19.visual aids

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19.Visual Aids19.Visual Aids³ It is not sufficient to know

what one ought to say,but one must also know how to say it.´

ARISTOTLE

³«and one must also know how to show it.´

(Draft)



Using Visual Aids2

Visual Aids

Visual aids are forms of

supporting material, which

provide all forms of intellectual, technical,

psychological, emotional

and sensory

reinforcement of idea.



Using Visual Aids3

Purpose of Visual aids

� Transmit the message quickly and

accurately

� Clarify verbal analysis

� Reinforce verbal analysis� Enable to present large data in less

space

� Help to summarize clearly

� Help reader to understand and

remember verbal communication

easily.



Using Visual Aids4

Purpose of Visual Aids

� Creates more interest

� Information can be

presented in a condensed

form.� Emphasize particular points



Using Visual Aids5

Guidelines For Preparing Visual Aids

� Clear and accurate

� Self-sufficient and understandable

� Suitable title written below visual aid

� Title should indicate main point

� Two categories:

- Tables ( Table 1, Table 2«..)

- Figures ( Figure 1, Figure 2...)



P r o f e s s i o n a l D e v e l o p m e n t

Happy:Happy:

An evaluation of the different styles of overhead An evaluation of the different styles of overheadpresentation relating to the seven dwarfspresentation relating to the seven dwarfs

Visual AidsVisual Aids

The The messagemessage isis llostost in in the the presentation:presentation:

Audience may /will lose interest back Audience may/will lose interest back

o/hs are unprof.o/hs are unprof.



Using Visual Aids8

Placement of Visual Aids

� Visual aid should be placed where they

are needed for emphasis, clarity,

simplification, reinforcement, summary,

interest, credibility or coherence.

INTRODUCEINTRODUCE DISPLAY DISCUSS



Using Visual Aids9

� Introduction ± Mention primary fact that

the visual illustrates.

� Display the visual aid separate from

above discussion.

� Discuss - Interpretation

Cont·d



Using Visual Aids12

Visual Aids

� Insert Visual aid close to the

explanation

� If the text requires to much space,

place the aid in the appendix

� If it is used for general purpose and is

less important, place it in appendix



Using Visual Aids13

Types of Visual Aids

� Tables

� Figures



Using Visual Aids14

Illustrations

Types of Visual Aids

T ables

Numerical T able Verbal T able

DependentT able

IndependentT able

Figures

Graphs

Charts

Photographs

Map

Drawing

Icons



Using Visual Aids15

T ables

� It is used to display either numerical or verbal

information in an accurate, concise, logical and

easily readable form.

� If the data or the information is in the form of words or phrases it is called v erbal table.

� If the information is in the form of numerical data,

it is called as numerical table.

� In a table, first column is called subhead andother columns are called box heads.



Using Visual Aids16

Dependent Table:

� It is not defined by table number.

� It depends on text for identification.� They are continued with the text

� It has no title

� It is not included in list of tables� It has 3 or 4 columns and 8 to 10 lines

Cont·d



Using Visual Aids18

Independent Table:

� An independent table is separated

noticeably from the text.

� It is self-contained and intelligible tothe reader.

� It is used for comparison of data.

Cont·d



Using Visual Aids19

Suggestions to make accurate tables

� Simple, clear and logical

� Order should be maintained

� Indicate the unit of measurement

� Alignment (Numeric and decimals)� Give totals if necessary

� Headings

� Table on singe page. If it takes next page write

µcont¶d¶ at the bottom of table� Use dash ( - ) or N. A if no information is

available. Never use zero.



Guidelines for figures

� Title should be given to each figure� Title should be either below or above the

figure.

� Label the figure components.

� Label X-axis and Y-axis

� In case of abbreviation in labels, placefootnote by placing asterisk.(*)

� The figure should not be too small or toolarge.

� Place legend.

� Figure should be self-sufficient.



Using Visual Aids27

Guidelines for Bar Graph:

� Do not crowd the graph with too many details.

� Place it according to

Introduce ± Display ± Discuss� Balance in length and width

� Vertical bars less than 7 inches & horizontalbars less than 5 inches

� Label the graph� Place units of measurement

� Interpretation

Cont·d



Using Visual Aids29

Budg All ca i n Educa i nal ns i u i n

Staff Salaries

40%

Lab Equipment

20%

Library 18%

Pow er and Water

12%

Building

Maintenance 10%

Staff Salaries

Lab Equipment

Library

Pow er and Water

Building Maintenance

Pie Graph



Using Visual Aids30

Guidelines for Pie Graph:

� Use compass to draw perfect circle and to

locate its centre.

� Locate first radial line at 12 o¶clock. Move

clockwise in descending order.

� Show segment values.

� Use shading, color for segment distribution

� Use horizontal writing for labeling

Cont·d



Using Visual Aids32

Line Graph

s ld inaw k

1525

50

75

9095

0

20

40

60

80

100

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

Days

I t e m s s o l d



Using Visual Aids33

Rectilinear Graph

� It is also known as line graph

� It shows the trend of progress over a given

period of time.



Using Visual Aids35

Scatter Graph

� It shows correlation between two items in the

data.

� Dots (.) or crosses (x) are plotted to show the

correlation between two variables.

� It consists of clusters



Using Visual Aids36

Multiple Line Graph

� It consists of two or more lines,

compares the data shown by each line.

� The space between the lines indicates

the difference



Organization Chart



Flowchart

� It is used to represent a process or procedure.

� It shows pictorially how a series of events,activities, operations and other factors arearranged to accomplish a full cycle.

� A flow chart traces process from beginningto end.

� It uses various shapes (circles, triangles,squares) to represent various elements inprocess with arrows connected to show thedirection of flow.



Flowchart symbols

Arrow heads and flow lines to show sequence



Flowchart



Cont·d



Photographs

� Photographs are useful for giving arealistic and accurate view of subject.

� Two main purposes:

- To assist verbal description- To prove the truth of assertions

� Photographs capture reader attention.

� Photographs cannot be created

� Photograph can show only the exterior

of subject.



Cont·d

Guidelines:� Keep it simple

� Create a realistic image

� Make the image recognizable

� Strive for universally



Exercise

� To display numerical data.� To illustrate quantities of different items

during same period.

� To illustrate whole divided into its partsaccording to percentages.

� To represent process.

� To present the data in terms of percentage.

� To show geographical distribution.



� To represent in accordance with topicor subject.

� To show the trend of progress over a

given period of time.� To show the actual appearance of

something.

� To indicate danger.

Exercise

19.visual aids

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