(1977) suppression of erythromycin resistance in ery-m1 mutants of chlamydomonas reinhardi

8
Molec. gen. Genet. 157, 39-46 (1977) © by Springer-V erlag 1977 Suppression of Erythromycin Resistance in cry-M1 Mutants of Chiamydomonas reinhardi Jeffrey N. Davidson* and Lawrence Bogorad Harvard University, 16 D ivinity Avenue, Cam bridge, Mass. 02138, USA Summary. After mutagenesis of the erythromycin-re- sistant Chlamydomonas reinhardi strain ery-Mlb, four mutants were isolated, each more sensitive to erythro- mycin than ery-Mlb. All four mutants carry the origi- n a l ery-Mlb mutation which cor~£ers resistance and a separate mutation (es) which partially suppresses resistance. The mutants are designated es5ery-Mlb, eslOlery-Mlb, eslO5ery-Mlb, an d esll5ery-Mlb. The suppressor mutations represent at least three dif- ferent Mendelian loci. The suppressor esl01 is located on the same linkage group as ery-M1, while the other suppressors are not linked to ery-M1. Although some of these suppressors can also mask the erythromycin resistance of erv-M2 strains, none had any effect on the non-Mendelian m utant ery-Ula. In addition, each suppressor affected the cross-resis- tance of ery-M1 mutants to other antibiotics. At least two of the changes in cross-resistance are due solely to the suppressor. Chloroplast ribosomes from cells carrying es5ery- Mlb, eslOlery-Mlb, and esll5ery-Mlb have a greater affinity for l¢C-erythromycin in vitro than those from ery-Mlb. The degree of affinity depends upon the concentration of KC1. Each of these Mendelian suppressors probably af- fects a chloroplast ribosom e fimction. Hence, a number of nuclear genes must play roles in the bio- genesis of the chloroplast ribosome in Chlamydo- monas reinhardi. Introduction Genes coding for ribosomal proteins in E. coli have been located by the isolation and analysis of mutants * Present address." Eleanor Roosevelt Institute for Cancer Re- search, 4200 East N inth A venue, Box 129, Denver, Colorado 80262, US A For offprints contact. " L. Bogorad either resistant to or dependent on antibiotics. Experi- ments with ribosomal mutants of E. coli have clearly demonstrated that the phenotypic expression of an alteration in one ribosomal protein can be masked or suppressed by a modification in another ribosomal protein. Three examples illustrate this point. Bacterial mutants carrying genes for erythromycin resistance are sensitive to erythrom ycin when they also carry genes for resistance to streptomycin and spectinomycin (Wittmann et al., 1973; Saltzman et al., 1974; Apirion and Saltzman, 1974). Resistance to each of these antibiotics corresponds to an alter- ation in a different ribosomal protein. A second example is reversion from streptomycin- dependence in E. coli. Resistance to or dependence on streptomycin is related to alterations of ribosomal protein S12 (Ozaki et al., 1969; Birge and Kurland, 1969). Strains reverted to streptomycin independence still had the altered S12, but in addition each had a modified form of either $4 or $5 (Apirion et al., 1969; Deusser et al., 1970; Kreider and Brownstein, 1971, 1972; Stoffler et al., 1971 ; Do nner and Kurland, 1972; Funatsu et al., 1972; Hasenbank et al., 1973; Itoh and Wittmann, 1973). In addition these rever- tants showed varying levels of suppression of resis- tance to streptomycin (Apirion and Schlessinger, 1967; Brownstein and Lewandowski, 1967; Birge and Kurland, 1970; Kreider and Brownstein, 1974). Finally, two loci have been found which can mask the resistance to spectinomycin. Apiron and Schless- inger (1969) showed that introducing a gene for neo- mycin resistance into a strain resistant to spectinomy- cin results in a strain completely sensitive to spectro- mycin. More recently, Berg and Kang (1975) dis- covered another gene which causes partial suppres- sion of the spectinomycin resistance phenotype. In both cases suppression has been demonstrated to be ribosomal by assays of cell-free protein synthesis. We believed that reversion of chloroplast riboso- mal mutants of Chlarnydomonas reinhardi might also

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Page 1: (1977) Suppression of Erythromycin Resistance in Ery-M1 Mutants of Chlamydomonas Reinhardi

8/3/2019 (1977) Suppression of Erythromycin Resistance in Ery-M1 Mutants of Chlamydomonas Reinhardi

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1977-suppression-of-erythromycin-resistance-in-ery-m1-mutants-of-chlamydomonas 1/8

Molec. gen. G enet. 157, 39-46 (1977)© by Springer-V erlag 1977

Suppression of Erythromycin Resistance

in cry-M 1 M utants of Chiamydomonas reinhardi

J e f fr e y N . D a v i d s o n * a n d L a w r e n c e B o g o r a d

Harvard University, 16 D ivinity Avenue, Cam bridge, Mass. 02138, USA

Summary. A f t e r m u t a g e n e s i s o f t h e e r y t h r o m y c i n - r e -

s i s t a n t Chlamydomonas re inhardi s t r a i n e r y - M l b , f o u r

m u t a n t s w e r e is o l a te d , e a c h m o r e s e n si t iv e t o e r y t h r o -m y c i n t h a n e r y - M l b . A l l f o u r m u t a n t s c a r r y t h e o r i g i-

n a l e r y - M l b m u t a t i o n w h i c h c o r ~ £ e r s r e s i s t a n c e a n d

a s e p a r a t e m u t a t i o n (es) w h i c h p a r t i a l l y s u p p r e s s e s

r e s i s t a n c e . T h e m u t a n t s a r e d e s i g n a t e d e s 5 e r y - M l b ,

e s l O l e r y - M l b , e s l O 5 e r y - M l b , a n d e s l l 5 e r y - M l b .

T h e s u p p r e s s o r m u t a t i o n s r e p r e s e n t a t l e a s t th r e e d i f -

f e r e n t M e n d e l i a n l o ci . T h e s u p p r e s s o r e s l 01 i s l o c a t e d

o n t h e s a m e l i n k a g e g r o u p a s e r y - M 1 , w h i l e th e o t h e r

s u p p r e s s o r s a r e n o t l i n k e d t o e r y - M 1 .

A l t h o u g h s o m e o f th e s e s u p p r e s s o r s c a n a l s o m a s k

t h e e r y t h r o m y c i n r e si s ta n c e o f e r v - M 2 s tr a in s , n o n e

h a d a n y e f f ec t o n t h e n o n - M e n d e l i a n m u t a n t ery-Ula .

I n a d d i t i o n , e a c h s u p p r e s s o r a f f e c t e d t h e c r o s s - r e s i s -t a n c e o f e r y - M 1 m u t a n t s t o o t h e r a n t ib i o t ic s . A t l e a st

t w o o f t h e c h a n g e s i n c r o s s - r e s is t a n c e a r e d u e s o l e l y

t o t h e s u p p r e s s o r .

C h l o r o p l a s t r i b o s o m e s f r o m c e l l s c a r r y i n g es5ery-

M l b , e s l O l e r y - M l b , a n d e s l l 5 e r y - M l b h a v e a

g r e a t e r a f f i n i t y f o r l ¢ C - e r y t h r o m y c i n in vitro t h a n

t h o s e f r o m e r y - M l b . T h e d e g r e e o f a f f in i t y d e p e n d s

u p o n t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f K C 1.

E a c h o f th e s e M e n d e l i a n s u p p r e s s o r s p r o b a b l y a f -

f e c ts a c h l o r o p l a s t r i b o s o m e f i m c t i o n . H e n c e , a

n u m b e r o f n u c l e a r g e n e s m u s t p l a y r o l e s in t h e b i o -

g e n e s i s o f t h e c h l o r o p l a s t r i b o s o m e i n C hl am y do-

monas reinhardi .

Introduction

G e n e s c o d i n g f o r r i b o s o m a l p r o t e i n s i n E. coli h a v e

b e e n l o c a t e d b y th e i s o l a t i o n a n d a n a l y si s o f m u t a n t s

* Present address."Eleano r Roosevelt Institute for Cancer Re-search, 4200 East N inth A venue, Box 129, Denver, Colorado 80262,US AFor offprints contact." L. Bogorad

e i t h e r r e s i s t a n t to o r d e p e n d e n t o n a n t i b i o t i c s . E x p e r i -

m e n t s w i th r i b o s o m a l m u t a n t s o f E. col i h a v e c l e a r l y

d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t t h e p h e n o t y p i c e x p r e s s i o n o f a n

a l t e r a t i o n i n o n e r i b o s o m a l p r o t e i n c a n b e m a s k e d

o r s u p p r e s s e d b y a m o d i f i c a t i o n in a n o t h e r r i b o s o m a l

p r o t e i n . T h r e e e x a m p l e s i l l u s t r a t e t h i s p o i n t .

B a c t e r ia l m u t a n t s c a r r y i n g g e n e s f o r e r y t h r o m y c i n

r e s i s ta n c e a r e s e n s it i v e t o e r y t h r o m y c i n w h e n t h e y

a l s o c a r r y g e n e s f o r r e s i s t a n c e t o s t r e p t o m y c i n a n d

s p e c t i n o m y c i n ( W i t t m a n n e t al ., 1 9 7 3; S a l t z m a n e t

a l ., 1 9 7 4 ; A p i r i o n a n d S a l t z m a n , 1 97 4) . R e s i s t a n c e

t o e a c h o f t he s e a n t ib i o t i c s c o r r e s p o n d s t o a n a l t er -

a t i o n i n a d i f f e r e n t r ib o s o m a l p r o t e i n .

A s e c o n d e x a m p l e is re v e r s i o n f r o m s t r e p t o m y c i n -

d e p e n d e n c e i n E. coli. R e s i s t a n c e t o o r d e p e n d e n c e

o n s t r e p t o m y c i n is re l a t e d to a l t e r a t i o n s o f r i b o s o m a lp r o t e i n S 1 2 ( O z a k i e t a l . , 1 9 6 9 ; B i r g e a n d K u r l a n d ,

1 96 9) . S t r a i n s r e v e r t e d t o s t r e p t o m y c i n i n d e p e n d e n c e

s ti ll h a d t h e a l t e r e d S 1 2 , b u t i n a d d i t i o n e a c h h a d

a m o d i f i e d f o r m o f e i t h e r $ 4 o r $ 5 ( A p i r i o n e t a l. ,

1 9 6 9 ; D e u s s e r e t a l . , 1 9 7 0 ; K r e i d e r a n d B r o w n s t e i n ,

1 97 1, 1 9 7 2 ; S t o f f l e r e t al ., 1 97 1 ; D o n n e r a n d K u r l a n d ,

1 9 7 2 ; F u n a t s u e t a l ., 1 9 7 2 ; H a s e n b a n k e t a l. , 1 9 7 3 ;

I t o h a n d W i t t m a n n , 1 9 7 3 ) . I n a d d i t i o n t h e s e r e v e r -

t a n t s s h o w e d v a r y i n g l e v e l s o f s u p p r e s s i o n o f r e s i s -

t a n c e t o s t r e p t o m y c i n ( A p i r i o n a n d S c h l e s s i n g e r ,

1 9 67 ; B r o w n s t e i n a n d L e w a n d o w s k i , 1 9 67 ; B i rg e a n d

K u r l a n d , 1 9 70 ; K r e i d e r a n d B r o w n s t e i n , 1 9 7 4 ).

F i n a l ly , t w o l o c i h a v e b e e n f o u n d w h i c h c a n m a s k

t h e r e s i s t a n c e t o s p e c t i n o m y c i n . A p i r o n a n d S c h l e s s -

i n g e r ( 1 9 6 9 ) s h o w e d t h a t i n t r o d u c i n g a g e n e f o r n e o -

m y c i n r e s i s t a n c e i n t o a s t r a i n r e s i s t a n t t o s p e c t i n o m y -

c i n r e s u l t s i n a s t r a i n c o m p l e t e l y s e n s i t i v e t o s p e c t r o -

m y c i n . M o r e r e c e n t ly , B e r g a n d K a n g ( 1 97 5 ) d is -

c o v e r e d a n o t h e r g e n e w h i c h c a u s e s p a r t i a l s u p p r e s -

s i on o f t h e s p e c t i n o m y c i n r e s is t a n ce p h e n o t y p e . I n

b o t h c a se s s u p p r e s s io n h a s b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d t o b e

r i b o s o m a l b y a s s a y s o f c e l l -f r e e p r o t e i n s y n t h e s is .

W e b e l i e v e d t h a t r e v e r s i o n o f c h l o r o p l a s t r i b o s o -

m a l m u t a n t s o f Chlarnydomonas re inhardi m i g h t a l s o

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8/3/2019 (1977) Suppression of Erythromycin Resistance in Ery-M1 Mutants of Chlamydomonas Reinhardi

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4 0 J . N . D a v i d s o n a n d L . B o g o r a d : S u p p r e s s i o n o f E r y t h r o m y c i n R e s i s t a n ce

r e v e a l a d d i t io n a l g e n e s w h i c h c o d e f o r r i b o s o m a l

p r o t e i n s . M a x i m u m i n f o r m a t i o n w o u l d c o m e f r o m

r e v e r t a n t s i s o l a te d f r o m w e l l - c h a ra c t e r i z e d m u t a n t s .

C o n s e q u e n t l y , w e c h o s e t o s t u d y r e v e r s i o n o f e r y t h r o -

m y c i n r e s i s t a n c e in C. re inhardi s t r a i n s c a r r y i n g m u t a -

t i o n s a t t h e l o c u s e r y - M 1 .

M u t a t i o n s a t a n y o f a t l e a s t f o u r l o c i , t h r e e n u c l e a r( e r y - M 1 , e r y - M 2 , a n d e r y - M 3 ) a n d o n e c h l o r o p l a s t

( e r y - U 1 ) , c a n r e s u l t i n r e s i s t a n c e t o e r y t h r o m y c i n

( M e t s a n d B o g o r a d , 1 9 7 1 ; S u r z y c k i a n d G i l l h a m ,

1 9 71 ) . A l l f o u r c l a s s e s o f m u t a n t s h a v e c h a n g e s i n

c h l o r o p l a s t r i b o s o m e s t r u c t u r e ( M e t s a n d B o g o r a d ,

1 9 7 1 ; B o g o r a d , D a v i d s o n a n d H a n s o n , 1 9 7 6 ; D a v i d -

s o n , H a n s o n a n d B o g o r a d , m a n u s c r i p t i n p r e p a r a -

t i o n ) . T h e e r y - M 1 m u t a n t s a r e t h e b e s t u n d e r s t o o d

e r y t h r o m y c i n - r e s i s t a n t c l a ss . E r y - M l a , b , d , a n d d ,

a l le l e s o f t h e n u c l e a r l o c u s e r y - M 1 , w e r e f i r s t de -

s c r i b e d b y M e t s a n d B o g o r a d ( 1 9 71 ) . E a c h h a s a n

a l t e r e d f o r m o f t h e c h l o r o p l a s t r i b o s o m a l p r o t e i n L C 6

( D a v i d s o n e t a l. , 1 9 7 4) . T h e L C 6 p r o t e i n a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h t h e r i b o s o m e s o f e r y - M l b i s m a r k e d l y d i f f e r e n t

i n n e t c h a r g e a n d m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t f r o m t h a t o f w i l d -

t y p e . W e r e p o r t h e r e o n t h e g e n e t i c s , p h y s i o l o g y , a n d

b i o c h e m i s t r y o f f o u r e r y t h r o m y c i n - s e n s i t i v e m u t a n t s

d e r i v e d f r o m e r y - M l b .

M a t e r i a l s a n d M e t h o d s

Media. C e l l s w e r e n o r m a l l y g r o w n o n t h e T r i s m i n i m a l m e d i u m

( T M ) d e s c r ib e d b y S u r z y c k i ( 19 7 1) . W h e n s u p p l e m e n t i n g w i t h a n t i -

b i o t ic s , S u e o k a ' s ( 1 96 0 ) h i g h s a l t m e d i u m w i t h o n l y h a l f t h e a m o u n to f p h o s p h a t e ( H S ) w a s u se d.

Strains. T h e e r y t h r o m y c i n - r e s i s t a n t s t ra i n s ery-Mla, b , c , a nd d ,

ery-M2d, a n d ery-Ula we re i s o la te d by L . Me ts (1973) . T he w i ld -

t y p e s t ra i n 1 3 7 c m t + w a s p r o v i d e d b y R . P . L e v i n e .

Isolation ofRevertants. Ery-M lb w a s m u t a g e n i z e d w i t h e i t h e r u l t r a -

v i o l e t l i g h t o r e t h y l m e t h a n e s u l f o n a t e , f o l lo w e d b y d i l u t i o n o n t o

T M p la te s . P la te s w i th 100 2000 c o lon ie s we re r e p l i c a -p la te d on to

T M m e d i u m s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h 3 5 0 la g/ m l e ry t h r o m y c i n . C o l o n i e s

whic h f a i l e d to g row in the p re s e nc e o f e ry th rom yc in we re p ic ke d .

E a c h o f t h e s e c o lo n i e s w a s r ec l o n e d a n d r e t e st e d o n m e d i u m c o n -

t a i n i n g e ry t h r o m y c i n . T h o s e c o l o n i e s w h i c h a g a i n f a i l e d t o g r o w

on 350 ~g /m l e ry th rom yc in we re s e le c te d a s e ry th rom yc in - s e ns i t ive

r e v e r t a n t s (es m u t a n t s ) .

Tetrad Analysis. T h e t e c h n i q u e s f o r c o n d u c t i n g a n d a n a l y z i n g

c ros s e s we re thos e de s c r ibe d by L e v ine a nd E be r s o ld (1958). Re s i s -

t a n c e t o e r y t h r o m y c i n w a s c h e c k e d b y r e p l i c a - p l a t i n g o n t o H S

pla te s c on ta in ing 0 , 100 , a nd 350 I tg /m l e ry th rom yc in .

Antibiotic Plate Tests. T he to le ra nc e o f va r ious s t r a ins wa s de te r -

m i n e d t o w a r d t h e f o l l o w i n g a n t i b i o t i c s : e r y t h r o m y c i n ( S i g m a ) ,

o l e a n d o m y c i n ( P f iz e r) , c a r b o m y c i n ( P fi z er ) , l i n c o m y c i n ( U p j o h n ) ,

c l e o c i n ( U p j o h n ) , c h l o r a m p h e n i c o l ( S i g m a ) , a n d s t r e p t o m y c i n

(S igm a ) . F o r e a c h s t r a in , r a p id ly g rowing c e l l s we re s us pe nde d

in 1 m l o f s t e r i le d i s t il l e d wa te r . T he n , d rops we re d i s t r ib u te d to

p l a t e s c o n t a i n i n g H S m e d i u m s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h a n t i b i o t i c s . T h e

e x t e n t o f g r o w t h w a s r e c o r d e d a f t e r i n c u b a t i o n f o r 8 - 1 6 d a y s a t

25 ° C in th e l igh t .

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Determination. T h e s t r a i n t o

be t e s te d wa s s us pe nde d in s t e r i l e d i s t i l l e d wa te r . Approx im a te ly

3000 c e l l s we re d i s t r ibu te d to t e s t tube s c on ta in ing l iqu id HS

m e d i u m s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h s o m e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f e r y t h r o m y c i n

to a vo lum e o f 1 m I . Af te r two w e e ks , t e s t tube s w i th v i s ib le g re e n

c o lo ra t ion we re s c o re d a s "positive g r o w t h " .

Electrophoresis.T h e l a r g e s u b u n i t o f t h e c h l o r o p l a s t r i b o s o m e w a s

i s o la te d a s de s c r ibe d p re v ious ly (Me ts a nd Bogora d , 1972 ; Da v id -

s on e t a l. , 1974) . S ubu n i t s we re s us pe n de d in d i s t i l l e d wa te r to

a f i n a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 3 5 0 A26 o u n i t s / m l . R i b o s o m a l p r o t e i n s

w e r e e x t r a c t e d b y s l o w l y m i x i n g i n t w o v o l u m e s o f c o n c e n t r a t e d

a c e ti c ac i d ( F r a e n k e i - C o n r a t , 1 9 5 7 ) . T h e R N A p r e c i p i ta t e w a s

pe l le te d by c e n t r i fug ing fo r 10 m in a t 12000 x g . T he s up e rna t a n t

wa s d i lu te d 1 :1 w i th d i s t il l e d wa te r a nd lypho l iz e d to d ryne s s .

T h e r i b o s o m a l p r o t e i n s w e r e r e s u s p e n d e d i n 8 M u r e a - 5 m M d i -

t h i o t h r e i t o l ( D T T ) t o a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 6 0 - 1 2 0 A26 o u n i t s / m l ( a b -

s o r b a n c e b a s e d o n m e a s u r e m e n t o f c o m p l e t e s u b u n i t ) .

P ro te ins we re s e pa ra te d by the two-d im e ns iona l ge l e le c t ro -

p h o r e s i s t e c h n i q u e d e s c r i b e d b y M e t s a n d B o g o r a d ( 1 9 7 4 ) w i t h

on ly a fe w m odi f ic a t ions (D a v ids o n e t a l. , 1974). Ide n t ic a l r e s u l t sw e r e o b t a i n e d w h e n r i b o s o m a l p r o t e i n s w e r e p r e p a r e d f o r e l e c t ro -

phore s i s by the L iCl -u re a m e tho d o f L e bo y e t a l. ( 1964) a s by

the a c e t i c a c id m e thod . Ge ls we re s ta ine d by the Coom a s s ie b lue

p r o c e d u r e o f F a i r b a n k s e t a l. ( i 9 7 1 )

In vitr o 14C-erythromycin Bind ingAssay. Ce l l s we re s us pe nde d

i n b u f f e r A ( 2 5 m M M g A c e t a te , 2 5 m M K C 1 , 25 m M T r is - H C 1

p H 7 .6 , 5 m M D T T ) t o a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 5 x 1 0S /m l a n d p a s s e d

tw ic e th ro ugh a Y e da p re s s a t 150 0 ps i. A f te r c e n t r i fug ing a t

1 0 , 0 0 0 x g f o r 1 0 m i n , t h e s u p e r n a t a n t w a s r e c e n tr i f u g e d a t

39 ,000 x g fo r 20 r a in . T he s up e rna t a n t wa s loa d e d ove r a 1 .1 m l

c u s h i o n c o n t a i n i n g 3 5 % w / v s u c r o se i n b u f f er A . R i b o s o m e s w e r e

s e d im e n te d a f te r 3 h a t 59 ,000 rpm in a type 65 ro to r (B e c km a n

Ins t r . Co . ). A f te r r in s ing the g re e n l a ye r o f f the pe l l e t w i th bu f fe r

A , t h e r i b o s o m e s w e r e r e s u sp e n d e d i n b u f f e r B ( 2 5 m M M g A c ,

2 5 m M K C I , 5 0 m M T r i s- H C 1 p H 7 . 6 , 5 m M D T T , 5 % s u c ro s e )to a f ina l c on c e n t r a t ion o f 200 500 A260 u n i t s / m l a n d s t o r e d i n

l iqu id n i t roge n .

T he a s s a y us e d wa s s im i la r to the 14C-e ry th rom yc in -Mi l l ipo re

b i n d i n g a s s a y d ev e l o p e d b y T e r a o k a ( 1 9 70 ) a n d M e t s a n d B o g o r a d

( 1 9 7 1 ) w i t h t h e m o d i f i c a t i o n s d e s c r i b e d b y H a n s o n a n d B o g o r a d

(1977). A 100 p l r e a c t ion m ix tu re c on ta ine d 2 .5 pm ole s M gAc e ta te ,

5 ~tmoles ( low sa lt) or 15 ~tmoles (high sa l t) KC1, 5 pm oles Tris -HC 1

pH 7 .5, 0 .5 gm ole s DT T , 4 .0 -4 .3 A26 o u n i t s o f r i b o s o m e s , a n d

l * C - e r y t h r o m y c i n . T h e 1 4 C - e r y t h ro m y c i n c h e m i c a ll y s y n t h e si z e d

by M.R. Ha ns o n ha d a s pe c if i c a c t iv i ty o f 13 c pm /p m ole . Ba c k-

g r o u n d b i n d i n g w a s d e t e rm i n e d b y c a r r y i n g o u t t h e r e a c t i o n i n

the a bs e nc e o f r ibo s om e s . Af te r inc ub a t ion a t 25 ° C fo r 1 h , the

c o n t e n t s o f e a c h t u b e w a s f i l te r e d t h r o u g h a 0 . 4 5 m i c r o n M i l l i p o r e

f i l t e r a nd the f i l t e r wa s wa s he d 6 t im e s w i th bu f fe r C (25 m M

M g A c e t a t e, 5 0 m M o r 1 5 0 m M K C 1 , 50 m M T r i s - H C i p H 7 .6 ).F i l t e rs w e re d r i e d a n d t h e n c o u n t e d i n 4 m l o f t o l u e n O m n i f l u o r

( N e w E n g l a n d N u c l e a r C o . ) .

R e s u l t s

I s o l a ti o n o f E r y t h r o m y c i n - S e n s i t i v e R e v e r t a n ts . E r y -

M l b c e ll s a r e r e s i s t a n t t o 4 0 0 l a g /m l e r y t h r o m y c i n

( T a b l e 1 ). F o u r s e n s i t iv e r e v e r t a n t s h a v e b e e n i s o -

l a t e d . M u t a n t es5 w a s o b t a i n e d f r o m u l t r a - v i o l e t -

t r e a t e d e r y - M l b c e l ls ; t h e o t h e r r e v e r t a n t s w e r e i s o -

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J.N. Davidson and L. Bogorad: Suppression of Erythromycin Resistance 41

Table 1. Growth of wild-type, ery-Mlb and revertant strains of

C. reinhardi in various concentrations of e17thromycin

Strain Erythr omycin (gg/ml)

50 I00 200 300 400 500

wild-type + 0 0 0 0 0es5er y-Mi b + + + + + + + 0 0 0

esl Ole ry- Mlb + + + + + + + + 0 0 0

eslO5ery-Mlb ++ + ++ + 0 0 0 0

es l l5ery-Mlb +++ +++ +++ 0 0 0

e r y- Mlb + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

0 = No growth

+, + +, + + + increasi ng levels of grow lh, where + + + is the

level of growth in the absence of antibiotic

Table 2. Crosses between each revertant and wild-type

Cross PD NPD T Total

es5ery-Mlb x wt 14 9 27 50

eslOlery-Mlb x wt 182 0 38 220

eslO5efy-Mlb x wt 6 4 6 16

es115e~y-Mlb x wt 24 21 56 101

wt = wild-type

PD =all four progeny sensitive to 350 pg/ml erythromycin

NPD = two resistant : two sensitive

T=one resistant: three sensitive

Table 3. Two-character analysis of cross between eslOlery-Mlb

and/7/'2

Two PD NPD T Total Map

Characters distance

esl01 :ery-Mlb 101 0 20 121 8.2

pj2:ery-Mlb 90 0 31 121 12.8

esl01 :pf2 1 I0 0 11 121 4.6

T + 6 N P DMap distance x 50

Total

l a t e d f r o m e r y - M l b c e l l s t r e a t e d w i t h e t h y l m e t h a n e -

s u l f o n a te . A l t h o u g h e a c h o f t h e se m u t a n t s w a s s e n si -

t i v e t o t h e s c r e e n i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n c f 3 5 0 ~ tg /m l e r y t h -

r o m y c i n , a l l w e r e r e s i s t a n t t o 1 0G g g / m l ( T a b l e 1 ),

a c o n c e n t r a t i o n a t w h i c h g r o w t h o f w i ld - t y p e ce ll s

i s c o m p l e t e l y b l o c k e d . T h e r e v e r t a n t s , t h e r e f o r e , a r e

o n l y p a r t l y s e n s i t i v e t o e r y t h r o m y c m .

Genetics of Suppressing ery- M lb. T h e p a r t i a l r e s i s -

t a n c e o f t h e r e v e r t a n t s ( T a b l e 1 ) d e m o n s t r a t e s t h a t

s u p p r e s s i o n i s n o t t h e e x a c t p h e n o t y p i c r e v e r s a l o f

t h e r e s i s t a n c e m u t a t i o n i n t h e ery-M1 l o c u s . T h e r e -

f o r e , s u p p r e s s i o n i n t h e s e s t r a i n s m u s t b e t h e r e s u l t

o f e i t h e r a s e c o n d m u t a t i o n i n th e e r y - M 1 g e n e o r

m u t a t i o n i n s o m e o t h e r g e n e . C r o s s e s b e t w e e n e a c h

r e v e r t a n t a n d w i l d - t y p e c a n d i f f e r e n t i a t e b e t w e e n

t h e s e t w o p o s s i b il i ti e s . I f t h e r e v e r s i o n t o e r y t h r o m y -

c i n se n s i t i v it y i s d u e t o a s e c o n d m u t a t i o n i n t h e

e r y - M 1 g e n e , t h e n a l l t h e p r o g e n y f r o m s u c h c r o s s e s

w i l l b e s e n s i t i v e t o 3 5 0 F g / m l e r y t h r o m y c i n . O n t h e

o t h e r h a n d , i f t h e e r y - M 1 g e n e is d i st i n c t f r o m t h eg e n e m a s k i n g t h e e r y t h r o m y c i n r e s i s t a n c e p h e n o t y p e ,

t h e n t h e s u p p r e s s o r g e n e a n d t h e e r y - M 1 g e n e w i ll

s e g re g a t e a t a m o d e r a t e f r e q u e n c y a n d s o m e p r o g e n y ,

b e i n g r e c o m b i n a n t s w h i c h c a r r y t h e e r y - M 1 g e n e a n d

n o t i t s s u p p r e s s o r , w i ll b e a s h i g h l y r e s i s ta n t t o e r y t h -

r o m y c i n as e r y - M l b . I n e a c h c r o ss , p r o g e n y w e r e

f o u n d w h i c h w e r e a s re s i s ta n t t o e r y t h r o m y c i n as ery-

M l b ( T a b l e 2) . T h u s , e a c h r e v e r t a n t c a r ri e s t h e g e n e

f o r e r y t h r o m y c i n r e s is t a n ce a n d a s e p a r a t e g e n e w h i c h

m a s k s t h e r e s is t a n c e p h e n o t y p e . H e n c e t h e r e v e r t a n t s

a r e d e s i g n a t e d es5ery-Mlb , es lOlery-Mlb , es lO5etT -

M l b , a n d e s l l 5 e r y - M l b .

A d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n c a n b e g a i n e d f r o m s u c h

c r o s s e s . F i r s t , f o r e a c h r e v e r t a n t t h e s u p p r e s s o r s e g r e -

g a t e s a s a si n g l e g en e . I n t h e c r o s s e s b e t w e e n w i l d - t y p e

a n d es 5 er y -Ml b , e s l 0 5 e r y - M l b , o r e s l 1 5 e l T - M l b ,

t h e f r eq u e n c i e s o f p a r e n t a l d i t y p e s ( P D ) a n d n o n -

p a r e n t a l d i t y p e s ( N P D ) a r e a b o u t e q u a l , i n d i c a t i n g

t h a t t h e s u p p r e s s o r s es5 , e s l 0 5 , a n d esl 1 5 a r e M e n d e -

l ia n a n d e a c h is n o t l i n k e d to e r y - M l b . H o w e v e r ,

t h e c r o s s b e t w e e n es 1 01 e r y - M 1b a n d w i l d - t y p e y i e l d e d

n o N P D ' s , c l e a r ev i d e n c e t h a t t h e g e n e s e sl 0 1 a n d

e r y - M l b a r e l i n k e d a s w e l l a s b e i n g M e n d e l i a n , i . e . ,

n u c l e a r .

D a v i d s o n e t a l. ( 1 97 4 ) h a v e a l r e a d y s h o w n t h a tt h e l o c u s e r v - M l i s o n n u c l e a r l i n k ag e g r o u p X I .

T h e d a t a i n T a b l e 2 s h o w t h a t e s l 0 1 i s a l s o l o c a t e d

o n l i n k a g e g r o u p X 1 . T o d e t e r m i n e t h e o r d e r a n d

m a p d i s t a n c e , e s l O l e r y - M l b w a s c r o s s e d w i t h p J 2

( p a r a l y z e d f la g e l la - 2 ) , a m a r k e r c l o s e t o t h e c e n t r o -

m e r e o f li n k a g e g r o u p X I . T h e r e s u l ts g i v e n in T a b l e

3 d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t t h e l o c u s f o r e s l 0 1 i s lo c a t e d b e -

t w e e n p j 2 a n d e l y - M 1 . T h e l o c u s f o r t h e m u t a t i o n

i n t h e s t r a i n e s l 0 1 h a s b e e n n a m e d e s - M l a n d c a n

b e a s s i g n e d t h e m a p p o s i t i o n s h o w n i n F i g u r e 1 . T h e

c e n t r o m e r e : p f 2 m a p d i s t a n c e w a s d e t e r m i n e d b y a

c r o s s b e t w e e n t h e m a r k e r p f 2 a n d a n u n l i n k e d m a r k e r

2 1 w h i c h h a s b e e n s h o w n b y S a g e r ( 1 9 5 5 , 1 9 6 2 ) t o

u n d e r g o n o s e c o n d d i v i s i o n s e g r e g a t i o n ( D a v i d s o n ,

1976).

F u r t h e r g e n e t i c a n a l y s e s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t t o f i n d

i f t h e t h r e e s u p p r e s s o r s u n l i n k e d t o e r y - M 1 a r e a l le l e s

o f a s i n g le g e n e . T h i s w a s a c c o m p l i s h e d t h r o u g h

c r o s se s b e t w e e n r e v e r ta n t s . F o r e x a m p l e , es 5 er y -Ml b

w a s c r o s s e d w i t h e s l l 5 e r y - M l b . I f es 5 i s a l le l ic to

e s l l 5 , t h e n a l l p r o g e n y w i ll c o n t a i n a s u p p r e s s o r a n d

f a il t o g r o w a t 35 0 g g / m l e r y t h r o m y c i n . O n t h e o t h e r

h a n d , i f es 5 i s n o t a l l e l i c t o e s l l 5 , t h e n a s a r e s u l t

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42 J.N. Davidson and L. Bogorad: Suppression of Erythromycin Resistance

2 .8 4 .6 8 .2o I I I

P f 2 e s - M I e r y - M I

Fig. 1. Map distances for linkage group XI. The alteration inmutant esl01 is at the locus es-M1

Table 4. Minimum inhibitory concentration test fo r strains carryingery-M2d

Strain Erythromycin concentration

10 20 40 60 100 120 160 200

o f r e c o m b i n a t i o n , s o m e p r o g e n y w il l n o t c o n t a i n a

s u p p r e s s o r a n d w i l l b e f ul l y r e s is t a n t t o e r y t h r o m y c i n .

W h e n t h e s e c r o s se s w e r e p e r f o r m e d , f e w c o m p l e t e

t e t r a d s w e r e o b t a i n e d d u e t o a h i g h f r e q u e n c y o f

z o o s p o r e d e a t h . I n t h e c r o s s es e s 5 e r y - M 1b x e s l 15er y -

M l b a n d e s l O 5 e r y - M l b x e s l l 5 e r y - M l b , p r o g e n y r e -

s i s ta n t t o 3 5 0 g g / m l w e r e f o u n d . T h u s , e s l l 5 i s n o t

a l l e l i c t o e i t h e r es5 o r e s l 0 5 . W h e n e s 5 e r y - M l b w a s

c r o s s e d w i t h e s l O 5 e r y - M l b , n o p r o g e n y w i t h t h e r e -

s is t an c e o f e r y - M l b w a s o b s e r v e d . H o w e v e r , b e c a u s e

o f th e h i g h f r e q u e n c y o f i n c o m p l e t e t e t r a d s , t h e d a t a

a r e i n s u f f i c i e n t f o r i n f e r r i n g t h a t es5 i s a l l e l i c t o es l0 5 .

N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e r e s u lt s i n d ic a t e t h a t t h e s u p p r e s s o r s

es 5 , e s l 0 5 , a n d e s l l 5 w h i c h a r e u n l i n k e d t o e r y - M l b

r e p r e s e n t a t l e a s t t w o M e n d e l i a n l oc i .

G e n e t i c s o f S u p p r e s s in g O t h e r E r y t h r o m y c i n - R e s i s t a n t

M u t a n t s . B e c a u s e n o n e o f t he f o u r s u p p r e s s o r s i s a ll e -

l i c wi th t h e e r y - M 1 l o c u s , e a c h c o u l d b e s e p a r a t e d

g e n e t i c a l l y f r o m e r y - M l b . W h e n s t r a i n s c o n t a i n i n g

t h e s u p p r e s s o r s a l o n e w e r e b a c k c r o s s e d t o e r y - M l b ,

p r o g e n y w e r e o b s e r v e d w h i c h r e s e m b l e d t h e o r i g in a l

r e v e r t a n t s . S t r a i n s c a r r y i n g a s u p p r e s s o r a l o n e w e r e

a l s o c r o s s e d w i t h o t h e r e r y t h r o m y c i n - r e s i s t a n t m u -

t a n ts . E a c h o f t h e f o u r s u p p r e s s o r s i s c a p a b l e o f p a r -t i a l l y m a s k i n g t h e r e s i s t a n c e p h e n o t y p e o f o t h e r e r y -

M 1 m u t a n t s .

T h e M e n d e l i a n , e r y t h r o m y c i n - r e s i s t a n t e r y - M 2

m u t a n t s a r e g e n e t ic a l l y d is t i nc t f r o m t h e e r y - M 1 m u -

t a n t s a n d e a c h i s r e s i s t a n t t o a t l e a s t 4 0 0 g g / m l e r y t h -

r o m y c i n . T h e s u p p r e s s o r s es 5 , e s l 0 5 , a n d e s l l 5 w e r e

c r o s s e d w i t h e r y M 2 d t o d e t e r m i n e i f a n y c o u l d s u p -

p r e s s th e e r y t h r o m y c i n r e s i s ta n c e c o n f e r r e d b y er y -

M 2 d . I n e a c h c a s e p r o g e n y w e r e f o u n d w h i c h w e r e

r e s i s t a n t t o 1 00 g g / m l e r y t h r o m y c i n b u t s e n s it i ve t o

3 5 0 g g / m l . T h e s e p r o g e n y m u s t c a r r y b o t h a s u p p r e s -

s o r a n d e r y - M 2 d a n d t h u s d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t es5,

e s l 0 5 , a n d es 115 c a n p a r t l y m a s k t h e r e s i s t a n c e p h e -

n o t y p e o f e r y - M 2 d . A d d i t i o n a l e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e

d o n e t o d e t e r m i n e t he m i n i m u m i n h i b it o r y c o n c e n t r a -

t i o n s o f e r y t h r o m y c i n i n li q u id c u l t u r e . A s c a n b e s e e n

i n T a b l e 4 , e s l 0 5 i s m u c h m o r e e f f e c ti v e i n s u p p r e s s i n g

e r y - M 2 d t h a n i s e i t h e r es5 o r es l 15 .

F i n a l ly , e a c h o f t h e f o u r s u p p r e s s o r s w a s c r o s s e d

w i t h t h e e r y t h r o m y c i n - r e s i s t a n t s t r a i n e r y - U l a , a n o n -

M e n d e l i a n m u t a n t k n o w n t o h a v e a n a l t e re d c h l o r o -

p l a s t r i b o s o m e . N o n e o f th e s u p p r e s s o r s h a d a n y e f -

f e c t o n t h e t o l e r a n c e l e v e l o f e r y - U l a t o e r y t h r o m y c i n .

wild-type+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

es5ery-M2d + + + + + + + +eslO5ery-M2d + + + 0 0 0 0 0es 115ery-M2d + + + + + 0 0 0ery-M2d + + + + + + + +

Ixg/ml, + = growth, 0 =n o growth

A n t i b i o t i c C r o s s - R e s i s t a n c e . I n a d d i t i o n t o b e i n g

e r y t h r o m y c i n - r e s i s t a n t , t h e s t r a i n e r y - M l b i s r e s i s t an t

t o h ig h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f o th e r m a c r o l i d e s s u c h a s

o l e a n d o m y c i n a n d c a r b o m y c i n a n d t h e a n t i b i o t ic l in -

c o m y c i n . A l l t h e s e a n t i b i o t i c s a f f e c t o v e r l a p p i n g s i t e s

o n t h e 5 0 s s u b u n i t o f t h e E. co l i r i b o s o m e ( f o r r e v ie w s ,s e e G a l e e t a l ., 1 97 2 a n d F r a n k l i n a n d S n o w , 1 97 5) .

W e h a v e s h o w n a b o v e t h a t t h e s u p p r e s s o r s es 5 , e s l 0 1 ,

e s l 0 5 , a n d e s l 1 5 m a s k e r y t h r o m y c i n r e s i st a n c e . T h e r e -

f o r e , e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e d o n e t o d e t e r m i n e h o w e a c h o f

t h e s e s u p p r e s s o r s a ff e c t s e r y - M l b ' s t o l e r a n c e t o o th e r

a n t i b io t i c s . A s u m m a r y o f s e v e r a l a n t ib i o t i c p l a t e

a s s a y s i s p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 5 .

E a c h o f t h e f o u r s u p p r e s s o r s w h e n i n c o m b i n a t i o n

w i t h e r y - M l b c o n f e r s a d i s t i n c t i v e , c r o s s - r e s i s t a n c e

p a t t e r n . F o r e x a m p l e , e s l O l e r y - M l b i s m o r e s e n s i t i v e

t o e r y t h r o m y c i n , o l e a n d om y c i n , a n d c a r b o m y c i n t h a n

e r y - M l b , b u t t h e r e i s n o d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e s e

t w o s t r a i n s w h e n t e s t e d o n m e d i u m s u p p l e m e n t e dw i t h l i n c o m y c i n . T h u s , e s l 0 1 s p e c i f i c a l ly s u p p r e s s e s

r e s i s t a n c e t o t h e m a c r o l i d e s . I n t w o c a s e s t h e s u p p r e s -

s o r i n c r e a s e s r e s i s t a n c e t o a p a r t i c u l a r a n t i b i o t i c .

W h i l e e s l O 5 e r y - M l b i s m o r e s e n s i t i v e t o e r y t h r o -

m y c i n , o l e a n d o m y c i n , a n d l i n c o m y c i n t h a n e r y - M l b ,

t h e s u p p r e s s e d s t r a i n i s m o r e r e s i s t a n t t o c a r b o m y c i n

t h a n e r y - M l b . W h e n a s t ra i n c a r r y i n g e s l0 5 a l o n e

i s t e s t e d , i ts to l e r a n c e t o c a r b o m y c i n i s g r e a t e r t h a n

t h a t o f w i ld - t y pe . H e n c e , e s l 0 5 h a s d e c r e a s e d t o l e r -

a n c e t o s o m e a n t i b i o t i c s w h i l e b e i n g m o r e r e s i s t a n t

t o c a r b o m y c i n .

A s i m i l a r s i t u a t i o n e x i s t s w i t h es 115 . T h e s u p p r e s -

s o r es 115 h a s t h e u n u s u a l c h a r a c t e r i st i c o f i n c r e a s in g

a s t r a i n ' s r e s i s t a n c e t o s t r e p t o m y c i n , a n a n t i b i o t i c

w h i c h a f f e c t s th e s m a l l c h l o r o p l a s t s u b u n i t i n C h l a m y -

d o m o n a s ( S c h l a n g e r a n d S a g e r , 1 9 74 ). W h e t h e r t h e

s u p p r e s s o r is a lo n e o r i s in c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h ecv -

M l b , t h e c e ll s s h o w l o w l e v e l r e s i s t a n c e f o r s e v e r a l

d a y s b u t e v e n t u a l l y d i e .

C h l o r o p l a s t R i b o s o m a l P r o t e i n s . T h e c h l o r o p l a s t r i b o -

s o m a l p r o t e in s o f th e l a r g e s u b u n i t f r o m t h r e e o f

t h e r e v e r t a n t s w e r e e x a m i n e d b y t h e t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l ,

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J.N. Davidson and L. Bogorad: Suppression of Erythromycin Resistance

Table 5. Max imum concentration where growth occurs

43

Strain Erythromycin Oleandomycin Carbomycin Lincomycin Cleocin Chlorampenicol Streptomycin

wild -type < 50 a 250 < 50 < 150 < 10 25 < 25

eslOlery-Mlb 200 450 100 500 < 10 25 < 25

es5ery-Mlb 200 > 500 100 500 < 10 25 < 25

eslO5ery-Mlb 100 450 >20 0 300 < 10 25 <2 5esll5eJT-Mlb 200 > 500 100 300 < I0 25 30 b

etT-Mlb 500 > 500 200 500 < 10 25 < 25

es5 < 50 250 - < 150 < 10 - < 25

esl 05 < 50 < 250 100 < 150 < 10 25 < 25

esll5 <50 <250 < 50 <150 <10 - 30 b

a gg/ml

b after 8 days g rowt h, cells st art to die

4 °

E

0133

2 0¢ -

EO

e-

Ld IO

1 5 0 m M K C I

f

~ e s 5 er y- M b

~ w f l a - t y p e

e r y -M ,bo ~ / \ \ e s IO le ry -M I b° A / \ e s 115 ery - M b

• ° X

a o •

0 [ " I I I [ I0.5 I.O 1.5 2.0 2.5

[Erythromycin] ~ M

Fig. 2. In vitro 14C-erythromycin binding curves for ribosomes

in 150 mM KC1. 4.0 4.2 A260 of ribo som es used in e ach case.

Wild-type (o), es5ery-Mlb (zx), eslOlery-Mlb (o) and esi15ery-

Mlb (A)

4 0

3 5

:50

~ ' 2 5mOEQ .

v 2 0 ¸

o 1 5

E

o 10

Eo

tlA 4

/50m M KCI /

/e / W i l d -t y p e

-- o o ~- Ib

e s 1 1 5 e r y - M I b

o o •

.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2 . 5

[Erythromycin] 3JM

Fig. 3. In vitro I4C-erythromycin binding curves for ribosomes

in 50 mM KC1. 4.0~t.2 A26o of ribosomes used in each case. Wild-

type (o), ery-Mlb (x), es5ery-Mlb (zx), eslOlety-Mlb (o), and

es l l5ery-Mlb (A). No line has been drawn for ery-Mlb; theamount of 14C-erythromycin measured in the binding assay was

independent of the concentration of the antibiotic

a c r y l a m i d e g e l e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s s y s te m o f M e t s a n d

B o g o r a d ( 1 9 7 4 ) . D a v i d s o n e t a l . ( 1 9 7 4 ) h a d a l r e a d y

s h o w n t h a t t h e m u t a n t ery-Mlb h a s a n a l t e r e d p r o t e i n

L C 6 w h i c h i s 3 0 % s m a l l e r i n m o le , c u l a r w e i g h t a n d

d r a s t i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t i n n e t c h a r g e a t p H 5 t h a n t h e

c o r r e s p o n d i n g p r o t e i n f r o m w i l d - ty p e . S u c h a s ig n if i-

c a n t c h a n g e i n t h e m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f L C 6 c o u l d

b e t h e r e s u lt o f a n o n s e n s e o r f r a m e s h i f t m u t a t i o n

o r a d e l e t i o n i n t h e e r y - M 1 g e n e . T h e r e f o r e , r e v e r s i o n ,

e v e n t o p a r t i a l s e n s i t i v i t y t o e r y t h r o m y c i n , m i g h t b e

d u e t o n o n s e n s e s u p p r e s s i o n . A l t e r n a t i v e l y , t h e s u p -

p r e s s o r s es5, e s l 0 1 , e s l 0 5 , a n d e s l l 5 m a y c o d e f o r

e n z y m e s w h i c h m o d i f y t h e s t r u c t u r e o f L C 6 . W h e n

t h e p r o t e i n s f r o m es5ery-Mlb, eslOlery-Mlb, a n d

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44 J.N. Davidson and L. Bogo rad: Suppression of Erythrom ycin Resistance

es l l5ery -Mlb w e r e r u n o n g e l s , i n e a c h c a s e t h e

p r o t e i n L C 6 w a s i d e n t i c a l i n m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t a n d

n e t c h a r g e a t p H 5 t o t h e L C 6 o f ery-Mlb. T h u s ,

t h e s u p p r e s s o r s es5, e s l 0 1 , a n d es115 d o n o t a p p e a r

t o m o d i f y t h e s t r u c t u r e o f L C 6 .

T h e t w o d i m e n s i o n a l g e l p a t t e r n s f o r t h e o t h e r

p r o t e i n s o f th e l a rg e s u b u n i t o f t h e c h l o r o p l a s t r i b o -s o m e o f th e s e th r e e r e v e r t a n t s w e r e c o m p a r e d t o t h e

p a t t e r n s e e n f o r ery-Mlb. A l t h o u g h v a r i a t i o n s w e r e

o b s e r v e d , t h e d a t a w e r e i n s u f f i c i e n t t o c o n c l u d e w h i c h

p r o t e i n , i f a n y , i s c h a n g e d i n e a c h o f t h e s e r e v e r t a n t s .

T h e r i b o s o m a l p r o t e i n s f o r eslO5ery-Mlb c o u l d

n o t b e e x a m i n e d b e c a u s e o f t h e f a i lu r e o f t h i s s t r a i n

t o g r o w t o s u f f i c i e n t c el l d en s i ti e s .

Erythromycin Binding Properties of Revertant Ribo-somes. C h l o r o p l a s t r i b o s o m e s f r o m ery-Mlb fa i l t o

b i n d l ~ C - e r y t h r o m y c i n i n v i t r o a t 2 5 m M K C 1 ; t h e

a m o u n t o f 1 4 C - e r y t h r o m y c in b in d i n g t o ery-Mlb in -

c r e as e s a s K C 1 c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n c r e a se s ( H a n s o n ,

1 9 7 6 ; H a n s o n a n d B o g o r a d , 1 9 7 7 ) . W i l d - t y p e r i b o -

s o m e s , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , a p p e a r t o b i n d e r y t h r o m y -

c i n t o t h e s a m e e x t e n t r e g a r d le s s o f K C L c o n c e n t r a -

t i o n o v e r t h e ra n g e o f 2 5 M 0 0 m M ( H a n s o n , 1 9 76 ;

H a n s o n a n d B o g o r a d , 1 9 7 7) . A t a l l K C 1 c o n c e n t r a t i o n ,

w i l d - t y p e r i b o s o m e s b i n d s i g n i f i c a n t l y m o r e e r y t h r o -

m y c i n t h a n t h o s e f r o m e r y - M l b .

R i b o s o m e s w e r e i s o l a t e d f r o m es5ery-Mlb,eslOlery-Mlb, a n d es l l5ery -Mlb i n o r d e r t o d e t e r -

m i n e t h e i r b i n d i n g p r o p e r t i e s in v i t r o . 1 4 C - e r y t h r o m y -

c i n b i n d i n g w a s m e a s u r e d a t a m o d e r a t e l y h i g h s a l t

c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( 1 5 0 m M K C 1 ) w h e r e c h l o r o p l a s t r i b o -s o m e s a r e m a i n l y s u b u n i t s a n d a t a l o w s a lt c o n c e n t r a -

t i o n ( 5 0 m M K C 1 ) w h e r e c h l o r o p l a s t r i b o s o m e s a r e

m a i n l y m o n o m e r s . F i g u r e s 2 a n d 3 s h o w s t h e r e s ul t s

f o r t h e v a r i o u s s t r a i n s a t e a c h K C 1 c o n c e n t r a t i o n .

A t 1 5 0 m M K C 1 , es5ery-Mlb r i b o s o m e s b i n d e r y t h r o -

m y c i n a s a v i d l y a s w i l d - t y p e r i b o s o m e s , w h i l e t h e

b i n d i n g c u r v e s f o r r i b o s o m e s f r o m eslOlery-Mlb,es115ery-Mlb, a n d ery-Mlb a re e s s en t i a l ly iden t i ca l .

H o w e v e r , at 5 0 m M K C 1 , l it tl e o r n o l ~ C - e r y t h r o m y -

c i n b i n d s t o ery-Mlb r i b o s o m e s a n d t h e a m o u n t

b o u n d is i n d e p e n d e n t o f e r y t h r o m y c i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n

o v e r t h e r a n g e t e s t e d . A t t h i s s a l t l e v e l , es5ery-Mlb

r i b o s o m e s b i n d e r y t h r o m y c i n t o a b o u t t h e s a m e e x -

t e n t a s e r y - M l b r i b o so m e s b u t c h l o r o p l a st r i b o s o m e s

f r o m eslOlery-Mlb a n d es l l5ery -Mlb ce l l s b ind s ig -

n i f i c an t l y g r e a te r a m o u n t s o f t he a n t i b i o t i c. F o r

e x a m p l e , a t 2 .5 m M 1 4 C - e r y t h r o m y c i n a n d 5 0 m M

K C 1 , c p m b o u n d p e r f i l t e r a b o v e 5 0 c p m b a c k g r o u n d

w e r e: e r y - M l b , 1 0 c p m ; es5ery-Mlb, 2 0 c p m ;

eslOlery-Mlb, 4 7 c p m ; a n d , es115ery-Mlb, 5 0 c p m .

T h u s , t h e e r y t h r o m y c i n b i n d i n g d a t a i n d i c a t e t h a t

t h e m u t a t i o n s es5, e s l 0 1 , a n d es115 a l t e r th e b e h a v i o r

o f c h l o r o p l a s t r i b o s o m e s i n v i t ro .

T h e d a t a g e n e r a t e d b y t h e s e e x p e r i m e n t s c o u l d

n o t r e a d i l y b e u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e a c c u r a t e i n v i t r o

b i n d i n g c o n s t a n t s b e c a u s e t h e u s u a l g r a p h i n g p r o c e -

d u r e s g a v e c u r v i l i n e a r r e s u l t s . H o w e v e r , t h e d i f f e r e n c e

i n b i n d i n g c o n s ta n t s b e t w e en e r y - M l b a n d es5ery-M l b a t 1 5 0 m M K C 1 is a t l e a s t s i x - fo l d .

D i s c u s s i o n

T h r o u g h m u t a g e n e s i s w i t h u l t r a v i o l e t l i g h t o r e t h y l

m e t h a n e s u l f o n a t e w e h a v e i s o l a t e d f o u r e r y t h r o m y -

c i n - s e n s i t i v e r e v e r t a n t s f r o m t h e e r y t h r o m y e i n r e s i s -

t a n t s t r a i n ery-Mlb o f Chlamydom onas reinhardi. A ll

f o u r r e v e r t a n t s a r e s t i l l p a r t i a l l y r e s i s t a n t t o e r y t h r o -

m y c i n ; i . e . , m o r e r e s i s t a n t t h a n t h e w i l d - t y p e s t r a i n .

E a c h r e v e r t a n t h a s b e e n s h o w n t o b e a d o u b l e m u t a n t

c a r r y i n g t h e o r i g i n a l e r y - M 1 g e n e f o r r e s i s t a n c e a n d

a s e c o n d g e n e w h i c h s u p p r e s s e s t h e e x p r e s s i o n o f r e -

s i s ta n c e . T e t r a d a n a l y s e s h a v e i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e s u p -

p r e s s o r s (es5, e s l 0 1 , e s l 0 5 , a n d es l 1 5) a s s o c i a t e d w i t h

t h e r e v e r t a n t s a r e M e n d e l i a n a n d a r e n o t a l l e li c t o

th e ery-M1 l o c u s . A d d i t i o n a l c r o s s e s i n v o l v i n g t h e

r e v e r t a n t s d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t ( i) e sl 0 1 is l o c a t e d b e -

t w e e n t h e m a r k e r s p f 2 a n d ery-M1 o n l i n k a g e g r o u p

XI ; ( i i ) esS, e s l 0 5 , a n d e s l l 5 a r e n o t l o c a t e d o n l i n k -

a g e g r o u p X I n o r a r e t h e y a l l e l i c t o a s e c o n d l o c u s

f o r e r y t h r o m y c i n r e s is t an c e , e r y - M 2 ; a n d ( iii) es5 a n d

e s l 0 5 a r e n o t a l l e l i c w i t h es115. T h u s , t h e f o u r s u p -

p r e s s o r s r e p r e s e n t m u t a t i o n s i n a t l e a s t t h r e e d i f f e r e n t

M e n d e l i a n l o ci , e a c h o f w h i c h i s d i st i n c t f r o m t h e

e r y - M 1 a n d e r y - M 2 l o c i .T h e e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d h e r e i n d ic a t e s t h a t t h e f o u r

s u p p r e s s o r s d o n o t m o d i f y t h e p r o t e i n L C 6 c o d e d

b y t h e e ry - M 1 l o c u s b u t d o a f f e c t t h e c h l o r o p l a s t

r i b o s o m e .

B e c a u s e t h e r e v e r t a n t s s t u d i e d h e r e c a r r i e d b o t h

th e ery-M1 g e n e f o r e r y t h r o m y c i n r e s i s t a n c e a n d a

s e p a r a t e g e n e f o r s u p p r e s s i n g r e s i s ta n c e , s u p p r e s s i o n

c o u l d b e t h e r e s u l t o f e n z y m a t i c m o d i f i c a t i o n o f L C 6 .

H o w e v e r , c a r e f u l e x a m i n a t i o n o f L C 6 f r o m t h e r e v e r -

t a n t s es5ery-Mlb, eslOlery-Mlb, a n d es l l5ery -Mlbs h o w e d t h a t t h e r e w e r e n o d e t e c t a b l e d i f fe r e n c e s i n

n e t c h a r g e at p H 5 o r m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t f r o m t h e

L C 6 o f ery-Mlb. I n a d d i t i o n , t h e s u p p r e s s o r s es5,e s 1 0 5 , a n d es115 a l s o w e r e c a p a b l e o f p a r t i a l l y s u p -

p r e s s i n g t h e e r y t h r o m y c i n r e s i s t a n c e p h e n o t y p e o f

e r y - M 2 d , a m u t a n t i n w h i c h r e s i s t a n c e i s n o t d u e

t o a c h a n g e i n L C 6 . T h e r e f o r e , t h e s u p p r e s s o r s p r o b a -

b l y d o n o t a c t b y c h a n g i n g t h e p r i m a r y s t r u c t u r e

o f L C 6 .

T h a t t h e s u p p r e s s o r s es5, e s l 0 1 , e s l 0 5 , a n d es115a f f e c t c h l o r o p l a s t r i b o s o m e s is s u p p o r t e d b y t h r e e

l i n e s o f e v i d e n c e : ( i ) b e h a v i o r o f r e v e r t a n t s i n v i v o

t o v a r i o u s a n t i b i o t i c s , ( ii ) e f fe c t s o f s u p p r e s s o r s o n

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J.N. Davidson and L. Bogorad: Suppression of Erythromycin Resistance 45

t h e e r y t h r o m y c i n - r e s i s t a n t s t r a i n s er y -M2 d a n d ery-

U l a , a n d ( ii i) b i n d i n g p r o p e r t i e s o f r e v e r t a n t r i b o -

s o m e s i n v i t r o .

T h e c h l o r o p la s t r i b o s o m e o f Chlamydornonas rein-

hardi c a n b i n d a n u m b e r o f a n t i m i c r o b i a l a n t i b i o t ic s

( S c h l a n g e r a n d S a g e r , 1 97 4). M u t a t i o n t o e r y t h r o m y -

c i n r e s i s t a n c e i n Chlamydornonas u s u a l l y r e s u l t s i nr e s i s t a n c e i n v i v o t o r e l a t e d a n t i b i o t i c s , w h i c h a r e

k n o w n t o b i n d t he E. coli 5 0 S s u b u n i t ( D a v i d s o n e t a l . ,

1 97 7) . I f t h e s u p p r e s s o r s s t u d i e d h e r e a f f e c t t h e c h l o -

r o p l a s t r i b o s o m e , t h e y s h o u l d h a v e a n e f f e c t o n t h e

r e s i s t a n c e o r s e n s i t i v i t y o f ery-M1 s t r a i n s t o o t h e r

a n t i b i o t i c s . T h e d a t a p r e s e n t e d h e r e h a v e s h o w n t h a t

a ll f o u r s u p p r e s s o r s c a n r e d u c e t o l e r a n c e o f e r y - M l b t o

a t l e as t o n e o t h e r a n t i b i o t ic i n a d d i t i o n t o e r y t h r o m y -

c i n . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e s u p p r e s s o r es105, i n t h e a b s e n c e

o f p r e s e n c e o f e r y - M l b , p e r m i t t e d a h i g h e r t o l e r a n c e

t o c a r b o m y c i n , a c l e a r in d i c a t i o n t h a t e s l 0 5 i n d u c e s

a c h a n g e in a c h l o r o p l a s t r i b o s o m a l c o m p o n e n t .

T h e s u p p r e s s o r s es5, e s l 0 5 , a n d e s 1 1 5 a l s o w e r e c a -

p a b l e o f r e d u c i n g t h e e r y t h r o m y c i n t o l e r a n c e o f ery-

M 2 d , a s t r a i n w h o s e r i b o s o m e s b i n d e r y t h r o m y c i n

w i t h d i f f e r e n t k i n e t i c s t h a n t h o s e f r o m ery-M1 ( M e t s

a n d B o g o r a d , 1 97 1) a n d c o n t a i n a n o r m a l L C 6 ( D a -

v i d s o n e t al ., 1 9 7 4 ). H o w e v e r , t h e d e g r e e o f s u p p r e s -

s i o n o f e r y - M 2 d v a r i e d d e p e n d i n g o n t h e s u p p r e s s o r

c a r r ie d . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , n o n e o f t he s u p p r e s s o r s

w h e n c o m b i n e d w i t h ery-Ula, t h e n o n - M e n d e l i a n

e r y t h r o m y c i n - r e s i s t a n t m u t a n t , h a d a n y e ff e c t o n i t s

t o l e r a n c e l ev e l t o e r y t h r o m y c i n . T h u s , e a c h s u p p r e s -

s o r c a n s u p p r e s s o n l y c e r t a i n m u t a t i o n s t o e r y t h r o m y -

c i n r e s i s t a n c e . T h e i n a b i l i t y o f t h e s u p p r e s s o r s t o a f -f e c t ery-Ula r u l e s o u t t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t s u p p r e s s i o n

o f t h e ery-M1 a n d er y -M2 s t r a in s i s t h e r esu l t o f

s o m e n o n - r i b o s o m a l c o m p o n e n t b e i n g s e n s i t i v e t o

e r y t h r o m y c i n .

T h e m o s t d i r e c t m e t h o d f o r d e t e r m i n i n g i f t h e

s u p p r e s s o r s a f f e c t c o m p o n e n t s o f t h e c h l o r o p l a s t r ib o -

s o m e w a s t o t e s t t h e b i n d i n g o f J 4 C - e r y t h r o m y c i n

t o r e v e r t a n t r i b o s o m e s i n v it r o. T h e r e s u lt s f r o m t h e se

e x p e r i m e n t s d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t th e r i b o s o m e s f r o m

r e v e r t a n t s c o n t a i n i n g t h e s u p p r e s s o r s es5 , e s l 0 1 , a n d

e s l l 5 d i d h a v e s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e d b i n d i n g t o

e r y t h r o m y c i n . H o w e v e r , t h e e f f e c t o f th e s u p p r e s s o r s

o n e r y t h r o m y c i n b i n d i n g w a s sa l t d e p e n d e n t . A t h i g h

s a l t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , w h e r e t h e r i b o s o m e s a r e e s s e n -

t i a l l y d i s s o c i a t e d i n t o 5 2 s a n d 3 7 s s u b u n i t s , es5ery-

M l b r i b o s o m e s b i n d e r y t h r o m y c i n t o a s i m i la r e x te n t

a s t h o s e f r o m w i l d- t y pe . T h e r i b o s o m e s f r o m

e s l O l e r y - M l b a n d e s l l 5 e r y - M l b , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d ,

b e h a v e l i k e t h o s e f r o m e r y - M l b . A t l o w s a l t c o n c e n -

t r a t i o n s w h e r e t h e r i b o s o m e s e x i s t m a i n l y a s 7 0 s

m o n o m e r s , e s l O l e r y - M l b a n d e s l l 5 e r y - M l b r i b o -

s o m e s b in d m o r e e r y t h r o m y c i n t h a n t h o se f r o m e r y-

M l b o r es 5 er y -Ml b . T h u s , t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f s u p -

p r e s s i o n a p p e a r s t o d e p e n d o n t h e s t a t e o f th e c h l o r o -

p l a st r i b o s o m e a n d t h e m e c h a n i s m o f s u p p re s s i on

b y es 5 i s d i f f e re n t f r o m t h a t b r o u g h t a b o u t b y e s l 0 1

a n d esl 15.

A p i r i o n a n d S a l t z m a n ( 1 9 7 4 ) h a v e s h o w n t h a t

c h a n g e s i n c o m p o n e n t s o f th e 3 0 s E. coli s u b u n i t

c o u l d e f f e c t i v e l y m a s k t h e i n v i v o r e s i s t a n c e o f a s t r a i nc a r r y i n g e lT y t h r om y c i n r e s i s t a n c e . T h e 7 0 s m o n o m e r s

f r o m s u c h s t r a i n s w o u l d b i n d e r y t h r o m y c i n i n v i tr o .

H o w e v e r , o n c e t h e m o n o m e r s w e r e d i s s o c i a t e d i n t o

5 0s a n d 3 0 s s u b u n i t s, e r y t h r o m y c i n b i n d i n g w a s a b o l -

i s h e d . O u r r e s u l t s w i t h t h e s u p p r e s s o r es 1 1 5 a r e r e -

m a r k a b l y s i m i l a r . E s l l 5 i n t h e p r e s e n c e o r a b s e n c e

o f e r y - M l b i s r e s i s t a n t t o l o w l e v e ls o f s t r e p t o m y c i n ,

a c h a r a c t e r o f Chlarnydornonas reinhardi t y p i c a l l y a s -

s o c i a t e d w i t h c h a n g e s i n t h e s m a l l s u b u n i t o f t h e

c h l o r o p l a s t r i b o s o m e ( S c h l a n g e r a n d S a g e r , 1 97 4) . I n

1 4 C - e r y t h r o m y c i n b in d i n g e x p e r i m e n t s u n d e r c o n d i -

t i o n s w h e r e t h e m o n o m e r s w e r e d i s s o c i a t e d i n t o 5 2 s

a n d 3 7s s u b un i t s, t h e r i b o s o m e s f r o m es 1 1 5 er y -Ml b

b e h a v e d s i m i l a r t o r i b o s o m e s f r o m e r y - M l b . H o w -

e v er , w h e n m a i n t a i n e d a s m o n o m e r s , t he r i b o s o m e s

f r o m e s l l 5 e r y - M l b b i n d s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r

a m o u n t s o f e r y t h r o m y c i n t h a n t h os e f r o m e r y - M l b .

T h e r e f o r e , th e s u p p r e s s o r e s l l 5 m a y a f f e c t a c o m -

p o n e n t o f t he s m a l l s u b u n i t o f th e c h l o r o p l a s t r i b o -

s o m e ; a n a l y s e s o f t h e p r o t e i n s o f t h e s m a l l s u b u n it s

h a v e n o t b e e n c a r r i e d o u t .

T h e d a t a o n r e v e r t a n t c r o s s - r e s i s t a n c e , s u p p r e s -

s i o n o f er y -M2 d a n d ery-Ula a n d i n v i t r o b i n d i n g

p r o p e r t i e s o f r e v e r t a n t r i b o s o m e s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e

n u c l e a r s u p p r e s s o r s es 5 , e s l 0 1 , e s l0 5 , a n d e s l l 5 d oa f f e c t t h e c h l o r o p l a s t r i b o s o m e . A l r e a d y t h r e e n u c l e a r

l o c i ( e r y - M 1 , e r y - M 2 , a n d ery-M3) a r e k n o w n t o a f -

f e c t t h e c h l o r o p l a s t r i b o s o m e ( D a v i d s o n e t a l . , 1 9 7 4 ;

D a v i d s o n e t al ., 1 97 7) . T h e r e f o r e , a t l e a s t si x o r s e v e n

n u c l e a r g e n e s h a v e i m p o r t a n t r o le s i n s p e c i f yi n g ch l o -

r o p l a s t r i b o s o m e s t r u c t u r e a n d f u n c t i o n .

Acknowledgements. This work was supported in part by a U nitedStates Public Health Service Training Grant predoctoral awardto J.N . Davidson (No . T01-GM-00036) and by a research grantawarded to L. Bo gora d from the N ational Institute of Gene ralMedical Sciences of the N IH (GM-20470). We are a lso indebtedfor support from the M aria M oors Cabot Foundation of Harv#.rdUniversity. We are most gra teful to Dr. Ma ureen Hanson forthe 14C-erythromycinand for her m any comments.

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S . : B i o c h e mi c a l a n d g e n e t i c s tu d i e s o n t wo d i f fe re n t ty p e s o f

e r y t h r o m y c i n r e s i s t a n t m u t a n t s o f Eseheriehia eoli wi t h a l t e re d

ribo som al p ro te ins . Molec . gen . Gene t . 127 , 175 189 (1973)

Com mun icated by H.G. W ittmann

R e c e iv e d A pr i l 8 / J une 28 , 1977