1996-r-influence of photovoltaic power generation on required capacity for load frequency control

7/29/2019 1996-R-Influence of Photovoltaic Power Generation on Required Capacity for Load Frequency Control

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188 IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 11,No. 1,March 1996INFLUENCE OF PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER GENERATION ON REQUIRED

CAPACITY FOR LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL

THE APPROACH11i ortlrr to r Tx l i i i i t r tliv PI - ystciii, it is not siifficioiit t o siimlily (~oiii1)~irrts (,iil)i1citvof electricity gmerittioii a i d . cost. xi-itlit r it (I it ioii ii1. lq g c~ -s (d (~)oiwr griirrat,ioii tecliiiologiw95 SM 61 9-7 EC A paper recommended and approvedby the IEEE Energy Development and Power GenerationCommittee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society forpresentation at the 1995 IEEE/PES Summer Meeting,July 23-27, 1995, Portland, OR. Manuscript submittedDecember 29, 199 4; made available for printingJune 5, 1995

For r ~ a i i i p l c .t is ass iu i~c( lliat small PI .stalled on a, largc nitni1x.r of roofs iii ii coiiiiwlierc high laiid pricm pro1iil)it. t.hc t.oiistruction of large, isolated011 tlip local pon-rr grid tlicrcfort. reqiiircs cvrtliiat,ioiiof P V oiit,-piit c Iiaract,eristir at two levels. First, iiidivitlual PV syst,crnswill geiieratc fliictua.tiiig le i ~ l s f electricity rlcpcndent, on ge-ographic loca.tion. s e am i , md m-catlicr. Secoiid, t,iir complexiutcractioii aiiioiig millioiis of siiiali. indcpeiideiit, PV s y s t e md l lace iiiiiisiial tleiiiaiitls oii tlic overs11agcwient capacity.

-icw)rdiiigl;l!-. .his prcsent stu dy uscd siiiishinc. diirat,ion tlat,aol,tilinctl from tlic .iiitoiiiat~ed~,~ctc.orologic.datta AcquisitionSystciii ( -UIeD.4!3) t,o cst,iii iilted heseflnrtuatioiis iisiiig iioriiial tlist~ril)utioris, ilki~ ig ,lic. correlat,ionlwtmen the two factors into co~isiderat~ioii,iid applying t,hecondition of a const.aiit loss of lo x1 probabilit,y ( L O L P ) . T h ecc.onoiiiic conclitions t.liat ~ voiil tl criiiit, t,lif> iit,ro duct iori of PVsy st em to t2he xisting: dcct.ric power system ~l-cre dculated asth e hrea.l-crPn cost.1T-e also assumed t.hat..over tiriic. tlir aclditioii of.~ievc- V stan-

e m hat, relat,iw proport ion of p o w r cleii ia iid iiiets ~ ~ - o i i l t llso iiic.reasc. Uiitler tlicsc conditions, t,heioii of t.lw syst,eiiin-oiiltl l )c iiiorc strongly affected

by stochast ic ~-ar ia t io nsn PI - i i tput . In LFC', fo r cxaiiiple, re-iiiarkalile o n t p t fluct.uat,ions iii t l ic F\- ,t o tlie csistiiig load fluctua.tioiis u tlic coiivciitioiial system . Con-scqnently, lm6h the freqiimcy t l t r ia t ioi i ~ i i t llic t,ie-liiie powerflon- deviation vioiild iiicrrasr.

To EIISU~P oiisistcnt tlclivcry of i ~ i i i.dcqiiatc de ctrical supply,oiir iiiodcl incorporated il rcquiiciiieiit of iiicwii.srtl LFC' capacit.yas thc P\7-tleri.c-cdproport,ioii of rlcctririty gtwwtioii iiicreased.Tliis adjiistiiicnt to LFC' n-as i i i ; ~ t l cy cstiiiiating t,hc short-t.triiifiiictuatioiis of both e1ectricit.y driiiili~dan d P\ ' power genera-t,ioii. and iiicreineiit,iiig LFC c it,y iicrortlingly t o ha.ndle th epotcrit,i dly largcr ol-erall fliictiiat,ions.

P\ ' arrays. .Iccnratcly iiig tlic iiiipact of P\' tcclinology

Thc tlegrec of substitiition providctl by the P I

DATA USED FOR EXAMINATIONEstimation Method for the Total Output of a Dispersed

PV Network

0885-8969/96/$05.000 1995 IEEE


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189

0 Meteorological stations (5 pointntc)Figuic 1 Lo ( atioii of A l k D A S olxeiv&ioii poiiits

surface IA.y cquatioii ( 3 ) .I = I,, siii ho +I, ( 2 )= I ~ P / ~ ~ ~ ~iii t o +f ( ~ ,t o ) I ,

x (0.5 +( 0 . 1- X ) siii t o }IA.= I,/{siii 110 (os H +cos / I O siii H cos(A()- A p ) }

1+C O S H 1- os 0+I p- 2I,*_ _ _2

, ~ ( P . / I ( ~ ) ( O . G G - 0.32siii/ro)(l- / l t ~ ~ ) s i n / i o

( 3 )Assuiniiig t,lw inverter c.oiir.ersion dficieiicy t~ o e 0.9, we werea b l p to calcul~i tmche PV oiit,put, at, each point,, usiiig th e ob-tained quaiit,ity of so lar radiitt,ioii oii t.he tilt,ed surfxr 4 andth e PV capacity. The tot.al PV oiit,piit,was obtained by assmi-

iiig that th e solar radiation iiieasnrcd at ea,cli AMeDAS poiiitapproxiiiiat,ed hat, locittioiis peripheral solar rad iation. The PVcapacit,y for thc whole systriii was (list ri1)iitcd t o e ach prefectsurein I)roport,ioii t o tlw iiiiiiil~erof coiitract,s. T he PV capacit,y ofrad1 prefect,urc was obt,aiiietl by taking its iuvcra,gr ove r everyAhIeDAS point,.Short-Period Fluctuation of Electric Power Demand

To.oht,aiii t,he fluetiintioil cliaravtcristics of cdcct,ric power de-iiiaiid, m7e used tlat,a oi l c4txtric pon-cr dciiiimtl collcct,ed over apcriod of 10 days tliiriiig Angu st aiitl Septt~ml)cr f 1993.Because t,hc t,otal dciiiaiitl rec~ortlctlat the1 cwitral load rlis-patch ing stat,iori signifies the> o t a1 dcinaatl P, at the generating( ~ 1 s .he load quiliitity PLO a t the standard frequency is ob-titilied a.s follows:


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Short-Period Fluctuation of PV OutputDiiriiig t l i ( 3 iiiontli of .higiist 1992. n'e obtiiiiiotl solar railkitioniiitriisity ( la ta froiii oiio sit0 at 10-s int.ervals. T l i ) applied th esliort-tcriii varia,tioiis iii solar illtensity t,o oiir stantlard tilt.et1si1rfac.c to c le riw n i od ~lwiiipliiig dat,a fo r short,-t,crin liict,uat,ioiisin PI - ower oiit.piit.First. tliv iir-cmigc' solar radiatioii intensity ~ w salcnlat.cd iniic.c.ordwiic~ -itli tlit' saiiipliiig cycle of load f luctuat ion. The datan-cw t l im passtd tliroiigli ill(. siiiiip filt,ers as t.lic loatl f luctiia.tio iisto obtain data on solar rdiatioii intensity, coiisisting of L FCiillot t ( ~ 1 ~ C ~ S .litx fluctucttiiig speed wns o1,taiiietl fro111 th etlifftwxtial l o i d data . Tl ic tlispcrsioii an d s p a c ~ l f fliwtuat.ion~ v ( w~stiiiiiit~c~tlroiii tlic' tiiiic.-srries c1at.a.

EVALUATION OF PV CAPACITY TO SUPPLE-MENT THE POWER SYSTEM

0.8 I I

6 6 8 10 12 14 16 18Time-of-dayFigure 3: Sertsond diffeieiice in correlation coefficient

Xorinaliziiig G i t hIon-iiig cquatioiis: icspcvt to each tinic sc( to r gave the fol-

If t.he sha.pe of proba1)ilit.y tlist,riljiitioii tlia,t tlie U follows isth c same (F , v ) rrespect,ive of tiiiic scct,ors, lic LOLP could liedeteriiiined as fdlows:LOLP = ~ T ~ F ! , , ( - Y ~ ~ ) ( 5)T i

If we ca.lculat-e he L OL P of tlie iiitservalwith t,lic highest, dem andiIist.eacl of equation (5) , thei i ,F ~ ( - l - < i ) LOLP

s,, F, ; ' (LoLP) (6 )T he required syet,riiicapacity wit,li PV syst,c\iiis, \, is giveii asfollovis:


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0.6-

0.5-

0.4-

0.3 -

System capacitv

dependent uniform arob.dist. I

53GLV

n7

Ariiiualiml facto1

EVALUATION OF BREAK-EVEN COST FOR PVSYSTEM INTRODUCTION

20 %

Tlic tlegrres of PI 7 ubst.itut,ioii or th eiou, aiid distrilmtiou tciii power describedthc tWO iu each t iiiirsrctor, ar e iisrd for tlir ltrcaalr-evrii (Aciilatioiis. The c.oiidit.ioiisaiicl various coiist,ant,sarc siiiiiiiiarizctl iii Tiil)lc 1. Thc resul ts ofthrse calculations ar e s h o ~ v i in Figs. 3 aiitl G . Th e following ( a i

,.0 10 20 30PV penetration [%I

Figurr 5: PI, peiictratioii vs. 1)reaIccwiicq) i t a l cost


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192

" 1 5 10 1.5 20 25 30PV penetration [%I

Figiiio G C'dpi ici t y valw of I'j-

INFLUENCE OF PV POWER GENERATION ON


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193

CONCLUSIONS

.41)plici\tioiis ii i\ Liirgci Electric. L-t,ilitySystc'iil". IEEE P..1S,\-o1.102. 1\:0.8. pp.2811-2816. 1983[3 ] . J . C ' . S ( h + r . " R ( Y - ~ ( Tf Plioto\-oltxic Pon-or Plaiit Pcrfor-

iiiiiiic(h iuid Ecoiioiiiic.~" IEEE Trws i i r t ioiis oii E i i c ~ g y oli-wrsioii, 1-01.5. N o. 2 . 1,1).232-'3S..Jiui(, 1990.

[4] Saifiir Ri\liiiiiiii. 1Ioiuiir Bollzgii(~iitlii. -4 llotlc>l t.o DE-t(wiiiiic tlicl D~grc'c, of Pviic,tratioii iiiitl Eiivrgy Cost, ofLiirgci S(xl(s -t ility Iiit c'riic-t i w Ph ot o w lt i i c Systciiis", EE ETriiiisiwt,ioiis oi i E i i ( ~ g y oiiwrsioii. 1-01.9. Ko.2. pp.224-230, 1994

[3] S. 11. C' l i~ l i i i (w . 1. 31. Hit t . .J. T. I-iitl(~rliil1. . M. An -tlorsoii. P. L. 1 i )g t . R . Iiigcwoll. "Tlic. E f k t of Pho to -T-olt,iiic.Pon-er Gciicriitioii oii Utility Opmition" . IEEE P.4S.1-01.104. 3 0 . 3 . 1)1).524-330, 1985

BIOGRAPHIESHiroslii =Zsaiio (A I '88) was l ~ o r i i ii Gifii, .Japaii, oii MarchG , 1960. HP rcwivEtl t,lic B.Eiig., LI.Eiig. aiitl D.Eiig.degreesiii Elc ct,r icd Eiigiiiceriiig froiii the> Ciiiwrsit,g of Tokyo. HE isprcwiitly ail :issociiitc professor. tlw Viiivcrsity of Tokyo. From1988 to 1989,hc was a \'isit,ilig Scholar at tlio Energy ModelingForuiii fo r Stiiiiforrl Uiiiwrsity. HP is ii iiimn1)cr of IEEE, t,lieh is t i tn tc of Elrlc.tricxd Eiigi iicw s of .Japaii. tlic S ociet,y of Iiistru-iiicut aiitl Control Eiigiiiecm. t h r .Japaii Socirty of Energy aiid

Tokyo iii 195i and r cce iwdEiigiiieeriiig froiii tlie saiiieiiiiivcrsity iii 1959 aiitl 19G2. rcy)c.c.tiwly. Hv is l)rcsciit,lg a Pro-fwsor at tlicl Uiiivcrsit,y of Tokyo. His fic,ltls of iiit,eiit arc syst.einiiiialysis aiid iiiotlrliiig of c w r g y systcmis aut1 socialis ii iiiciii1)cr of IEEE, tlic Iiistitiitc' of Elrctricd Eiigiiieers ofJapai i, tlic Socict,y of Iiist~ruiii

1996-r-influence of photovoltaic power generation on required capacity for load frequency control

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