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Campbell Biology, 11e (Urry) Chapter 55 Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

55.1 Multiple-Choice Questions

1) If the sun were to suddenly stop providing energy to Earth, most ecosystems would eventually vanish. Which of the following ecosystems would likely survive the longest after this hypothetical disaster?A) pelagic oceanB) tundraC) deep benthic oceanD) a desert springAnswer: CBloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/EvaluationSection: 55.1

2) Which of the following terms encompasses all of the others?A) heterotrophsB) herbivoresC) carnivoresD) primary consumersAnswer: ABloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/ComprehensionSection: 55.1

3) To recycle nutrients, an ecosystem must have, at a minimum, ________.A) producersB) producers and decomposersC) producers, primary consumers, and decomposersD) producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and decomposersAnswer: BBloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.1

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4) Use the following figure to answer the question.

In the figure, what could the jagged arrow leaving microorganisms and other detritivores represent?A) organic compounds broken down by bacteriaB) energy consumed by bacteriaC) energy lost from a worm during cellular respirationD) CO2 and heat loss from decomposing materials due to the effects of solar radiation and precipitationAnswer: CBloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.1



In the ecosystem figure, which unit of the food web has the potential to lose the most energy as heat?A) secondary and tertiary consumersB) primary consumersC) primary producersD) microorganisms and other detritivoresAnswer: CBloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.1



Food web for a particular terrestrial ecosystem (arrows represent energy flow and letters represent species)

Examine this food web for a particular terrestrial ecosystem. Which species is most likely a decomposer on this food web?A) AB) BC) CD) EAnswer: DBloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.1



Examine this food web for a particular terrestrial ecosystem. Species C is toxic to predators. Which species is most likely to benefit from being a mimic of C?A) AB) BC) CD) EAnswer: BBloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/EvaluationSection: 55.1




Examine this food web for a particular terrestrial ecosystem. Which pair of species could be omnivores?A) A and DB) B and CC) C and DD) C and EAnswer: DBloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/EvaluationSection: 55.1


Diagram of a food web (arrows represent energy flow and letters represent species)

If the figure represents a marine food web, zooplankton are most likely ________.A) AB) BC) CD) EAnswer: CBloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.1


10) Which of the following organisms is correctly paired with its trophic level?A) cyanobacterium—primary consumerB) grasshopper—secondary consumerC) phytoplankton—primary producerD) fungus—primary consumerAnswer: CBloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.1

11) Which of the following has the greatest effect on the rate of chemical cycling within anecosystem?A) the ecosystem's rate of primary productionB) the secondary production efficiency of the ecosystem's consumersC) the rate of decomposition in the ecosystemD) the trophic efficiency of the ecosystemAnswer: CBloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.1

12) Matter may be gained by, or lost from, ecosystems. How does this occur?A) Chemoautotrophic organisms can convert matter to energy.B) Matter can move from one ecosystem to another.C) Photosynthetic organisms convert solar energy to sugars.D) Heterotrophs convert heat to energy.Answer: BBloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/ComprehensionSection: 55.4



Which habitat types in the figure cover the largest area?A) tropical wet forestB) rock, sand, iceC) algal beds and reefsD) wetlands plus the ocean neritic zoneAnswer: DBloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.2



Which habitat type in the figure makes available the most new tissue to consumers?A) tropical wet forestB) open oceanC) algal beds and reefsD) wetlandsAnswer: BBloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.2



Which category in the figure makes available the highest productivity per square meter?A) tropical wet forestB) open oceanC) algal beds and reefsD) wetlandsAnswer: CBloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.2



Considering its total area covered, which ecosystem type represented in the figure has a very low level of economic impact on Earth's ecosystem?A) tropical wet forestB) rock, sand, and iceC) tropical seasonal forestD) ocean neritic zoneAnswer: BBloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.2

17) Why is terrestrial productivity higher in equatorial climates?A) Productivity increases with temperature.B) Productivity increases with water availability.C) Productivity increases with available sunlight.D) The answer is most likely a combination of the other responses.Answer: DBloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.2



After looking at the experiment in the figure, what can be concluded about productivity in marine ecosystems?A) Nothing can be said based on this information.B) Marine organisms break down iron for energy and thus for productivity.C) Iron can be a limiting nutrient in productivity.D) Productivity increases when chlorophyll a is added.Answer: CBloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/EvaluationSection: 55.2



What treatment results that were presumably part of the experimental design are not fully depicted in the graph?A) Chlorophyll a concentration at 30 m depth within the treatment areaB) Chlorophyll a concentration at the surface within the treatment areaC) An indicator of net primary production in the treatment area at the surface and at 30 m deepD) An indicator of net primary production outside the treatment area at depth and at 30 m deepAnswer: DBloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.2



After looking at the results in the figure, what can be concluded about productivity in the experimental ecosystem?A) Productivity is higher at depth than at the surface, but only initially.B) Productivity is higher at the surface than at depth; however, an additional experiment could further test the effect of depth by introducing FeSO4 at 30 m deep and measuring the chlorophyll a response.C) Productivity is higher at the surface than at depth, and would be predicted to increase sharply after day 12.D) Productivity at a depth of 30 m is low only because of a lack of sunlight, not a lack of iron sulfate.Answer: BBloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.2


21) During a year, plants never use 100% of the incoming solar radiation for photosynthesis. What is a reasonable explanation for this?A) Plants cannot photosynthesize as well in warm temperatures as in cold temperatures.B) Plants do not intercept all incoming light, as some light will strike water, bare soil, or rock.C) The pigments that drive photosynthesis absorb all of the wavelengths of light that are available; however, some of the light is subsequently reflected.D) At least 75% of all incoming light is reflected, absorbed, or scattered back by clouds in the atmosphere.Answer: BBloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/ComprehensionSection: 55.2

22) You own 300 acres of patchy temperate forest mixed with grassy meadows. Which one of the following actions would increase the net primary productivity of the area the most?A) adding fertilizer to the entire areaB) introducing 100 rabbits into the areaC) planting 500 new treesD) relocating all of the deer found in the areaAnswer: CBloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.2

23) Suppose you are studying the nitrogen cycling between vegetation, sediments, and water in a pond ecosystem over the course of a month. While you are collecting data, a flock of 100 Canada geese lands and spends the night during a fall migration. What could you do to eliminate error in your study as a result of this event?A) Find out how much nitrogen is consumed in plant material by a Canada goose over about a 12-hour period, multiply this number by 100, and add that amount to the total nitrogen in the ecosystem.B) Find out how much nitrogen is eliminated by a Canada goose over about a 12-hour period, multiply this number by 100, and subtract that amount from the total nitrogen in the ecosystem.C) Find out how much nitrogen is consumed from vegetation and eliminated by a Canada goose over about a 12-hour period and multiply this number by 100; enter this +/- value into the nitrogen budget of the ecosystem.D) Put a net over the pond so that no more migrating flocks can land on the pond and alter the nitrogen balance of the pond.Answer: CBloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.2


24) Many of the organisms in the ocean are nutrient-limited. If you wanted to investigate this phenomenon, one reasonable approach would be to ________.A) observe Antarctic Ocean productivity from year to year to see if it changesB) experimentally enrich some areas of the ocean and compare their productivity to that of untreated areasC) compare nutrient concentrations between the photic zone and the benthic zone in various marine locationsD) contrast nutrient uptake by autotrophs in marine locations that are different temperaturesAnswer: BBloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.2

25) If you applied a fungicide to a cornfield, what would you expect to happen to the rate of decomposition and net ecosystem production (NEP)?A) Both decomposition rate and NEP would decrease.B) Both decomposition rate and NEP would increase.C) Decomposition rate would increase and NEP would decrease.D) Decomposition rate would decrease and NEP would increase.Answer: DBloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.2

26) Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding mineral nutrients in soils and their implication for primary productivity?A) Globally, phosphorous availability is most limiting to primary productivity.B) Adding a nonlimiting nutrient will stimulate primary productivity.C) Phosphorous is sometimes unavailable to producers due to leaching.D) Alkaline soils are more productive than acidic soils.Answer: CBloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/ComprehensionSection: 55.2

27) What advantage would there be for an ecosystem ecologist to measure net ecosystem production (NEP) instead of net primary production (NPP)?A) NPP cannot be expressed in energy/unit of area/unit of time.B) NEP can be expressed in terms of carbon fixed by photosynthesis for an entire ecosystem, minus respiration by producers, allowing the measurement of net CO2 flux.C) NEP represents the amount of energy from light converted to chemical energy, minus the energy used by all organisms for cellular respiration, which could indicate whether or not carbon is being stored.D) NPP shows the rate at which the standing crop is utilized by consumers.Answer: CBloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/ComprehensionSection: 55.2


28) How is net ecosystem production (NEP) typically estimated in ecosystems?A) by detecting the amount of heat energy released by the ecosystemB) by measuring gas exchange from vegetation as well as estimates of respiration by all other organismsC) by measuring the rate of decomposition by detritivoresD) by calculating the annual total of incoming solar radiation per unit of areaAnswer: BBloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/ComprehensionSection: 55.2

29) Which of the following ecosystems would likely have the largest net primary productivity per hectare and why?A) open ocean, because of the total biomass of photosynthetic autotrophsB) grassland, because of rapid growth, the small standing crop biomass that results from consumption by herbivores, and rapid decompositionC) tundra, because of the incredibly rapid period of growth during the summer seasonD) deep ocean, due to the high activity of chemoautotrophs at deep sea ventsAnswer: BBloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.2

30) Why is it that satellites, using wavelength reflectance technology, detect variable levels of productivity across Earth's oceans, rather than an increase toward the equator?A) Temperatures at the equator often exceed those which are optimal for primary production.B) Light at the equator is too constant and direct.C) NPP in Earth's open oceans could differ due to variability in depth, the presence of coral reefs, or by ocean currents.D) Satellites detect differences by measuring the amount of water vapor emitted by transpiring producers, and this is a variable measurement in the oceans.Answer: CBloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.2

31) Which one of the following correctly ranks these organisms in order from lowest to highest percent in production efficiency?A) mammals, fish, insectsB) insects, fish, mammalsC) fish, insects, mammalsD) mammals, insects, fishAnswer: ABloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.3


32) Owls eat rats, mice, shrews, and small birds. Assume that, over a period of time, an owl consumes 5,000 J of animal material. The owl loses 2,300 J in feces and owl pellets and uses 2,500 J for cellular respiration. What is the production efficiency of this owl?A) 8%B) 7.4%C) 2%D) 40%Answer: BBloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.3


After looking at the figure, what can be said about productivity in this ecosystem?A) Nothing can be said based on this information.B) Between 80% and 90% of the energy is lost between most trophic levels.C) Between 10% and 20% of the energy is lost between most trophic levels.D) Productivity increases with each trophic level.Answer: BBloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.3

34) How does inefficient transfer of energy among trophic levels result in the typically high endangerment status of many top-level predators?A) Top-level predators are destined to have small populations that are sparsely distributed.B) Predators have relatively large population sizes.C) Predators are more disease-prone than animals at lower trophic levels.D) Top-level predators are more likely to be stricken with parasites.Answer: ABloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/ComprehensionSection: 55.3


35) Why does a vegetarian leave a smaller ecological footprint than an omnivore?A) Fewer animals are slaughtered for human consumption.B) There is an excess of plant biomass in all terrestrial ecosystems.C) Vegetarians need to ingest less chemical energy than omnivores.D) Eating meat is an inefficient way of acquiring photosynthetic productivity.Answer: DBloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/ComprehensionSection: 55.3

36) For most terrestrial ecosystems, pyramids composed of species abundances, biomass, and energy are similar in that they have a broad base and a narrow top. The primary reason for this pattern is that ________.A) secondary consumers and top carnivores require less energy than producersB) at each step, energy is lost from the systemC) biomagnification of toxic materials limits the secondary consumers and top carnivoresD) top carnivores and secondary consumers have a more general diet than primary producersAnswer: BBloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/ComprehensionSection: 55.3

37) Which of the following is primarily responsible for limiting the number of trophic levels in most ecosystems?A) Many primary and higher-order consumers are opportunistic feeders.B) Decomposers compete with higher-order consumers for nutrients and energy.C) Nutrient cycling rates tend to be limited by decomposition.D) Energy transfer between trophic levels is usually less than 20 percent efficient.Answer: DBloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/ComprehensionSection: 55.3

38) Which trophic level is most vulnerable to extinction?A) producer levelB) primary consumer levelC) secondary consumer levelD) tertiary consumer levelAnswer: DBloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/ComprehensionSection: 55.3


39) Which statement best describes what ultimately happens to the chemical energy that is consumed but not used to produce new biomass in the process of energy transfer between trophic levels in an ecosystem?A) It is undigested and winds up in the feces and is not passed on to higher trophic levels.B) It is used by organisms to maintain their life processes through the reactions of cellular respiration.C) Heat produced by cellular respiration is used by heterotrophs for thermoregulation.D) It is eliminated as feces or is dissipated into space as heat as a result of cellular respiration consistent with the second law of thermodynamics.Answer: DBloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.3

40) Consider the food chain of grass → grasshopper → mouse → snake → hawk. About how much of the chemical energy fixed by photosynthesis of the grass (100 percent) is available to the hawk?A) 0.01%B) 0.1%C) 1%D) 10%Answer: ABloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.3

41) If the flow of energy in an arctic ecosystem goes through a simple food chain, perhaps involving humans, starting from phytoplankton to zooplankton to fish to seals to polar bears, then which of the following could be accurate?A) Polar bears can provide more food for humans than seals can.B) The total biomass of the fish is lower than that of the seals.C) Seal populations are larger than fish populations.D) Fish can potentially provide more food for humans than seal meat.Answer: DBloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.3



Diagram of a food web (arrows represent energy flow and letters represent species)

If the figure represents a terrestrial food web, the combined biomass of C + D would probably be ________.A) greater than the biomass of AB) greater than the biomass of BC) less than the biomass of A + BD) less than the biomass of EAnswer: CBloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/EvaluationSection: 55.3

43) A porcupine eats 3,000 J of plant material. Of this, 2,100 J is indigestible and is eliminated as feces, 800 J are used in cellular respiration, and 100 J are used for growth and reproduction. What is the approximate production efficiency of this animal?A) 0.03%B) 3%C) 11%D) 33%Answer: CBloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.3



Based on the figure, which of the following are plausible reasons for the results?

I) Nutrients in the control watershed are being lost due to evapotranspiration from leaves.II) Nutrients dissolve in the water running through the watershed.III) Nutrients are attached to small particles of sand or clay that leave the watershed.IV) Intact vegetation includes plant roots that held soil particles and prevented nutrient loss.

A) only I and IIIB) only II and IVC) I, II, III, and IVD) only II, III, and IVAnswer: DBloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.4



Consider the global water cycle depicted in the figure. Where is the greatest flux of water from one reserve to another?A) from precipitation to the oceanB) from the ocean to the atmosphereC) from runoff in streams and the water table to the oceanD) from evaporation and transpiration of terrestrial vegetation to the atmosphereAnswer: BBloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.4



Consider the global nitrogen cycle depicted in the figure. What is the limiting portion of the cycle for plants?A) industrial nitrogen fixationB) nitrogen lost to the atmosphereC) internal nitrogen cycling in the oceansD) nitrogen fixation by bacteriaAnswer: DBloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/ComprehensionSection: 55.4



Consider the global nitrogen cycle depicted in the figure. How are humans altering this cycle?A) industrial nitrogen fixationB) nitrogen lost to the atmosphereC) reduction of nitrogen available to terrestrial ecosystemsD) reduction of nitrogen fixation by bacteriaAnswer: ABloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/ComprehensionSection: 55.4

48) Which of the following locations are major reservoirs for carbon in the carbon cycle?A) the ocean, atmosphere, and fossilized and live plant and animal biomassB) the atmosphereC) fossilized plant and animal remains (coal, oil, and natural gas)D) sediments and sedimentary rocksAnswer: ABloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/ComprehensionSection: 55.4

49) Which of the following statements is correct about biogeochemical cycling?A) Phosphorus is the limiting nutrient that most widely affects biomass production.B) The phosphorus cycle involves the weathering of rocks.C) The carbon cycle has maintained a constant atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide for the past million years.D) The nitrogen cycle involves movement of diatomic nitrogen between the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem.Answer: BBloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/ComprehensionSection: 55.4



On the diagram of the nitrogen cycle, which number represents nitrite (NO2)?A) 1B) 2C) 3D) 4Answer: CBloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.4


On the diagram of the nitrogen cycle, which number represents the ammonium ion (NH4+)?A) 1B) 2C) 3D) 4Answer: DBloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.4


52) Nitrifying bacteria participate in the nitrogen cycle mainly by ________.A) converting nitrogen gas to ammoniaB) releasing ammonium from organic compounds, thus returning it to the soilC) converting ammonium to nitrate, which plants absorbD) incorporating nitrogen into amino acids and organic compoundsAnswer: CBloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.4

53) The Hubbard Brook watershed deforestation experiment revealed that ________.

I) deforestation increased water runoffII) nitrate concentration in waters draining the deforested area became dangerously highIII) calcium levels remained high in the soil of deforested areas

A) only IB) only IIC) only IIID) only I and IIAnswer: DBloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/ComprehensionSection: 55.4

54) Why do logged tropical rain forest soils typically have nutrient-poor soils?A) Tropical bedrock contains little phosphorous.B) Logging results in soil temperatures that are lethal to nitrogen-fixing bacteria.C) Most of the nutrients in the ecosystem are removed in the harvested timber.D) The cation exchange capacity of the soil is reversed as a result of logging.Answer: CBloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/EvaluationSection: 55.4

55) How can biodiversity affect the way we decontaminate industrial sites?

I) Bacteria have been found to be able to detoxify certain chemicals; perhaps there are more.II) Trees produce sawdust, which can be used to soak up chemicals.III) Species evolving in contaminated areas could adapt and detoxify the area.

A) only IB) only IIC) only IIID) only II and IIIAnswer: ABloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.5


56) The first step in ecosystem restoration is to ________.A) restore the physical structureB) restore native species that have been extirpated due to disturbanceC) remove competitive invasive speciesD) remove toxic pollutantsAnswer: ABloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/ComprehensionSection: 55.5

57) The goal of restoration ecology is to ________.A) replace a ruined ecosystem with a more suitable ecosystem for that areaB) return degraded ecosystems to a more natural stateC) manage competition among species in human-altered ecosystemsD) prevent further degradation by protecting an area with park statusAnswer: BBloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/ComprehensionSection: 55.5

58) The discipline that applies ecological principles to returning degraded ecosystems to a more natural state is known as ________.A) landscape ecologyB) conservation ecologyC) restoration ecologyD) resource conservationAnswer: CBloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/ComprehensionSection: 55.5

59) Which of the following would be considered an example of bioremediation?A) adding nitrogen-fixing microorganisms to a degraded ecosystem to increase nitrogen availabilityB) using a bulldozer to regrade a strip mineC) dredging a river bottom to remove contaminated sedimentsD) adding fertilizer to soil poor in nutrients to increase plant growthAnswer: ABloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.5


60) Acid precipitation lowered the pH of soil in a terrestrial ecosystem that supported a diverse community of plants and animals. The decrease in pH eliminated all nitrogen-fixing bacteria populations in the area. Which prediction most accurately reflects the impact this will have on the community?A) Since phosphorus can replace nitrogen as an essential nutrient, the impact will be minimal.B) Plants can obtain the nitrogen necessary for growth from the atmosphere, but bacterial communities will be negatively impacted.C) Primary producers will suffer from nitrogen deficiency and the entire community will experience a decrease in carrying capacity.D) The decrease in pH actually increases the availability of soil nutrients, so other nutrients that were less available cause an increase in primary production and an increase in biomass at other trophic levels.Answer: CBloom's Taxonomy: Application/AnalysisSection: 55.2

55.2 Student Edition End-of-Chapter Questions

1) Which of the following organisms is incorrectly paired with its trophic level?A) cyanobacterium—primary producerB) grasshopper—primary consumerC) zooplankton—primary producerD) fungus—detritivoreAnswer: CBloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

2) Which of these ecosystems has the lowest net primary production per square meter?A) a salt marshB) an open oceanC) a coral reefD) a tropical rain forestAnswer: BBloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

3) The discipline that applies ecological principles to returning degraded ecosystems to a more natural state is known as A) restoration ecology.B) thermodynamics.C) eutrophication.D) biogeochemistry.Answer: ABloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension


4) Nitrifying bacteria participate in the nitrogen cycle mainly by A) converting nitrogen gas to ammonia.B) releasing ammonium from organic compounds, thus returning it to the soil.C) converting ammonium to nitrate, which plants absorb.D) incorporating nitrogen into amino acids and organic compounds.Answer: CBloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

5) Which of the following has the greatest effect on the rate of chemical cycling in an ecosystem?A) the rate of decomposition in the ecosystemB) the production efficiency of the ecosystem's consumersC) the trophic efficiency of the ecosystemD) the location of the nutrient reservoirs in the ecosystemAnswer: ABloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

6) The Hubbard Brook watershed deforestation experiment yielded all of the following results except which of the following?A) Most minerals were recycled within a forest ecosystem.B) Calcium levels remained high in the soil of deforested areas.C) Deforestation increased water runoff.D) The nitrate concentration in waters draining the deforested area became dangerously high.Answer: BBloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

7) Which of the following would be considered an example of bioremediation?A) adding nitrogen-fixing microorganisms to a degraded ecosystem to increase nitrogen availabilityB) using a bulldozer to regrade a strip mineC) reconfiguring the channel of a riverD) adding seeds of a chromium-accumulating plant to soil contaminated by chromiumAnswer: DBloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

8) If you applied a fungicide to a cornfield, what would you expect to happen to the rate of decomposition and net ecosystem production (NEP)?A) Both decomposition rate and NEP would decrease.B) Neither would change.C) Decomposition rate would increase and NEP would decrease.D) Decomposition rate would decrease and NEP would increase.Answer: DBloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis


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