Ireland 1690-2011

Robert Ehrlich

Turlough O’Carolan (1670-1738)

• Music for harp and voice• Composed for patrons• Viewed by contemporaries

as a symbol of a dead culture; the Irish Homer

Arrivals - Prehistoric

• First peoples - mesolithic• First farmers - neolithic• First metal workers - chalcolithic• First iron workers – Iron Age

Mesolithic Fishing

Near Tara

Neolithic

Bronze Age – Beaker Culture

Celtic Culture – Iron Age

Arrivals - Historic

• First Christians• First city dwellers – Vikings• “Normans”• First protestants – Henry VIII• First planters (colonists)• Potatoes

Romans - Christians

Viking Age

795 to 1171/2.

Phases

• Raids• Raids and seasonal settlements (longphorts)• Settlement• Integration

Impact

• Destruction of monasteries• Foundation of ports and

their hinterlands• Intermarriage and/or

eventual defeat by native Irish

Diarmait MacMurchada (MacMurrow)

• 1152-3 Conflict w. King of Leinster over abduction, elopement or hostage taking of his wife

• Exiled in 1166• Returns w. Cambro-Norman aid• 1171 Invasion by Henry II

Lordship

HopeLife has conquered, the wind has blown awayAlexander, Caesar and all their power and swayTara and Troy have made no longer stay −Maybe the English too will have their day.

Norman Lands

Ireland before the Tudors

Irish Law and English Law1494 Poynings’ Law

• Suppression of brehon law• Poynings, Lord deputy to Ireland 1494-96• Require permission of King for Parliament to

meet• All proposed laws must be first be sent to King

and Council for certification

Surrender and Regrant

• Trade clan leadership for English land title and English titles– Operate under English law– Renounce papal authority

PlantationsProtestants

Mary

Elizabeth

James I

Nine Years War(1594-1603)Hugh O’Neill

2nd earl of Tyrone

O’Neill’s 22 Articles• Restoration of Church of Ireland to Pope and

reinstatement of clergy– No English clergy

• State supported University (Roman Catholic)– Right to pursue education and occupations

• Governor be at least an earl– Principal officials be Irish as well as half the military

• Equal rights to trade• Children not responsible for wrongs of their

ancestors

End of the War

• 1601 battle of Kinsale• Symbolic destruction of

inauguration stone• Scorched earth policy• Surrender of allies• Surrender of Hugh O’Neill to

Mountjoy 30 March 1603[Elizabeth died 24 March]

1607 Flight of the Earls

• Harassment by Crown officials

• Justifiable fear of being framed and executed

Allotments - Londonderry

Grantees

• Undertakers• Servitors –veterans• Favored natives• Church, Trinity College

Conditions for successful applicants

• Undertakers –English, Scottish Protestants. – Rent of £5.6s.8d. per 1,000 acres. – No Irish tenants– Build and defend fortified houses

• Servitors – Mainly Scots. – May take Irish tenants but their rent increases to £8 per

1,000 acres.• The Meritorious Irish – Rent of £10.13s.4d. per 1,000 acres – May take Irish tenants.

Company of Salters

Derry

Natives

• Elite given land on short tenure• English, Scots get river access• Natives get “plains”• Many plantations later open to natives• Ministers required to take Irish language

course ~10% fluent

1613 Irish Parliament - Commons

Protestants RecusantsCounties 33 33Old boroughs 18 62Subtotal 51 95New boroughs 72 0Total 123 95

Ireland: Change in DietSubsistence vs. cash crops

Land division

Charles I and the English Parliament

• Offer by Charles of “graces” abolishing anti-Catholic measures and restoring property

• Not accepted by English Parliament• Irish rebel

Stages of Conflict

• Rebellion 1641-42– Irish Catholics vs. Settlers and (English) Dublin

Government• Confederates' war 1642-48– Most Irish Catholics vs. English– Confederation vs. Parliamentary Army– Confederate-Royalist coalition vs. Parliamentary

Army• Cromwellian War 1649-1653

Attack on Parliamentary army

• Siege of Parliamentary forces at Londonderry, Dundalk and Dublin

• O'Neill refuses to join the Royalist-Confederate coalition because Ormond (c)would not commit to the restoration of lands in Ulster– Gives aid to Parliamentary

forces– Comes around too late

England – Financing the War

1642 Act for Adventurers• Allocate 2.5 million acres (1/8 of Ireland)• Subscribers pay £200 for an eventual 1,000

acres • 1643 Doubling Ordinance gives 2x the land for

an increase of 25% in investment

Cromwell

1649-1685

Cromwell

1652 Act for Settlement• Ten named royalists who would lose land and life• Pardons for– Soldiers in Confederate Army– Leaders of the Irish army lose two-thirds of their

estates– Catholic residents lose 1/3 but could exchange for

land in Connaught or Clare• No pardon for priests

1652 Act for Settlement

• Protestant Royalists who had surrendered by May 1650 and had paid fines to the Parliamentarian government could avoid land confiscation .

• Many pre-war Irish Protestants increased their own holdings by buying land from Adventurers.

• Smaller grants of land were given to 12,000 veterans of the New Model Army (often sold).

Transplantation

• Proprietors - Land of same quality they forfeited• Tenants - Become tenants of the state• Landless - Use state-owned land more than ten miles

from the Shannon or:– Stay as ‘hewers of wood and drawers of water’

• Ploughmen and skilled labor exempt• Political enemies transported to West Indies

(Barbadosed)

Guerillas or Bandits

16th century – wood kerneCromwell – Tories Late 18th century on - Rapparees (Jacobites and

highwaymen)

A Ballad

• Now Sassenach and Cromweller, take heed of what I say,

• Keep down your black and angry looks that scorn us night and day;

• For there's a just and wrathful Judge that every action sees,

• And He'll make strong, to right our wrong, the faithful Rapparees.

CromwellSettlement

Net Effect of Settlement

% of Land owned by Catholics1641 60%Cromwell 8-9%Restoration 20%

~44,000 families movedCost of wars ₤3-3,500,000Revenue from land sales ₤306,708

Restoration of Charles II

• Only partial return of land to those dispossessed by Cromwell

% of Land Owned by Catholics In Ireland

Migration - 17th CenturyOne estimate

• 700 per year to the continent• 200 migrants per year before 1650 to

New World• 400 per year from 1650-1700• Few Catholic migrants to mainland

colonies

North America

• 1623 and 1625 Colonies established by Calvert (Lord Baltimore) in Newfoundland

• 1670 Immigrants to South Carolina from Barbados

• 1682 First Irish Quaker immigrants - West Jersey

James II and James III

“Patriot Parliament”

• Act of Recognition recognized James as King of Ireland

• Declaratory Act affirmed that the Kingdom of Ireland was "distinct" from England– No Act of the English Parliament was binding on

Ireland unless passed by the Irish Parliament

“Patriot Parliament”

• Liberty of Conscience gave full freedom of worship and civic and political equality for Roman Catholics and Protestant Dissenters– Repeal Oath of Supremacy– Repeal Cromwellian land settlement and provide

for return of lands

Overturned by English Parliament

James II to William and Mary

A Not So Glorious Revolution

Flight and Return

• William invited to England• James II flees to France• Return through Ireland

Jacobites – Tyrconnell & Sarsfeld

Landing at Kinsale

Siege of Derry

Battle of the Boyne

Annesbrook

Remembering the Battle of the Boyne

Flight of James

Treaty of Limerick

Military Treaty• Jacobite soldiers in regiments have the option

to leave with their arms and flags to serve under James II’s Irish Brigade in France ~14,000

• Jacobite soldiers have the option of joining the Williamite army ~1,000 soldiers

• Option to return home ~2,000 soldiers.

Civil Treaty

• Jacobite landed gentry who chose to remain in Ireland (mostly Catholics) may keep their property if they swear allegiance to William and Mary

• Catholic noblemen may continue to bear arms