is the makmgclaimed. But the main invest- Of inrOads into the foreign mar-ments were in the chemical ket with monopolistic capital

'the steel and the machine in- Then in what direction wouiddustry. the J-ROK economic co-opera-

1958: "Nabezokokeiki" - the tion move from rkow on? It(depression came. But invest- would move on the direction ofment continuously increased. Japanese economy's aggression

l960: "Policy of income re- for Korean economy. On Aprildoubled" was carried out. But 2.?., the joint statement con-the necessary and sufiEicient cerning economic co-operatiencondition of this policy was was increased the following:

completely overturned before- l. We try co-operation be-hand. This policy failed too. tween the two nations' labourBut rnore and more investment force, technical co-operation,increased. promotion of tax-free manu-

1963: Strains of "policy of facturmg in intensive industry.high growth economy" became 2• We promote interchangedrnore and more conspicuous. Of a private capital and try

They were a problem of inter- Magnification of trade. We corn-national payments, labor (espe- bine with Japanese techniquecially a shortage of young la. and capital and the abundantborers), productive industry, Korean labour supply andover-production and so on. develop foreign markets.To cope with this, "pohcy ef 3• Wedevelop Koreanmanu-middle-of-the-way economy" faCturing trade, agriculture,was carried out. This policy liVestock, mining industries andwas to increase G.N.P. from SO On- We try development of19,700 billion yen to 2g,2oo fOreign markets.billion yen in the five years be- Three basic direction seen inginning with 1963. And it was this statement:to restrained consumers' prices First points; The building uptil1 2.5%. of heavy industry which the 1965: But at present, con- Korean economy needs andsumers' prices have already in- achieve self-reiiance is denied.creased more than 2.5%. So Second points; Japanese willthis policy has already become hold to change Korean industryan unrealistic one. On the other into international sub-contracts'hand, in the past few years the factory of Japannumbers of bankrupties have Third points; Development ofbeen increasing. A large sjzed the primary indus,try is em-budget that includes the na- phasized.tional debt would planned. But Then in what points wouldinfiation would become more the J-ROK economic co-opera-and more violently. tion grapple with? It would At this time, theJ-ROK Treaty grapple with the point of manu-was ratified. Japanese capital- facturing trade. This oppressesists thought of the employment Koreans small and medium-sizeof cheap Korean Labour, plans enterprises.of expansion and forcing sales, Thus, tax-free manufacturingthat is, to sale overproducted would become one of the Japa-:naterials. nese magnification of markets.

The Mita Campus

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Page 5

Japan-ROK Treaty has been ratified on Noyember 77th. New relation is beginning be- tween Jcrpan and Korea. Korea is Iying just 200 miles beyond the Japan sea hom us and the has been playing a yery important roll in Japanese history. So it is our hope to renew our friendship. Still we can not ignore the problems on this treaty. Such as military purpases and eccm.omical probtems. We are afraid Iest the treaty should create the crisis of a war again instead of a hope of world peace.

Economy of Korea 'e.l,"YR!eP'S.fm.l.Y.".,d.,

The prob]em of Korean eco- terprises orgamzed and owned took a deflationary policy. It country but its agriculture is nomy comes mainly from the by Korean capitalists. 97,6% of eased the harsh living condi- at present ip a depressed state. conditions that came about un- the Korean enterprises employ tions of the people but did not The greatest reasons for this der the rgign of Japan before less than 100 men and more- help the development of the slump are that the agricultural the war and under the infiuence over 81.39o employ Iess than 20 economy. As the result, the land reform ended in failure, oftheUSA afterthewar.There men. On the other hand enter- rate of the national growth American surplus crops are are four main problems. prises which employ more than dropped to 2.3or/o. Now Presi- flowing into Korea, and the First, the unbalanced develop- 200 men are only O•99ro• Among aenr Park has turned once lastly thete is a deficiency in

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movement. CTisis of Japanese Own Fishery e,?i'd'i,$/Ea,iLSgvV,Er:niliwg./2t,wai:•::.gs2-

among the farmers up to three The fishery problem between the Japan-U.S. Security Treaty, for the sagety while fishing. `chobu' in area. Japan and ROK is immediately the cancellation of MacArthur Thecompetitionresultingfrom They must make payment in the Japanefie fishery's own one- Line and the proposal of the limitting of fishmg bound wt11 kind 15091o of the average har- of fishery on a opening of Japan-ROK talks tend to intensify more and more, vest for five years. The problem small-scaled indeed of all fishery show hew the U.S. is trying to and it is inevitable that the 2. The Government will al- is organizations. The govern- exploit Japanese fishery. number of the ships will be cut low landowners to retain ceme- ment presented the policy of iM- Rhea-Line strict licensing will be required. tery lands up to two `chobu' in for the JapaneSe The president of RoK, Rhea Financial co-operation area. provement fiSherY' declared the "peace Llne" in Japanese financial ce-opera- 3• The landS ef sUCh re- social organizations This peliey which developes l952 after the abolition of the tion for Korea is $12o million. COgniZed the operation of enterprises MacArthur Line. prevention of Although at a glance, no con- and the public welfare enter- causes the small-scaled fishery communist's invasion and pre- nection with the government PriSes aS Schools, hospitais and in.ae,M,,sitls,ke:iieSrZafiX,2.ShatrrrgWi!"ofbUtX'6.geg,ra,"eang'ltO,2J:O,pf,%n.lilfiaer'"2xp?8:'tg"tfotfiiUa."n.i'eiel;g,iF.Se,tZc,gnXl:,kg:,IS,V,a,g.2eCkOil?gg,,h,g"s,Ch,egSfigWi,s:,'iti/LiiigF'Xg.?lll,tGf:"t"s,fiu,rg,Mh,

lzohlil:',lsi"&/eA'iiOPib;e//1..i/1',,11jn/II,?,i,gCIIili.li'loig#,I//XlÅé/i,IC`11f,IC/ll"l,,tvla///ÅédliC//X,/so/IO//of,a,dl./11ih,/iei./11S,/lt.,.l,i•!//1,I'3,i.11j,i/illnll,1",e/IX-i.Xol./i,ISn'geiii.,/W,•d/l•i'xe;/;.,llli/i,higOlllteli':tg/l'l,,/1•,rf/ie//IiXli','li/lil',i"i,:'lhliSlj,:'1an/Sgegy,xe:j'l

China, and by the Korea Japan-U.S.-Canada Fishery Treaty(1952). Thzts America canceledthe MacArthur Line and permit-ted Japan free fishing up to theKorean waters. b) Japanese fishery monopoiy Introduction of U.S. capital,technical co-operation & jointundertakings with large U.S.fishery enterprises.

Being predommant over Japanin fishery, America attempts torefemi this country's fishery cen-tering around the monopoly en-terprises and to cause Japan toadvance to Asian fishery groundwithout American direct control.The conclusion of the Japan-U.S.-Canada Fishery Treaty and

operation league.

The number of Japanese cap-tured ships was 229 and theamount of the los.q. was 7,OOOmillion yen. The damage to berealized at the conclusion of thetreaty is estimated to be 70,OOOton, or 2,800 million yen. Theamount of catch in the fisheryground most affected by theor 12,800 million yen in 1964.Under the treaty the sort of fish-ing about the Isl. Saishu is limit-ed in amount to 110 thousandton and the number of ships to120. 0f course the fishingground where the Japanese shipshave been fishing will be cut 60-70%. Japanese fishery mustpay too high a price in return

SCENARIO& IMPROVE YOURNAN'UN - DO'S ENGLISH - JAPANESEMOVIE DIALOG SCRIPTS("SCENARIO SERIES")

No. 22 NORTH BY NORTH WEST Ne. 21. LOVE IS A MANY- SPLENDORED THING No. 20 A RAGE TO ItVE Ne. 19 BAtLAD IN BLUE No. 18 tOVE IN THE AFTERNOON (SCENARIO -220. TAPE Y580)

NAN'UN-DO 4"89Kyo

TAPEENGLISH!

Frorn Love is a many-splendoredthing

.Xscl•,g".

NISHI-KANDA, CHIYODA-KU [PHONE 261-8P.36]

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Page 6 The Mita Campus

Tragedy of Division

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Korea and established the coun. The U•N ShOUId make the Ko- But it NN'as clear that the unity cil of peoples communission reanS take part in the considera- of Korea could not occur with- (the Left). tion of the Korean Problems and out the rnutual agreement of the The U.S., the u.K., and the the U•S• Army and the USSR U.S. andthe USSR. But at that USSR held the Meet at summit ArMY ShOuld withdraw from Ko- time the cold war between the level in Moscow, in lg4s. The rea bY the beginning of 1948. U.S. and the USSR was growing .b,ig,.tere2,p.owftr.s,,t.ahked,,t,o,g,e,t.he,r.,T.h,etEl6S'Ka.n,g.fihe.,U,,S,S,R,i.hO.",iSIE,.O.r,ei"gSe,n,Sei.,i.",,?•,u,c,h,,a,siY.,a."

They passed a resolution: the reanS' hands• The USSR ex- unity in Korea. U.S., the uK., the ussR and PreSSed the Opposition to the Wecanseethattheu.s.made China should establish trustee- COnSideratiOn Of Korean Prob- use of the U.N. for the u.s. ship for five years in Korea and leMS and the U•S. Army and the needs to maintain its East-Asia makeanindependentstatewhen USSR Army should withdraw pokcy by blaming the ussR. thetrusteeshipisoverandmake frOM KOrea the beginning of While the USSR made North

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to talk about the Korean provi- Korean Problems by the U.N. Ifif.Ogn,;,kg.Og8sisP.RM.//:k2tig,dYgilS,a.,:..2i./tt8hh.lss",EcN,oh.dg/g//s:"s:.l,guZMt.,ehigeglliie.Eig,W',///1,/AoSi//feC,U,Iill.t"i,S:,tg-g2J/Y.!`alTO-,EkOdi.ig,l

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opposed to the plan of trustee- into practice the Whole election was afraid of the Soviet Union'sthis.Ps,R.bYa,n,t sh.ec,E"

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• mutual assistance part in 1953, Doubt in KOrecrn War ?,o,utl .E,a-R`,,ftgi,".7re.afil•s-z ;•:

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In the tense situation of the Korea, Taiwan etc have beenthe Far Eastern policy of theUnited States. That is because COId war, before dawn on June tied to the us.the Korean War was an inter. 25, 1950, the war broke outft-,a.tg?.".qii..?n.e..p,r,2S,iu,c.e,d..b,y.:,he,,".eSg,`3S,Aa.t'.;i,ZN,gln.e,b,,O.!,.A".i,9.5,`,b`,hB.",,F,,rzp.r,e,s,e,n,ga,t!/ie6'

camps of the East and the C!ared its support to the Repub- SOUth East Asian Treaty or-West. Iic of Korea (South Korea) and ganization at the Geneva Con-,/i/l"llihlS/.,lh/le/X•t#i/i,iliill.,;$i&;'/g\•//:,#nlufiljdl•1.ili,\.,",,:ulSd,gKcg.'kiti,vl.li,,11Ii"it:`,//ll/iidYecdli/inlL{"IOii,;dif/i.u/tliS.1\•Ilh,

rhe intensification of the Council decided to put an aims the possibility of organizing •diplomatic antagonism from restraint on North Korea which NEATO (North iL7ast Asian Trea-1946 led to what is called the was regarded as an aaggressor. ties Organization), among theeold war. The United States The soviet union, in January, U•S• These Asian countries aresupported Chiang Kai-shek and had instituted a boycott, pro- all tied to the U.S. by (].S.-the Koumintang (the Nation- testing the disapproval of Red Korean mutual assistanee part,alist Party of China) as an anti- China's entrance to the United U.S.-Republic of China part,Soviet force and endeavored to Nations, so did not participated Security Treaty each.

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got out ef shape. And Japan, cention war in the Korea Penin- pan-US Security TreatIn place of china, was placed sulaunderthe flag of andunder over, the omcial docuYm' enM tO;g: the

in a position of importance as the most faverable auspias of gardmg the enforcement of 12a prop and stay of the United the United Nations forces. Article 6 of the Security Treaty

20th Anniversary Speciai Edition

Setf-Defence Forces, lnsplte of cloubt ef the nation, have developing year by year.

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Korea Soviet Sattelite militarilyby 1948 and did not plan on Ios-mg of this country. In otherwords the big two powers theU.S. and the USSR wanted tosecure the South and North Ko-rea because they were the im-portant places for their militarypo!icles.

The division of the South andNorth entered the critical stage

with the outbreak of the KoreanWar and became more decisive. We can find in the world threedivided states, Germany, VietNam and Korea. Above all,Korea seems to us more tragicthan Germany and Viet Nam.Why? Korea is too poor. NorthKorea had advanced mdustry butno agriculture while South and

Korea had a little industry andagriculture.

South and North Koreacombine Korea is not whole, sethe unitv of the South and NorthKorea l's absolutely necessaryfor the Koreans. The U.S. andthe USSR must cut their connec-tion with Korea and must putKorea in the Koreans' hands.

Mtenafce

states that, if the American Army in Japan takes military action, the US must inform Ja- pan before the action occurs. But when the American Army acts as an agent of the United Nations, it need not comply with this agreement in the treaty.

On March, 17, 1965, the GHQ the Umted Nation returned the right of aerial domain to South Korea. In this case, the UN acknowledged South Kerea (Republic of Korea) as the only legal Korean Government, the sphere of aerial domain including that of North Korea.

South Korea was released from "the Armistice Agree- ment" of the Korean War, and may invade the North at will; the United Nations need not then be responsible for the South's act, as the UN com- mands nothing. We must take Article 5 into much cons!dera-tion. It states as follows:

"Each treaty power w!11 ac-knowledge that armed attackdirected against either treatypower will endanget the peaeeand safety of each power, andwilt act to cope with this com-mon crisis according te eachconstltution "

Considering these conditions, can set up a situation.South Korea invades the North.The North attacks the South.The Amemcan Army advancesinto Korea from Japan as theUN Arrny. The North may at-tack the American Base in Ja-pan. And the right of self-de-fense can put in motion natural-

Thus, Article 9 of the Japa-nese Constitution, which denies right of belligerency of thestate, will be broken. [hese are the dangers broughr the relationships of the UN, Security Treaty and Japan,and since the Security TreatyStruggle in 1960, we have beengiven warning of these dangersrepeatedly. The situation has freether de-veloped with the Japan-ROKTreaty which was ratified thisNovember. The FundamentalAgreement of Japan-ROK Treatystates as follows: "We acknow-ledge that it is important for two countries to co-operateintimately according to the UNCharter, and recollect the rela-tive prescriptions of the peacetreaty which was signed in SanFraneisco on Sept. 8, i951 and UN Resolution 195 (III)which was passed on December 1948...,, In Korean War, the American

Army advanced beyond the 380N Line on the grounds of UN Resolution 376 (V) which was passed at the Fifth General Meeting on October 7, i950. This Resolution 376 (V) reaf- firmed Resolt. 195 (III) and suggested that the AmericanArmy "should have the whoie

of Korea stabilized." In brief,the Fundamental Agreements ofthe Japan-ROK Treaty acknow-

ledge the ROK Government ac- cording to the UN Resolution, and swear to co-operate witheach other intimately, which inreality means to take mi!itaryaction.

What then does "to take themilitary action" mean? Itmeans to dispatch the Japa-nese self-defense forces (Jiei-tai). Mr. Haruo Okada, Social-ist, pointed out the Three Ar-row Plan in the Japanese Diet,this plan explains such a case.

After the Korean War, Ameri-can President Eisenhower work-ed out "New Look" military Pro-gram. When the Soviet Unionsucceeded in making ICBM's in1957, the "New Look" militaryProgram lost its effect. Secre-tary of the Defense, R. S. Mc-Namara has worked out" themultiple options approach."

This approach consists ofthree parts. The first is the res-training plan of total war, themethod of which is the use ofnuclear missiles; the potentialenemy is the Soviet Union. Thesecond opinion is settlement onthe spot; the method is use ofthe air force, and enemy isEastern Europe, the Arabicarea, Red China, or North Korea. The third opinien is the "Spe-

cial Plan," whose method of im- plimentation is guerrilla tactics; the potential enemy in this case is North Vietnam, Laos, Cuba or other under-developed coun- tries.

"The Three Arrows Plan" was the result of research on ways to co-operate with these threeways of the Arnerican "multipleoptions approach." On addition,this "Three Arrows Plan" in-cludes research en martial law,supperintendence of the Diet,dispatching of the Self-defenseArmy, and even the law of na-tional mobilization.

In the Japanese Diet, PrimeMinister Eisaku Sato said, "TheJapan-ROK Treaty is not one efmilitary aims." But, as men-tioned above, through the con-nection among the containmentPolicy of Red Chjna, the Viet-nam War, the dispatch of SouthKorean troops, tkte S. Korean-Taiwan Treaty of friendship,military present in Japan (in-cluding Okinawa) and "TheThree Arrows Plan," we c.Rnnotdeny the possibility of militaryinfractions occurring betweenJapan and S. Korea. The fact that Japan took apesitive step towards rnilitaryco-operation with the US, name-ly, concluding the Japan-ROKTreaty, has the same meaning,as the conclusion of a new J-US Security Treaty five yearsearly. The Security Treatymeans mutual defense and eco-nomic cooperation between Ja-pan and the US under the direc-tion of the US and mutual de-fense and economic co-operationbetween Japan and South Korea,also under the direction of theus.

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AD AGENCIES

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Pmnung

BUT ONLY

MANYIN JAPAN

ONE HAS:'

in The World's Top Ten (5th). e 2 Separate Plants. e I2.Difi'erent Trade Publications (5

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and Photo Production Studios, e A Complete RecordingStudio for Radio 8c TV. e A Market Research Company

. . . AND NUMBER ONE BILLING OF US$245.1

. . . OVER DOUBLE OUR NEAREST COMPETITOR(25.449o of Japan's total national ad expenditut'e)

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20th Anniversary Specia! Editiors

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Thus. we haye now attached that both Korea and "apan are in asad situation. Then. can't we do an]vthing. but only to belong to thebanner of the U.S.? We cannot keep maintaining status-quo? The way to take can be found inf the following way. St is to beindependent of the U.S. We must make up our minds to take cr neutraiattitude for the sake of Japan. aurselves.' the purposes of the inde-pendence are to be hee from the menace of the war, brought by theU.N. Charter. Japan-U.S. Security Trenty and the newiy ratified Japan-ROK Treaty. and to offer eur aids to I(orea in order to strengthen theties of the reai friendship between Japcrn and Korea.

We noted that Japan and Ko- brief, American aLd impedes expects Japan to haveaperfectrean relations are established Korean independenl. domestic self-defense power-not attack-by not only these two countries, development, and compels S. ing power-in order to defend,but also the by the U.S. A Korea to be militaristic. Before perhaps, a part of Koreanbreakdown of Korean agricul- August, S. Korea]n students Peninsula in the near future.ture took place because the published a slogan "Against J- If Japan has, the Korean needAmerican supplus farm produce ROK Treaty". After August 16, not depend on the reinforce-inflow to South Korea competed both Governments concluded ment of American troops whenwith domestic agricultural prod- the treaty, the slogan changed a confrontation happens againucts; the national movement to to "Against Park, Against in Korea."establish their own independent American Imperialism." 'rhis The US. is now confrontedeconomy was paralyzed. Ko- change explains the situation xN'ith a dollar crisis. We haverean unbalanced finance is eloquently. Each example men- already pointed out that thecaused by reckoning on the tiened above shows that the U.S. falls into trouble to helpcounterpart funds of the Ameri- J-ROK Treaty neither promotes S. Korean finance. The failurecan surplus farm produce. amiable relations between our of the "five-year plan" showMost of the budget is used as two countries, nor does the U.S. this well. And the organizinga military fund. The un- intend to. Also the American NEATO means Japan's transferbalanced system of Korean In- enerny is neither S. Korea, nor of aid to S. Korea.dustry, which excessively pro- Japan, but Red China. Doutst in UNduces consumer goods increases On April 17, 1963, Assistantthe unemployed. These persons Secretary of Defense, Gill Pa-have no choice but to become triac made a secret speech atsoldiers. Overseas Writers Club in Wash- The newly concluded J-ROK S. Korea has become tragic ington. His speech went as Treaty clarms to observe theunder this circumstance. [n follows; "Washington definitely United Nations. However, the

StudentsKaoru

K. Yamazaki

This ignorance ofof the Congresslack of discussion meansstruction of theanism. We cannotbreaking of theLiberal Democratichas done this thing. The treaty will be ratified soonbut this is not only

Naohito

"Lxpress YctmazaEki. Senior (Chqirman ef S4)' The voting tween Japan and Kereaon the J-ROK great importance inTreaty has foreign policy.been complet- This treaty will'ed, ignering possibility of a war inthe rules of East Asia. SEATOthe democra-cy. Thismade c'ontainment polciy, hasus quitedoubt- So, the US is trying toful about the new one, NEATO,treaty itself. Taiwan, Japan, Korea, the customs U.S. The J-ReK Treatyas well as the needed for that. the de- This fact shows that parliamentari- foreign policy is entirely allow this ordinated to the US,rules and the means against China. We

Party who already the relations Japan and China are cold but this treaty will a treaty be- the condition werse. We

Ohkuma, Junior(Editor of the Keie Press)

Opinions

but has Japanese

mcrease the South- which ismade according to the American failed. make a including and the was

Japanese subd which knowbetween getting miake think

U.N. is not always fair to bothKorea. When the U.N. wasstarted in 1945, it was aimedat facism; and U.N. meantUnion of victorious powers.But years passed, and it lostthe former purpose. The U.S.regards communism as facism,and intends to change the U.N.'saim. In 1947, in the collision be-tween the U.S. and the SovietUnion, the Soviet representa-tive Andrei Gromyko insistedthat the Korean problem sheuldbe left to Korean people, butthe U.S. would not listen. Thechairman of the U.N. is selectedfrom middle or small countriesso that the big countries' in-terests may not disturb theU.N.'s essential work. However,American troops have been ap-pointed to be the U.N. Forcesthough it was obvious that theU.S. can take much advantageof the situation. We cannothelp doubting the ideals of theU.N., looking through theseaffairs

Even though any idealisticsystem may exist, can it havea right to determine Koreanproblem, ignormg the Koreanpeople? How can it organizea Korean Committee withoutany Korean representatixres?How can it conclude the Northis the aggressor, not listen toany explanation from the Ko-

on

that we should strengthen thefriendship between China andJapan. But the J-ROK Treatyworks against our hope. The fact that Japan conclvd-ed the treaty only with SouthKorea destroyed the hope ofuniting the South and North.Moreover, Japanese Self-De-fense Forces are making a piancalled "The Three Arrows Plan"preparing for the Korean WarII.

Japan is going to give about800 million dellars. But con-sidering that, the US has alreadygiven 12,OOO million dollars. Wedoubt whether it wili help theKorean economy or not. Tliereare more doutbful points aboutJ-ROK Treaty. We are afraidthat the treaty will force Ja-pan to take part in the cold warand make it impossible for herto live a peaeeful life.

This is found in the conclusionof the Peace Treaty in 1952 andif the new J-US Security Treatyin 1960. The J-ROK Treatywas drawn up as one of thesteps of this program. But, the Sato Cabinet dras-tically voted in "the vill of theJ-ROK Treaty" in the House ofRepresentatives on Nov. 12,ignoring the doubt and contraryopinions of the people. Anotherdisgraceful rnatter was added toprewar history on this day.By this drastic divisioned vote,the J-ROK Treaty became rati-fied spontaneously without theconsideration of the House ofCouncillors. Although a fewdisturbances may take placeboth in and out of the Diet, theSatot Cabinet will achieve theprewar reactionary programgoals gradually. Hereafter thisprogram wil! aim at a "deter-mined revision of the Constitu-tion," taht is, making it haveno authority with itself; "rais-ing the Self-Defense Forces tothe status of a ministry," "therevision of the minor electoratesystem" etc, will be presentedone after another while we re-main unconscious of them. In order to prevent the ac-complishment of these pro-grams, we, of the young genera-tion should support "peace anddemocracy." To perform it, wemust play a part of the nationalmovement, I believe.

Treaty

eThe Mita

rean people? Respect for large countriesmay have a meaning at anyrate. But it goes without say-ing that we must not make toomuch of large countries' in--terest, and ignore small coun-tries. It is a serious affair thatthe U.N. becomes weaker andthe middle and smal! countriesare losing their interest andrel!ance in the U.N.

S-K in Future

Then, what shall we do asan Asian country? Let us thinkabout Yxorea, at first. We havealready mentioned that Koreaneconomics is not free becauseof subordination to the U.S.So long as Korea depends uponthe U.S. she cannot escapefrom this situation. The funda-mental line of national inde-pendence should be establishedand economic .policy should befounded on it. It is important to cut downthe military expenditure. Thisis very important. Korea mustbe independent of the U.S.,which wants to keep her as thefront of the containment policyof communism (especially RedChina). It is not easy forKorea to do this. But if shewants to establish her ewnsound finance, there is no waybut to be a buffer state. How-ever, in fact Korean financecannot go well by herself with-out any foreign aid. Thereforeif she refuses American aid at

Hiroshi Nakamuror, Senior (Chairmon of Political SG) A few weeks ago, the Liberal with this problem under suchDemocratic Party divided "the a firm resolution because ofbill of J-ROK Treaty" drastical- depression of today. If theyly at the House of representa- do not ratify the treaty soon,tives. It is not an impoytant the disturbing Korean authority,problem whether the bill will Paku Administrative Power arebe discussed suMcient or not. full of danger. Meanwhile, Gov-We must look at the point for ernment wants to get Koreanthe Liberal Democratic Party labor force which is cheaperignored parliamentalism. They and abundant. Adding to aboveseemed to thmk, "Journalists all, the Government intends tomay protest against eur action. make up their L.D. systemHowever, they will surely criti- steadfast at the depression.cize not only us, but Socialist Today's depression will be-Party." come more serious extensively, ]NIeanwhile, the G.overnment g,"•td..ti•.h.eY ,M.S;g,,l.egt Ol"i.e,r, th.ef

gave a General meeting of the mass-proletariate. However, thechiefs public prosecutOr Of a Government has not a powerlocal court; Govern't suggested, enough to supress labourers'at the meeting taking a firM strike and anti-Government ofg,l.eas,u,r.e,s.,to.m.7gn,tai.n.3he.,P,",b,it,h.?,p.e,op;gi.g,ow,,,a,b,O,.".tt.h,e,llie,-

demonstrations; Govern't fOr" House of Councilors and theS/IT,b//iesX,i,\h,//ie2M,:OllA'le1as,S,l'l,llk•/1`/1/l,111kri'3.1vey/:',I/$',,ec,.OJ'l":/11i,:,lj,i,1'ehb,ieleljhill'3/IS'/i•i'i,l,,IZa/rl,S'gh/6leJl'IRillrttlS'

street as the neighborhood of MiniSter of autonomy, Naga-the Diet. Thus, Government yaMa suggested important prob- which will control Japa- with the Treaty under leMsgrappledthe firm resolusion that they nese history, that is, "raisingmust supress those who are Self Defense Force to be statusagainst Government under any Of Ministry," "the problem of that is, they the minor electororate system."clrcumstance; with the treaty exer. BeSides, from November pricesgrappledcising their ail state authority. have risen seriously, for in"g,lel'll'.fi.•l/iVse2,ie,ci/,i/kOllllh'i,/rltleti'teei,g,IHzisWg,i/ifli,il'/if,tigCz•e",la;slct%fÅír:e/lw:ni,i:slalil,geg,gOxpl,/"X",et:/h,e,

their image "the party of con- TheSe drastic pricehike arescience" to the people, to win gOing to be performed with athe next election again. s. Unilateral structure which theParty tried to defeat the L. D. L•D• Party obtained at the de-Party, but journalism did not liberation of the Treaty for achange the attitude as `tBoth background. This large-scaled share equally blame for dePreSSion makes not onlypartiesthe quarrel." Moreover, they labourers' movement begin towere quite at a loss what to change, but also political order,do before the Government's PraiSed as being stabilized aftercoercive attitude with their the J-US Security Treaty beginstate authority. It was all in tO be stirred.vain to cry "Let us keep par- We are now standing at theliamentalism," and "dissolution point to fight to the last inof House of representatives." order to maintain a true demo- The L D. Paz'ty grappled cracy as a member of the nation.

Campus Page7 e

once, many peopie will be onthe verge of stavation. Meanwhile, Japan can offersome aid to Korea. If the J-ROK Treaty is characteristic oftransfer of American aid, thoughKorea will be depend upon theU.S., there will be no signifi-cance. Well, we cannot discuss theseaffairs at the point of the thirdperson. We, Japanese are tiedby the Security Treaty, J-ROKTreaty and the U.N. Charter;when a collision happens inKorea again, Japanese troopsmust be dispatched. Today, the crisis of the coldwar between the U.S. and theSoviet Union is gone. What wemust lock at now is the crisisof "Sino-American War." Thiswar has a possibility to becomeWorld War III. We mustprevent it at any: eans. Securi-ty Treaty, J-ROK Treaty, theU.N. Charter, these cha!ns oftreaties make Japanese connect-ed to the U.S. and when WerldWar III occurs, Japan must playa part which will intensify thewar. We must take this intoconsideration. Red China has long been asimilar country to us. Charac-ter, philosophy, religion, cus-tems and many other thingswere brought from China (NotTaiwan). Therefore, vL,hateverthe U.S. says, we do not feelthe Chinese menace so greatly,but feel intimacy somewhat.As China exists in the mindsef the Japanese. But, howeverintimate Red China may be forthe Japarrese, it is not desirablefor the J-Korean re]ations tojoin the banner of Red Chinaeither. We depend on the ban-ner of the U.S. in order toprevent World War III, andthere is no significance te be-long to the banner of RedChina.

We must, therefore, make upour minds to take a neutral at-titude for the sake of Japan,ourselves. independent of theu.S. 'W'e wiK recollect againthat we are a member of theAsian Group, and that we areresponsible fer the Asian friend-ships and peace,... and Worldpeace, but neither Red Chinanor the U.S. wnen we ac-tualize this idea, Japan cancontribute economic aid toKorea, and the J-Korean rela-tions will become really friendly.

Recently, togemy shock,people have.been discuss-ing whetherthe year !965means thehundredthyear of theMeiji Period orzhe twentiethyear afterwould like totwenty years as

way and theand democracy"way. Our younglooked upon"boring andhave consciouslythem take inown lives.stances, theydevotingthought" whothese The prewarthe starting15th" (the dayof 1945),ideas andIn re-compiling,because thereexperlences mand themany

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World War II. I regard these the negation ofautocracy and war in a negative history of "peace in a positive

generation have these things as hackneyed" and avoided letting their root to their Under such circum- are in danger of.to themselves to "men of deny the value of twenty years. intellectuals plagce point at "August of the war's end and make up their own recompile history. they are lucky have been many both the reality general idea behind mass-struggle--especia!-

ly, Anpo Struggle" (thestruggle against J-US SecurityTreaty in 1960.) Meanwhile, most of our gen-eration knows neither "August15th", nor "the Anpo Struggle."We have, so to speak, no ex-perience of h]istory, nor havewe any starting point of history. How excitedt Mr. K. Ohe, thefamous writer, was to learn theConstitution at schooi when theWar was over. We have nothad a vivid experience such asthis in adopting "democracy" asour principle way odF life. Yet, after all, our generation,too wiSl have to deny the pre-warautocracy and the history ofwar make a new histery, ob-serving "peace and democracy,"and will have to make this areality. In fact, we still havethe possibility of being sensitive "Image of an Ideal Citizen,""the detrimental revision of theConstitution;' "Vietnam War,""J-ROK Treaty." It goes with-out saying that this sense should

be promoted more in bothreality and principle. Prewar history meant "the in-dependence of Japanese mono-polized capital" from the econo-mical viewpoint; from the poli-•tical viewzpoint., "the progressof reactionary system is quiteopposite to prewar history."

(Continued from Page 5Årdominating as before, composedthe Farmland Committee. Thecommittee and the mayorsmanaged to retain their formerland holdings. Second, farms"were disguised as cemetery-land, or were incorporated intoschool foundations. Third, repayment as describedby the Law-1509To of the aver-age harvest for five years-was:a heavy burden for the tenantfarmers, for 30% of the averageharvest equals the net income tothe small farmers. Thus, these poor peasantsgradually became unable to payoff their debet for the newlyacquired !and. Afterwards some people resoldtheir land secretly and again fellinto the position of tenants orthe hired farm worker. The second great cause of thepresent nonproductive state ofKorean agriculture is the prob-lem of American surplus crops.Since !955, America has beensupporting Korea by her surpluscrops. About 8091e of the priceef crops is appropriated for theKorean military budget. By theextreme introduction, the priceof the farm products in Koreais kept low and domestic agri-cultural products are stagnant.Judging from the point of viewof the short-term policy, it maybe beneficial, but from a differ-ent standpoint it is harmful.

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Page8 The Mita Campus 20th Anniversary Special Editionv

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The confllct in Vietnam has becom-e greater contrary to our hopes. All the world watches Vietnarn with an-xiety for Vietnam is a possible point of origin for World War III. Often hec[rd are the fol!owing omgumonts; Communist China and North Vietnam are invading South Viet-nam, so South Vietnam must be protecteci from these aggressors. NVNIe, the members of the Mita Cormpus, consider this problem from following viewpointings.

1. The history of Vietnam . Before the year of l954, V!'etna.rn vLTas under the French rule. After the battle of DienBienFu crnd the GenevaAgreement, the U.S. took over the rule of Slouth Vietnam. 2. The essence of N(xtional Liberatingr Front "Viet Cong" ' In the "Viet Cong" communist? Is South Vietnam overrun bv communism? 3. The economy in North and South Vietnam What is the standard of living in Vietnam? WhaÅ} kincl oE c[id is being given by the U.S. and the com-munist countries. 4. World Politics surrounding Vietnam military affa2rs. What is the U.S. standpoint to communism? What is the actuaHunction oi the United Nations?

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1. THE COLONIAL FRANCE,S RUILE IN INDO-CHINA Franee divided and ruledIndo-China: Cochin-China directcontro! colony in the South,Annarn Empire in the Middle,Tongking protected area. Laosand Cambodia were left empiresand a border line in Indo-Chinawas delimited artificially. Franceexploited the colony with thecolonia! policy of divide andrule, an ignorant-people policyand a treat-Chinese-merchant-favorably policy and made acat's-paw of the pro-Frenchelements in the upper classes tocultivate lower and middlegrade government eMcials forthe purpose of much easier ex-p!oitation.

As Indo-China was moderniz-ed as the French celony, theindependence xnovements werepromoted and after WorldWar I, Viet-Namese formed theViet-Nam Nationali.q.t Party onthe foundation of "the principleof self-determination of peo-ples."

2. ESTABLISmaNT OF THE NATIONAL COSCIOUSNESS In September, l94e, the Japa-nese Army was stationed inTongking, with which the Viet-Nam Nationalist PartY cooperat-ed. Over against this the Indo-China Communist Party organiz-ed at Hong Kong in l930 direct-ed an underground movementon the platform of "Anti-Japa-nese and Independence" formed"Viet-Nam Independence Alli-ance" under the leadership ofHo Chi Minh in May, l941. In August i945, upon Japan'sdefeat in World War II, theFrench puppet Annam ImperialGovemment of the pro-JapaneseEmperor Bao Dai was downedand Ho Chi Minh declared theindependence of the Viet-NamDemocratic Republic en Sep-tember 2nd. But in place ofimperialist Japan, imperialistFrance began to invade Indo-China again. France had reeognized theViet-Nam Democratic Republicas one independenr states of theFreneh-Indo-China Common-weaith of Nations. In December1946, when the French Armyentered into Hanoi, the capitalof the Viet-Nam Democratic Re-public, ati allout resistance warwas declared toward Franceand, the Indo-China War I call-ed "la sale querre" was brokenout. In February 1950 the UnitedStates recognized the Bao DaiGovemment and in May gavemilitary support to French Armyto begin to intervene lndo-China.But it could not influence theprogress of the War decisively.In May 1954, the French strong-

'IThe Geneva International Con- ferenÅëe on the recovery of the Indo-China's peace was held from on April 26 to on July 2!, 1954, and nine countries took part in; the United Statps, England, France, China, South and North Viet-Nam, Laos and Cambodia. As for Viet-Nam, the confer- ence decided the cessation of hostilities, the provisional parti- tion into the South and the North by the 17 degree north latitude, the prohibition of the introduction into Viet-Nam of any kind of military reinforce-ment and of the conclusion of

the military treaty with anyforeign country and the enforce-ment of the South-North unityelection in 1956, two, yearsafter the Conference. And theInternational Control Commis-sion (ICC) was established. Thernembers of the Comrmssionwere India, Canada and Poland.

The Geneva Conference aimedfor the parpose of neutraiizationof Indo-China ,and guaranteedsovereignty, independence, unityand respect of territorial inte-grity.

The United States thought theneutralization would lead Indo-China to Communist nations.The United States attended theConference but did not take anactive interest in it. The Stat'eSecretary John Foster Dulles,the chief representative of theifnited States, boycotted theConference to return home aweek after the opening and en-trusted it to the State Under-sccretary Walter Bedell Smith.In the long nm, the UnitedStates did not signed the finaldeclaration of the Geneva Con-ference together 'with South Viet-Nam and on 2] the represen-tative Smith made an independ-ent declaration that the UnitedStates would pay deep regardto the Agreement. PresidentEisenhower alsei made oMcialcomment. "[the United Statesis not the country concerningwith the Geneva Agreement andis not restricted by its decision.

But we hope peace will bebrought by this Agreement intoIndo-China " On the othej" hand, NorthViet-Nam welcomed the Agree-ment and Ho Chi Minh describeddetermination . "From todaywe must exert every possibleeffort to secure peace and toattain unity and ,Lndependence toenforce demecracy ala over Viet-Nam." But Viet-Namese who formedthe national consciousness waswholly deceived in their estima-tion and expectation for theGeneva Agreement. Because theUnited States organized theSouth East Asia Treaty Organi-zation (SEATO) as an anti-Com-munist military alliance in Asiain Mani(a on September 8, lessthan two months after the con-ciusion of the Geneva Agree-ment. Participatingnations wereeight; the United States, Eng-land, France, the Philippines,Thai!and, Pakistan, Australia and

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The reason as followings: `csouth PreSident, at the polling rate ofViet-Nam did not signed the 85.Per cent• The United StatesGeneva Agreement, so it is not Said, "South Viet-Namese people

President Ngo strongbinding to South viet-Nam at gaVeall• And besides under the Charge" and Vice-Presidentcommunist Ho Government the JOhnSOn the Staley investigationreferendum can not be conduct. COMMiSSiOn and the Presidented fairly." After that south Military Advisor TayJor visitedViet-Nam refused over and over SaigOn One after another toagain the proposal for the hold- eMPIOY the South-Viet-Naming the Preparation committee Strengthening policy.

of Unity Election from North Meanwhile, in the NationalViet-Nam and the unity election Liberating Front of South Viet-of July 1956 did not materialize. Nam the Viet-Nam People's

As the probability of the unity Revolutionalist Party was Åíorm-lessened like this, North Viet- ed on January of that year and,Nam leveled severe criticisms on February, the first representa-against 1.he Ngo Government. tive conference of the FrontOver against this the Ngo Gov- was held to strengthen the struc-ernment adopted oppressive ture opposing the United Statesmeasure against communists. At Armytand the South Viet-Namthis time the Ngo Government Government Army.had been gradually alienated In 1963, the Front stood atfrom the people and it came military advantage to begin tolight; the family control by shake the Ngo Government tothose clodse to .President Ngo, its foundatioB. Besides strongprivate possesslon of the Gov- objections rose against thefavor-ernment and corruptions of Gov- ed treatment for Catholic by the oMcials. Government and President Ngoernment It was at this time when in proclaimed martial law in allSouth Vjet-Nam anti-Ngo ele- country in August. This repress-mentsbeganguerrillaoperations. Buddhism policy by the NgoIn 1959, guerrilla operations got Government was criticized alsomore acttve, the Ngo Govern- by the States Department of thernent dealed with operations un- United States and became iso-der a kind of the Iaw for Main- lated. In November, finally, thetenance of the Public Peace. coup d'6tat by General Dong5. THE NATIONAL LIBERAT- Ban Minh broke out suceessfully ING FRONT OF SOUTH and Ngo brothers were assassi- VIET-NAM nated. Vhought oi Viet-Cong and U.S.

The penmsula of Indo-China is If the U.S. negotiates with thethe point of contact between Viet Cong, South Viet-Nam can-land and sea Indo-China is on not help becommg a part of thethe edge of Asia. And the power communist world. But ifthroughof the land and the power of the the careful deed and after thesea collicled with each other. proper time, the self-determina-Teday most of the Iand belong tion of the Vietnamese people isto theCommunistworld, andthe urged, communization of Viet-most of the sea is the part of Nam would be protected.the "Free world". So Indo-China Dulles did not permit the U.S.has great strategical significance. to sign the Geneva agreement.The U.S. considers that if Indo- This was a grave mistake on theChina accepts communism, com- part of the U.S. in two senses.munism will expand all over One was that the U.S. Iost theAsia. And if the U.S. is expelled opportunity of mterdependence,from the Viet-Nam battle field, and co-operation, between theafter that any country cannot U.S. and Red China to be gainedtrust the promises and protee- by a guarantee of the neutralitytion of the U.S. In such a case, and security of the Indo-Chinesethe power of liberalism is weak- peninsula. The other is that theened in each country and is U.S. missed the chance to bethreatened by the power of com- part of the troublesome politicalmunism. If so, the security of balance in Indo-China) which thethe U.S. itself will be lost. U.S.'s taking part in the inter-

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districts. The Vietnamese peo- After all, the enotmous U.S.ple who share the same nation, military assistance has notthe same language and the brought the victory of Viet-same words, cannot be invaded namese Government Army im-and conquered, the South Viet- mediately. If North Viet-Nam,Nam by North Viet-Nam. China and the Soviet Union help Presi,qent Johnson made a South Viet-Nam, Viet Cong willspeegh. m Boltimore about "un- also not gain the victory. Theggn,,gpten.a,i,ga,,i,k,?•6'.an,d,,`in••bii//o,n,gr,o.bgfteg.,is.;o,,b,e,d,e.cieed.,,b,\

those who hope for peace this namese people, not by the out-speech. seerns very attractive. side support, not by weapons.But this statement was limited And we must never forget theby some-conditions which were influence of the movement ofthat under no condition the U.S. world opinien.

Nationai Independence and Liberation The Viet Cong believe that The Viet Cong express the clearthey cannot separate indepen-,thinking that death is betterdence, democracy and neutrality than slavery.from peace. And for thern peace The principal of the Nationalwithout independence is riot Liberating Front is not peacepeace. The Viet Cong think but independence. The nationalthusly. The Viet Cong intend to Liberating Front in South Viet-gain a complete victory, what- Nam, whether it is recognizedever U.S. and Saigon political internationally or not, has beenpower exist, so that they can seeking the principal that is seenestablish the government includ- in the demand for the with-ing independence, democracy drawal of U.S. imperialism fromand neutrality. South Viet-Nam; This principal "Peace without independence has always existed and has beenis not peace", this sentence is streng since the birth of thethe essence and soul of Viet National Liberating Front onCong. The National Liberating December20, 1960. Todaywith-Front which posed the relation out the strong and confidentof independence and peace in National Liberating Front wesuch clear form exists. And cannot find a way to settle thesuch thought as the Viet Cong Viet-Nam problem.regard as justice the indepen- The National Liberating Frontdence from the imperialistic con- is thankful for the assistancetrol and colonialistic control, from North Viet-Nam, but nowand as they consider gravely on needs no help. But in fact,thepointofpeacehasconvinced there will not be much helpforalong time among president action of Viet Cong is nearNguen Hu Toh of the National the 17 degree or near theLiberating Front and all other frontier between Viet-Nam andleaders. Laos, the Viet Cong might get The South Vietnamese people the help from North Viet-Nam.will centinue to attack the in- But the military action and areasvading ILT.S. army and will gain of liberation are expanding rnorethe final victory. The National and more south. It is clear thatLiberating Front decided not to the Viet Cong will not receivenegotiate with the U.S. if the much help. If it is true thatU.S. power will not withdraw the Viet Cong .ouerillas de-from South Viet-Nam and if the pends on another country's sup-U.S. does not recognize the ex- port, why did the Viet Con.oistence of the National Liberat- guerillas lay emphasis on de-ing Front. The South Viet-Nam stroying the road which is usedpeople always express their wish as the route for the Melp' fromfor peace, but they would not North Viet-Nam?wish to have the bitter experi- The Viet Cong guerillas areence which would result from more skillful and more excellentletting U.S. imperialism and it's in technique and knowledge thanfollowers go their own ag.oresv the superior "Viet-Min." Andsive way in Viet-Nam and it is not that technical leadersoppress the Vietnamese people. from north Viet-Nam come.

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with the ultimate objective of and accumulation of capital be With regard to Trade, she ex- emerging as art independent achieved by the faimer, thus ports agricultural products and economy. breakingawayfromtheoldform materials, arLd imports indus- (a) Agriculture of agriculture established during trial articles-typical of under- Although landowners are the colonization. developed countries. The agri- cultural out-put has decreased numerous, their individual hold- (b) Industry ings are small. because of the recent civil war,v'abie'

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charge high interests frOm the residing abroad take an active jobs. This shows that the U.S. farmers and quite often farmerS part in the commerce and trade support for foreign countries go to ruin and their land be- of viet Nam. French hold 50- means mostly an assistance to leaOnMdeoSwntehrg. POSSeSSiOn Of the 6091o of the whole volume of the U.S. economy.

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Escalation In the day of Kennedy, theAmerican military strategy wasplanned by R. S. McNamara.He gave up the mass retaliationstrategy and set up the Mul-tiple Options approach. Thisstrategy had the ability to dealeffectively with all kinds ofwar, an all-over Nuelear War, alimited Nuclear War, a NormalWar, a Guerilla Warfare, be-cause a threat of Nuclear warhas erased its one-sided deter-rence as the Soviet Militarystrength of Nuclear Weaponshas had a great advance. The Multiple Options ap-proach is formed into a NuclearStrategy, a local Strategy and aSpecial War. The nuclearstrategy is for the Soviet, a local

strategy for Red China andNorth Korea, and the specialwar for Vietnam, Laos, theCongo and Panama, etc. America lest its unilateral nu-clear deterrence and the balanceof Nuclear Power betweenAmerica and the Soviets cameinto existence. So Kennedyshook hands with Khrushchevon the one hand and he must

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defend against cemmunist in-filtration in Asia by the LocalStrategy and a Special War onthe other. America has divided the Viet-namese War into, thirteen stage.The thirteenth stage is to attackthe industrial installations inHanoi. 'Iliis escalation is usedto bring the opponent to a nego-tiation. However the Viet Conghave insisted on the withdrawof the Arnerican troops as amajor premise and are op-posed to negotiations, thereforeAmerica is obliged to escalate

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• Domino Theory

The Domino Theory has beenused to justify the Americanpolieies in Asia by Kennedy andMcNamara, etc. MeNamara saidin Congress that Arnerica wouldbe obliged to fall back toHawaii in a few years if hermilitary force was defeated inVietnam. This is the theory that Cam-bodia Laos, Thailand, Burma,Malaya, and Philippines will be-come communist if South Viet-nam becomes communist. Butmany kinds of social reforrnsare performed because of thedomestic cause, for example acorruption in Politics and weak-ness of a political power, andthey are due to objective condi-tions peculiar to the nation. A communist revolution is notinstigated because of affeetionfrom the other countries, a pointwhich can be proved historical-ly. When Russia in 1914, Com-munist China in 1949 andCzechoslovakia in l948 becamecommunist, the neighboringcountries were not infiuenced. It is the same in the case ofPoland, Hungary and Cuba, etc. Even if the neighboring coun-tries become communist afterAmerica withdraws from SouthVietnam, it is not due to thewithdraw of America but dueto the same conditions that forc-ed America to withdraw formSonth Vietnam. That is to say the Domino'Iheory is realized because ofthe pelitical and diplomaticfailures in Southeast Asia. TheViet Cong were originally theconcentration of many kinds ofpeeple against Ngo Dinh Diem. So it consisted of the intel-iectual class, peasants andreligious organizations, etc.America and its puppet govern-ment have suppressed this Viet-namese nationalist movement. If America enforces the samepolicy in the neighboring coun-tries, it is natural that thosecountries catch fires of nation-alism against America. Whydees America try to justify theDomino Theory? It is importantto know this theery is closelyconnected with containmentpolicy against China. This con-tamment began in the KoreanWar. It now becomes impossible forAmerica to isolate Red Chinapolitically because England andFrance offer recognition to RedChina and many nations ap-prove of Red China's joimng theU.N. And it is now impossible to

and Sino-U.S, Relation

isolate Red China economical- ly because West Germany, France, England and Japan take up a positive attitude with respect to trade with Red China. So America is now isolating Red China militarily. America has established the tactical position of attacks against Red China in Okinawa, and located the advance line in Korea, Forrnosa and South Viet- nam and established the mili- tary bases for back support in Japan and the Philippines. If South Vietnam becomes com- munist, the military contain-- ment policy of America ends in a failure. America tried to justify the Domino Theory in the contain- ment policy against Red China. The way left for America is either to drive off Viet Cong or to adjust the relationship be- tween America and Red China,

Peaceful Coexistence

The basis of Khrushchev's diplomacy was Peaceful Co- existence with America. But it developed the id'eological dis- pute between the Soviets and China and broke up the Com- munists front in the world. So Khrushchev had to retire. Two objects are seen in the policy of the new power of the Soviets. One is not to destroy the Peaceful Coexistence. Another is the unity of the International Communist Move- ment which was not seen in the policy of Khrushchev and was indifferent to Asia. For example, Russia was very cautious not to be dragged into the disputes of Southeast Asia which was proved by the Tong King Bay event in 1964. 0n the contrary, the new power is gradually amending its policies for-.Southeast Asia and trying to recover the dignity of Russia in Asia. Prime Minister Kosygin visited North Vietnam in Feb- ruary of 1965, andi Russia is sending military goods.to North Vietnam. There are anti-aircraft guns made in the U.S.S.R. and missile bases. But Russia at present re- stricts the help for North Viet- nam within the aids of strategic goods and does not wish to stand face with America and to be dragged into an esca!atory war. So the peaceful coexistence between Russia and America, which has some elements of col- lapse, is continuing. Russia is trying to coexist with two ideas

which are incompatible with each other.

Sino-Soviet Dispute The new political power of Russia is amending the politics for Southeast Asia and trying to recover the unity of the socialist camp. So it is neces- sary for Russian to soften the oppesition between Russia and China. When Kesygin visited in February, of this year, the Airforce of South Vietnam a" tacked North Vietnam. This attack stimulated Russia which had tried to settle the problems of Vietnam peacefuliy, and allowed Russia to go near the ground of China. After criticizing the aggression ofAmeriean Imperialism, Kosygin

promised military aid to NorthVietnam and announced the

joint communique that both countries would try to strength- en the relationship betweenthem.

After the visit to Hanoi, he visited Peiping and the Prime Minister of Russia talked to- gether with Mao Tse-tung after an interval of five years and a

half.

And at the fifteenth anni-versary of the Soviet-CommunistChina mutual Amity AssistanceTreaty in February this yearChina stated that the Chinesewould firmly stand by Russia

and the peoples in the socialistcamp whatever events wouldhappen in the world.

When Khrushchev retired,China hoped for a great change

in their relationship. But the new pwoers fellowed the policy ef Convertionalism and Peaceful Coexistenee. China stated the• new powers succeeding the poli- cy of Khrushchev that had plan-ned to be friendly with Artierl-can lmperialism, pleased it andglven way to it.

And China pointed out thatthe new power, in spite ofshouting that Russia would sup-port the South Vietnarnese, ac-tually tried to plot a peacefulnegotiation in order to put outthe fire of the revolutionalstrife. In addition, China point-ed out that she was prepared todispatch troops and to fight ifthe South Vietnamese claimed. It is said China is drillingher thirty million of troops toprovide for a ground war withAmerica. Thus the oppositionbetween Russia and China maybe gradually intensifying. Andthe opposition is seen in the dis-pute between India and Pakikstan.

,

Page 10 The Mita Campus 20th Anniversary Special Edition'

`Z:iEL!gMIitaP$i,\?,.k'i'aamlpus

Honorary President: ProÅí. EiSehi Kiyooka Advisor: Prof. Mikio Hiran!atsuEditor-in-Chief M Sasaki Managmg Editor K IwabuchiAdvertizmg Manager Busmess iManager S Matsumoto I. ShimoyainaPagel Editor . H Ishida, K. UrataPage 2, 3,4 Editor R Suzukt Reporters Abe, Naruse, Ohota, Ishibashi, Kinoshita, Suzuki, ToyokawaPage 5, 6,7 Editor . TUeda ReportersPage 8, 9, 10 ReportersEditorial Editor

Other reporters

CAMPUS, Mita JapanTHE MITA CAMPUS is published every month during the a:ademic year, and

MITA edltorsStatements published here do not necessanly refiect the opinions ef the school

departrnent \10,

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ecsligxny$yq})ptRg(fptig.

Let's Think of "Worid Peace" Our Keio Univ. English Press Society, 'The AAita Campus' ds attained her twentieth year. Our English Press whichÅírst published in 1946, the period of clisorder afterWorld War H, has at last reached the year of her adultceremony. Our traditional slogan, 'To contribute to Worid Peace'has been continued to the present time. And in addition weare trying to carry on a campaign for 'World Peace' morepowerfuHy. Of course, also in the future this siogan wili beraised. But how can we deal with this hazy and enormousobiect, 'World Peace'? As to current international problems, for example, theWest-East Problem, the lrVorth-South Problem, the Viet NamWar and so on, these are very important. So, natural-ly we will strongly appeal that these prob]ems will bepeacefully settled. But it dees not seem to us that whatwe can do for world peace is only to appeal current interna-tional problems among several states to be solved. In addition to this, we need to think abour more essen-tiai ancl ionger-sighted n, roblems of world peace. This is not only our own problem but one which westudents will be often confronted with, ancl also funda-mental one of mankind. In addition, an essential and alonger-sighted contemplation of these prob(erns may be akey to solve the question how today's uneasy internationalsituations change from now on. will When we examine a structure of current internationalproblems, for example, the Eest-West Problem, the North-$outh Problem, the VietNam War and so on, we find thatall these States form a national State as a power unit. Whatcontrols its power is with a deep heart of each i deojogy,9ommunism, Liberalism, Nationalism and so on. By this!deology, each State comes to iustify its behavior and tobehave by fair means or foul.

We need to think suMciently about an essential and along sighted 'World Peace', nameiy about what is a rightway for mankind and State. NtVe have to speculatesPtha'ileOiePhiCallY On what makes a good wor[d and a right

lt is Aristotle's spirit of moderation which accomplishesviews of the cosmos, State,and Iife. And it is to make thisspirit of moderation take an active part in modern situations. Why isn't phenomenon of a many-sided disunion crisis,rather change to stabilization? Because it producesopportunities for negotiations and cliscussions, not the an[Paagno\

nism of one armed force to another. This is as the samefact among internetional relations as among domestic rela-tions.

As a domestic peace cannot be preserved by a simpleconfrontation of the ciashes between a capitalist anci labor,so in internationai relations world peace cannot be expectedunless confrontations between U.S.A. and U.S.S.R., U.S.A. andCommunist China, an advanced nation and a deveiopingnation, and between Colonialism ancl ratiai self-determina-tionism disappear, and if there exist trends which promotethese confrontations to ideology. Many-sided dimensionai trends dissolve these con-frontations and produce a new way. But in order to makesuch a view held good, there has actuaHy to be made a gooduse of the spirit of the moderation that shows a way to unitythrough confrontations of many-sided dimensional world. It is said that a modern State and mankind devotes itself80acfiXS?hnedr.and defend its own interest than to co-operate

. But it seems to us that this is one-sideci observation;rather that mankind in the worid requires a genuine vitalcener which wiH enable his existence and development. Finally we insist that only by the spirit of moderation,not ideology, is able to be gained 'World Peace', namelvital center which the world, State and mankind continuYa' 1IS

requlre.

Kanai, Monsawa, Ohono, Tomisawa, Araki, Tamura

Editor . . M. Sa$aki Kusumoto, Tomisawa, Inoue, Kaneko, Kumtomo, Shibano K Iwabuchi Matsumoto, "C[ise, Takahashi, Takeda, Takemoto, Ueki, Tsuge, Ya:nane, Yoshihara, Tokumitsu. Koyasu, Hosoya Patricia Wallace OFFICE Mita Ofuce Tel (451) 4761

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Can UeNeEstabliislment of U.N. Throughout the World War IIwhich rolled up the world infear and despair, people desiredpeace and wanted not to ex-perience the same pain again.In this international mood,the leaders of the Big Powergathered and seriously discussedorganization for peace. Becauseef the difference of national in-terests from the beginning, itwas diMcult to find a consensusamong the representatives as tothe form and system to maintainpeace, namely the U.N. But asthe hope for peace was so strongthat this obstacle was overcome,and as a result the U.N. wasborn. Mr. Churchil, stood firmly onthe vested knight of the Com-monwealth to defend its' rightand benejat having hitherto beenderived therefore. He layedstress veto power in the handsof U.S., G.B. U.S.S.R. upon theinternational peace, he insistedto maintain special right for bigstates, naLmely, he hoped for aninternational organization form-ed on the power equilibriumamong the big nations. Starlinbelieved that wartime alliance ofbig states led to the victory onethe Air Force and conbuted inbringing peace to the world.Though he agreed to the inter-national organism for peaee, hedidn't forget to establish safetyof his state.

As Roosevelt, he thought thata war preparation of small stateswas in vain. He thought thatbig states must take up armsand small states must give uparms and this brought peace.And he thought that the powerequilibriam between the U.S. andthe U.S.S.R. could only realizethe peace in the post war peri-od. Only on the basis of privaterecognition and reliance in eachother, the peace comes into be-ing.

The Secretary of State Haluhad universalism stand pointand he wanted that with-out distinction of the big orsmall, every states can enter theU.N., for he was afraid of theformation of power societywhich consisted ef big states. This four men was leadingspirit and Dunberton & Orksconference was held in l944, andthe conference in Yalta was heldin 1945. As the result of mutualconversation, they understand

Settteeach other and built the basic ofthe U.N. in which big states'power was recognized. And1945 April, the U.N. establishingconferencebegan. Smallnationsdidn`t accept what big states haddecided at their discretion andtried hard to guarantee the rightto speak for small states. Andthough they admitted the hightto exercise "veto" left in thehands of,big states, yet theysucceeded in increasing the pow-er of the General Assembly ofestablishing the U,N. offered theplace of activity for small states.

Korean War and U.N. In the opposition between theU.S. and the U,S S R., the UnitedNations was taken advantage ofby the U.S., for a political object. The Korean War broke out in1950 and the U.N. took the ac-tion as a co-operator of the U.S. As the negotiation with theU.S.S.R. got into a diMcult situ-ation, in 1947 the U.S. offeredthe Korean problem to the U.N.General Meeting. The U.S.thought that she could take ad-vantage of the situation, if sheshared the responsibility for theoccupation of Korea with theU.N. The U.S. showed her dis-graceful intention to take ad-vantage of the U.N. as themethod to condemn the U.S.S.R. The U.N. General Meetingestablished the Committee of Ko-rea in the U.N., and decided towatch the Korean Vote. Whenthe U.S.S.R who occupied theNorth Korea declared not to co-operate with the vote under thesuperintendence of the U.N., itis the important matter whetherthe Vote only in South Koreawas right or not. However, thefirm opmion of the U.S. passedthe General Meeting, and theU.N. adrr,itted S. Korea as theonly one-legal Government. In l950, the U.N. received thecorrespondence from the Pepart-ment of State that the Northinvaded totally into the South.At once, the U.S. called for theSecurity Council, and the Com-mittee decided to help theSouth Korea. This decisiontook place while the U.S.S.R.was absent and so she couldnot use her veto, and this coun-cil was, from first to end, leadby the U.S. The American Army dispatch-ed to Korea was consisted of250,OOO soldiers at its maximum.Nevertheless, other 15 nations

P7iet-ZNV'am Mar.7sent only 26,OOO in all. Namely, ference, at once took place andis not too much to say that the the war was over after 25U.N. Force was the U.S. Army. months' meeting. In 1951, the U.S.S,R proposed It is a clear fact that the U.N.that the Korean War should be was from first to !ast lead by`over and that both armies the U.S. and has made up theshould withdraw from the 38 division of the Korean throughdegree Line. [[he Ceasefire Con- this War.

Attitude of U.IV. Toward V'iet-Nam Wrai- What does the U.N. solved notamember of the U.N., themanyotherinternationaltroubles Red China may well think likei'ge,,llih//,Md,II,/illi,i/eeliylld/lgiR,1,ike,isiO,:,I'liNI,/Bl.,Ilghspi"t/illll'ioW"/F'!aMs.iai'n,":,'/j,igi'k,/i.:,Y,iNs-:hX':i,gS,k

to dissolve the Viet-'should be held between Viet- Meetinggl.n,gN,a.n9 the U.S., or South XiaffM,,,w.2r•f,T.h.e V./7he,t-,Na/l:,.War is

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The Red China is netamem- these talks. The members ofber of the U.N. This is one of the U.N. must make a proposalthe reasons why Viet-Nam prob- of peace negation. In order tolem is not took up in the U.N. cease the Vietnam War it is theThe Red China thinks that the only a way that this problemU.N. is only the "instrument" must be discussed` in the U.N.,of the U.S. As Red China is concludingtheCommunistChina.

Expectation As we have mentioned abovethe U.N. can find out a way tosolve a certain kind of inter-national troubles and cannot finda way to solve every trouble.Besides, as the ideal that theU.N. can take the originallyspontaneous and peaceful solu-sion, in case the person concern-ed the management has no will,there is no possibility to re-solve. In this case, as contribu-tion oE the (Y.N. is, above all,to prevent military collision, tomake a chance to have talks,pick essence of trouble mustwait for riping chance. About Vietnam problem, theU.N. have not argued it out.However, lives are lost in prac-tice. The U.N. of which is desir-ing peace must adopt this prob-lem and dissolve its inconsis-tency and discuss the problemof Vietnam containing China atonce. A member nation of the U.N.must return to establishment

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spirit and must have courageand decision which conquermany obstacles. • The U.N. must overthrew pre-sent through in which interna-tional peace is broken conditionln a part. Japan, which maintain thatU.N. must center of the diploma-cy and which adrnit that sheis the first friendly nation ofthe U.S., as trouble of sameAsia, must think standing bothsituations, as seriously as ad-vocating that the U.N. musthave a conversation to resolvethe Vietnam problem. We expect indeed that theU.N. find the clue of resolvingtrthe Vietnam problem. Lastly, we put up Halu'sspeech and end this chapter."The greatest contribution forpeace is always to make effortswith the U.N. and inside frameof the U.N. And we never losethe chance for raising its authori-ty and its decide being acceptfight now." .

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