1st volume of thaqeb

7/30/2019 1st Volume of Thaqeb

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In the Name of Allah

1

Thaqeb Monthly Electronic

Journal, Number 1, Nov 2010

Owner: The Union of Islamic World

Students

Head Editorial: Ihsan Khosrojerdi

Editorial Members: Sayyed Ali Reza

Ahanchi, Muhammad Baqaii, Mahdi Bahrami, Sayyed Muhammad Safavi,

Fatima Alishah, Mousa Arabi, Muhammad Muhammadi


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In the name of Allah

Today, the world of Islam is facing a big challenge called disintegration which

has affected the culture and life of the Islamic nations in social, political,

economical, cultural and scientific aspects. What has caused this disintegrationand what are its effects.

Lets elaborate these problems in detail;

1- Muslims are not much aware of each others situation.2- Muslims are not much aware of the beliefs of the other sects.3- Muslims does not feel responsible toward the problems of other Muslim

nations in the world

4- The cooperation between the Muslim countries in different aspects is notsufficient at all.

5- Unfortunately, the Muslim states prefer the non Muslim states in theirsocial and foreign relations.

6- Theoretical disagreements result to excommunication and even killing theMuslims.

7- Bilateral dialogue that is the primary clause for Muslim brotherhood isnot accepted in Muslim countries and sometimes non scientific unfair

conflicts occur.

8- The history of Islam, the factors of the rise of Islamic civilization andwhat caused the progress of Islam are ignored.

9- Because of the absence and abandoning of moderate figures in the worldof Islam, some hardliners are introduced as the representatives of Islam.

10. No revision ever occurs in Islamic sciences and Muslims life style.

11- The scholars of the Islamic world are far from each other so they cant

find any common ground and the main problem lies in some

misunderstandings.


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12- Distortion and personal interpretation of the Islamic sciences prevents

from fine conversation between sects.

13- Unwise Ijtihads, difference in tastes, and wrong historical

understandings has changed the chance of talks to useless arguments.

14- The general approach of the universities in the Islamic world is not in

accordance with the Islamic goals and values in many aspects.

According to what mentioned above, the necessity of the Islamic unity is

very serious. Our aim in this magazine is to follow the rout to unity and

identify the barriers and try to remove them together, God willing.

NATO, an Expanding Organization

The international environment since the development of nation-states has

always been influenced by the rise and fall of numerous actors which the

change in their power not only has effected other states, but also the

international environment.

Obviously, states are still influential actors in the international system, which by

developing norms and criteria try to order and shape their international arena.

Although the international conditions at the end of the cold war facilitated the

process for the nongovernmental actors, most traditional duties of the states

were transferred to these actors.

In the framework of this argument, NATO has emerged as the main military-

security structure through the cold war period and today, behaves as an

influential actor in international politics, so that its alternation with the United

Nations is sometimes discussed.

This means the NATOs influential role playing as the most active transnational

organization with a worldwide range and its military and security background.


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Through studying the history, we would find out that the main idea for the

NATOs formation was developed during Winston Churchill's famous lecture in

West Minister University, March, 5th, 1945. In this lecture, the term "Iron

Curtain" was first discussed. Churchill declared:" from Statin to tryst in

Adriatic, there is an iron curtain along the continent.

The iron curtain was the starting point for the NATOs formation. After the

World War II, the Europe was divided to two parts based on political and

ideological criteria and Eastern Europe was dominated by the Soviet Union.

The North Atlantic Treaty was founded in 1949 by 12 member countries to

conquer the pervasive threat of the Soviet Union from Eastern Europe to its

western part.

During this period, the Marshal plan was functioning as an economical

stabilizing tool in Western Europe. The purpose was to maintain collective

security and a safe place to develop democracy and Western Europe economic

growth.

Basically, their goal was to confront communism in Western Europe. Anyway,

the U.S. presence at this treaty was synonymous with the Soviets defeat in

Europe, for which they would use even violence and coercion to conquer the

West. It is considerable that the resulting security could provide the economical

convergence basis throughout the Europe.

Controlling the Soviets threat during the cold war period was NATO countriesstrategic goal. NATO would utilize a combination of regular and atomic forces

to confront the Soviets.

Thus, NATO chose the reflexive response option which resulted to the

placement of the U.S nuclear arms in Europe and the solidarity of their nuclear

strategy. Therefore, this organization benefits both from its nuclear capability


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and military forces to confront the Soviets. These forces were useful for the first

strike following any attack by the Soviets.

Despite their increasing environmental dangers, NATO would keep an eye on

resolving the issues inside the treaty. Regarding this, the western Germany issue

was important.

First, because of the partnership of its forces and then because without

interacting with this country, utilizing regular forces was not possible for the

NATO members. To do this, despite the fact that for the European countries the

fear of the Germanys armament was as great as the Soviets, in 1955 the Western

Europe gained the right to have an army as an independent state under NATOs

observation.

Using solid military and political mechanism, transnational politics and

developing democratization processes were not much related to the Soviets

threat, but was a result of NATO members' smart goals to stop the destabilizing

cycles of insecurity among members which could end to war in Europe, as a

result of unilateral military policies or distrust.

Thus, the NATO presented a more comprehensive definition of the threat which

would result to its responsibility against internal security crisis and also

strengthen the member countries ties.

Certainly, it's notable that the article 5 of the Washington treaty is the NATOs

natural principle of collective defense, according to which attacking a NATOmember in Europe or northern America means attacking all NATO members.

Thus, each member separately or accompanied by others has the right to defend

the others by military power. According to this treaty, NATOs operational field

is limited to Europe and North America.

It is remarkable that the expansion of the member cooperation into military and

security areas and accumulation of experiences and activities is not equal to


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passivity. During the cold war, and regarding the membership of powerful

western countries in this structure, this organization behaved as an influential

political player at this area.

During the cold war, NATO expanded the principles as political negotiation,

decision making and solid military planning regionally and declared the

Europe's security issues as controlling defensive policies, fear and uncertainty.

Up to the end of the cold war, the focus on the Soviets Threats and military

tasks were discussed as the main policies of the treaty and this organizations

task was to provide security for the Euro-Atlantic region.

By the collapse of the Soviet Union, NATO faced so many threats, regarding its

aims, duties and natures. The Soviet Union was divided to independent states.

On the other hand, the existence of NATO without its traditional enemy was

meaningless. Thus, the NATO suggested a new security order to manage the

changes following the end of cold war and considered the issues as the

remained nukes from the Soviet Union and the possibility of its transfer to other

states, distrust to the future of Russia, fearing from Islam and the expanding

power of china besides the Europe's disability in management of its internal

crisis.

This means continuing the presence of NATO in the world. In the post cold war

world, the collective defense principle did not change as the nature of this

organization and NATO coordinated itself with the new circumstances. Its newtasks were cooperating in the security of the Europe, solving the destabilizations

following the Europe's regional conflicts and also threats coming beyond the

region as terrorism.

Thus, NATO along with expanding its tasks expanded its operational field from

Europe toward the outside world through a worldwide structural evolution.

Considering the wide range of the duties, and along with effective opposition


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against the threats and to strengthen the security in the variable environment of

the 21st

century, NATO regarded the cooperation with the Russia and other

European states.

The London manifest in1990 declared that the NATO does not consider the

Soviet Union and the Warsaw treaty as its enemy and invite them to create ties.

Thus, both sides signed a treaty in November 1990 on regular forces in Europe

along with a statement of non aggression.

The NATO in Rome meeting (1991) redefined the threats and declared that

there are new threats endangering the states, which is the result of problematic

social, economical and political structures.

In the post cold war world, despite the decrease in military dangers, the

instabilities increased and the NATO in the framework of collective defense

provided

collective

security for the

members

through

expansion of

political and

military

cooperation

with other

countries, of

many workgroups with their former enemies, the conformity of military

structures and defensive capabilities to fulfill their new tasks.

By: Fatima Alishah


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References:

..http://www.everything2.com/title/Winston%2520Churchill

NATO in 21st century

www.NATO.int/docu/21-net/21st-eng.pdf

Wallander, A.NATO after the Cold War, pp. 705-714.

www.cfr.org-content-poblications-attachment-wallander-NATO-Article.pdf

Aybet, G.NATOs new mission.

www.sam.gov.tv/perceptions/volume4/march-may1999/aybet.pdf

Op. cit.,NATO in 21st century

The arrival of Jews to Arab Island (Jaziratolarab) and

causes of their policies

As the Islam is the chosen religion by the almighty God and is along other

religions and is absolute, thus, all followers of other previous religions are

obliged to obey the holly prophet of Islam. Certainly, those who does not, will

be punished. Islam ends all other previous religions.

At the beginning, the whole Hijaz was filled by idolatry and just in parts of this

country there was a group namedHanifs.

The Jews were in Yasrib and Yemen and the Christians in Najran. On the exact

date of the Jews settling in Jaziratolarab, especially in Yasrib, there exist some

unproved suggestions by the historians.

Some have declared the reason in this way: the first settlers of Hijaz were a

group named Amaliq which would rule the people through oppression. The

Moses sent them an army from Israelites to fight them and ordered to kill them

all.

Their army entered Hijaz and killed them all, but the son of their governor who

was so beautiful. As they reached the sham, the Moses was dead and the


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Israelites objected that why they havent killed this guy and disobeyed the

Moses order.

So they didnt let them enter their country. The army decided to return to Hijaz

and settle where they conquered that group.

Therefore, they went to some where nearby Yasrib and settled there. Although

this story is somehow famous, Soheil does not accept it and find it incompatible

with the Moses age. Also a contemporary author regarding this point notes that:

the date that is suggested the first Jewish group entered Hijaz is combined with

myth.

Of course there are controversial points in this report. The point that the prophet

insisted on killing everybody or the objection of the Israelites for not killing that

boy seems more to be a story.

Some sources consider their immigration reason as the oppression of the roman

government. It is obvious that the Jaziratolarab region was not suitable from the

viewpoint of economical resources and life was much hard there. Thus, there

must have been another reason for the Jews to immigrate.

The historic and Koranic evidence reveals that the Jews had travelled to Hijaz in

pursuit of another prophet and their own interests. Abu Basir cites from Imam

Sadiq that:the Jews had read in their book s that the location of Muhammadsmigration was somewhere between Eirwahid mountains. So they hit the road to

find this mountain and when they found them, they settled there.

By reading the holly Quran, we find out that the name of the holly prophet

(peace be upon him) had been in old books. Certainly, the Quran informs us

from the name and descriptions of the holly prophet. Some of these verses are

cited below:

1- !"#$%&'()*$+,-./0+,-1"23&'4"5#3$+.-&'#673$+.,23& (Those to whom we have granted the holly book, knows him (the prophet) well,

as they know their children. only those who have lost their inner interest do not

believe)

2- -5#38,9+:;,23?@(


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Muhammad (PBUH), the messenger of God, and his followers are severe

against non-believers and kind with mercy among themselves. This is their

descriptions in Bible and Torah.

3- C:+H#3H"


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(And when God sent them a book, compatible with their signs, while they

would encourage themselves of their victory against infidels, when the book and

the prophet they knew was sent, they denied. O may lord, damn the infidels.)

One of the measures taken by the Jews after appointing the holly prophet

(PBUH) was denial of their previous statements predicting the emergence of thelast prophet.

Undoubtedly, the tribe of Jews long before the emergence of Islam were waiting

for a prophet whose signs were compatible with the one appeared among

Ghoraish, but for some reasons they denied him as their prophet and they said

Muhammad is not the one we were looking for, Because Muhammad was from

the generation of Ismael, not Isaac.

In other words they believed the last prophet would be someone from Israelites,while the holy prophet was Arab. The jealousy of the Jews which is pointed out

in some verses of Quran is based on this point and also their racism. This verse

of Koran also indicates their racism:

Say: oh, Jews, if you think that youre the only friends of Allah, so wish your

death if you tell the truth and reach your lover.

Ibn Ishagh cites from Safie, the daughter of Hoye Ibn Akhtar who was captured

as the prisoner of the war and then married the holy prophet cites that when theholy prophet migrated to Medina and settled in Qoba, my father and uncle went

to him in an early morning and came back the next day. I ran toward them as

usual but they didnt accept me as every day.

They were in a deep sorrow. My uncle, Abu Yaser, told my father was he (the

prophet) the one we were waiting for?My father replied: yes, I swear to God

yes! My uncle said so what are you going to do now? he said up to my

lifetime, I will be his enemy.

It is cited from Salamat Ibn Ansari that before Islam there was a Jew in our

neighborhood .once he stood in front of the people of my tribe and talked about

resurrection, the hell and paradise.

His addressees were atheists. They did not believe the life after death, hell or

paradise. They were all surprised and told him: what is your sign? The Jewish

said a prophet will be chosen in this land (he pointed toward Mecca).

They asked when? He pointed toward me as a child and said if he staysalive, he will see him.


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Salameh says when the holy prophet was chosen we believed him and that

Jewish guy did not because of his jealousy. We told him werent you the one

speaking those words? He said yes, but he is not the one I was talking about.

When Islam reached Medina and the Jews saw themselves in danger, and

besides they did not want to obey the holy prophet, they took military measures.They would annoy the Muslims, sometimes by their ridiculous poems about the

holy prophet and etc. they also once arranged to kill the prophet, but Gods will

was something else.

On the other hand, based on the prophets duty which is to invite the people to

the righteousness, he would use the slightest chances to inform the people and

save them from ignorance.

To be continued

By: Muhammad Muhammadi

Political potentials

Today, what results to the importance and empowering of a state is other

countries attention and the away they seek their interests in that country. These

interests might be long or short term, national, religious, economical, political,

military and etc. based on this ground, the media may help proximity and also

the distance of the countries and nations and intensifying the effects of the

countries discourse.

Political interactions, task force meetings, disputes and their solutions,intermediations and etc. might be the sign of states importance in the eyes of

other states and states which results into the nations intimacy. Turkeys

mediation between Iran and 5+1 could be discussed in this context.

Accepting turkeys mediation with china and Russia on the other side shows

their importance in each others eyes. By doing this, besides intensifying the

importance of regional subjects among their nations, it results to the intimacy of

the states and nations and also undermining the importance of the western


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countries in the international stage which through holding such conferences in

their countries have always attracted the attentions toward themselves.

Maybe these meetings in turkey is the start point of revealing the potential of

Islamic countries with the aim of resolving the international conflicts and

decreasing the foreign powers intervention to their benefit.

Continuing this process in long term would even result to transferring

international organizations and institutes to the Islamic countries, InshaAllah.

They are forgotten

He says Im not much involved in politics! but by a glance at his works we

would conceive that its not so and his writings are not away from Afghanistan's

current situation.

Muhammad Husain Muhammady, a 38 year old writer, has been successful in

attracting others attentions by his works in the field of literature. A young man

that is conceived by the Afghans as one of their best authors who could gain so

many literary awards in Iran, beside famous Afghani authors as: AkramOthman, Muhammad Asef Soltanzade,

Atiq Rahimy, Khalid Husseiny and etc.

Being forgotten is the tempting title of his

second story which could win the second prize

for The Press Critics and revealed that the

owner of Afghanistan Peace Prize is not

free minded after writing down The Red Figs

of Mazar.

The hero in this story is a Mazari old man

named Sayed Mirak Shah Agha which likes his radio that has been out of

battery for two days by now which has deprived Agha Sayed from listening to

VOA and BBC news!

The whole story happens in a13 hours period when the old forgetful man start a

journey to Mazarsharif to buy battery, or Balty as he himself pronounces!

And during his journey, despite his anxiety for his young daughter who has hide


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her in the basement, fearing from losing his face, is mainly concerned about his

radio not being captured by the Taliban forces.

It seems that the author aims to show the view of the normal people of

Afghanistan about the most important political events of the time and show that

these people, tired from years of war are not much concerned about the mediaand even after the September 11th

that the West came to notice them as a threat,

they are living their normal life and those Afghanis who are concerned with the

world news, when are informed of what have happened several days before (the

collapse of those towers in the U.S. and the conviction of Bin laden) is late and

today the VOA narrator says:

Today, Thursday, 22th September of 2001, first briefing the news

In fact, he wants to say that Afghanistan is forgotten, as the old man in the storyis forgotten and is forgotten everything.

Small sentences, great descriptions of the details, pleasant environment, and

unique personification can be mentioned as the main characters of this 90 pages

story.

By: Mahdi Bahrami

Hollywood and "Sacredness"

1-The first concept that springs to the mind from the word "sacredness"includes religious sanctities and values which in all religions and faiths

have their own definition and importance.

Examples are the sacredness of a cross for the Christians or that of a cow

or its figure in India. Regardless of their origin and genuineness, the

religious symbols and sanctities have their own message and meaning for

the followers of that specific religion and also have a high spiritual value


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conceptual and philosophical pretexts by the capitalist system of the west

to justify any of their actions and ridicule and destroy any sacred concept.

4-Movies like "The Last Temptation of Christ", "Da Vinci Code", "BruceAlmighty" and "City of Angels" can be seen and interpreted accordingly.

5-There is no genuine religious holiness in Hollywood and they don't dreadinsulting the Christ or desecrating other

religions. As recent examples one can

name the anti Islamic wave in the movies

produced by Hollywood in the last two

decades.

6-The question is "Isn't there any holiness orred line for Holly wood?". That is, the freedom of speech, relativism and

respecting all ideologies are really kept as a unified policy by Hollywood?

7-I can name two cases as contradictions to what was just mentioned. In thepast years I have seen no movie in which these two ideological holly red

lines of Hollywood were breached.

8- A: Zionism and its main policies.

For several decades Hollywood has been continuously making movies to

justify the existence of the Jewish state, create an oppressed image of the

Zionists and to propagate ideas like the eternal legacy of the promised

land, the villainy of Muslims, the divine origins of the Zionists' rights, the

promise for a savior in Zion, the salvation and delivery of the human being

of the Apocalyptic era provided that the Zionist plans are implemented. It

is never seen that for several past decades and during the rule of different

administrations and policies, Hollywood has made a movie which has not

followed such a general strategy.


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A)Saddam's collapse results in the satisfaction of Shias and Iran and thedispleasure of Sunnis and some Arab countries.

B)In order to attack Baghdad, the best way is to enter from the south andproceed through Shia settling regions.

It was certain for the Americans that they were even expecting Shiascelebration at the time of their arrival.

After occupying Baghdad and gaining control over the country and also

widespread presence of the western forces in Iraq, the U.S desired blockade

was seemingly completed.

The first signs were Sadaabad meeting and Tehrans agreement to halt the

nuclear program.

Its evidence was Tony Blairs statement that We picked the Iraq fruit in

Sadabaad.

But this process stopped for some reasons that we are not going to explain. It

is just considerable that Irans 2009 election was important.

The U.S planned a program for the formation of pro-American government.

This process is elaborated in 4 stages a below:

1- The development of an American military government during a 6 monthperiod with the aim of security and repression of those opposing.

2- Forming a consultation group along with an American militarygovernment in a 6 to 12 month period with the aim of continued

repression and preparing the constitution.

3- Forming the interim Iraqi government in a 6 month period for writingdown the constitution for holding the election in order to confirm the

constitution and thus, the establishment of a dependent government.

4- The establishment of an official government.During Iran - Iraq war and eve before the war, Saddam deported old and

powerful Muslim tribes and even Iraqi Kurd groups while they mostly

immigrated to Iran and settled there.


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Meanwhile Iranian government welcomed those immigrants, so that in some

cases they even took part in Iran Iraq war in favor of Iran.

Living, educating and deepening their Islamic beliefs in Iran created a very

powerful resource for the Islamic community through their return to their

country.

After forming American military government in Iraq by Paul Bremers and

through proceeding to the second stage of their plan, these individuals were

considered, so that 24 out 32 Iraqi constitutions group members with the task

of consultation and preparing the arrangements for writing down the

constitution were considered among the Muslim community.

These individuals could prepare the arrangements for writing down the

constitution according to Islamic principles.

In the next stage Iraqis could arrange and approve the constitution through a

referendum in accordance with the Islamic principles and against the U.S

will.

In this constitution there were several articles in contrary to the U.S which

were explicitly in accordance with the Islamic world and Iraqi nation

interests:

1- The consistency of the approved laws of the parliament with the holyreligion of Islam.

2- Choosing the president, the vice president, the ministers and the militarycommanders by the peoples vote.

3- Not using the Iraq soil for the purpose of attacking Iraq neighbors by athird country which in fact weakens the U.S threat and danger against

Iran.

Creative and thoughtful Iraqi individuals in different steps of the U.S plan inIraq could change the results of the previous stages as the 4

thstage was

completely different with what the U.S expected and thus, the very first Iraqi

official government had an Islamic awakening attitude.

Maliki's government focused on three main points in its first period

including:

- Disengaging Iraq from the 7th chapter of the U.N charter in which theU.N permits the use of force by other countries against any country who


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threatens the international security. (After attacking Kuwait in 1990, Iraq

was entitled under this chapter)

- U.S and western forces disengagement from Iraq and controlling thesecurity by the Iraqis in the whole country.

- The development of the Iraqis economy and also its relations with theinternational community, especially the Muslim countries of the regionand their investment in this country.

Generally in the case of Iraq, its political future and its interactions with its

neighbors, we must first consider the goal of Islamic interests.

Thus, all the potentials of Muslim neighboring countries must be first used

for the purpose of Islamic interests promotion.

Iran and Syria as two counter- hegemony Muslim countries at its neighbors,along with its other neighbors must try

to become united with Iraq and also develop

unity among Iraqi coalitions.

Therefore, in order to form a powerful

coalitional government we must try to

coordinate all groups views in Iraq.

Those countries who love Islamic Iraq and theanti-hegemony campaign must never devote

themselves to their short term interests in

Iraq. They must remember that Islam would win through the conquer of

hearts.

Considering these points result in the stability and victory of Iraq and also

strengthening the anti- hegemony strategy. It is remarkable that Iran, Iraq

and all Muslim countries should be unified over key points and avoid from

insisting on disagreement points.

By: Sayyed Muhammad Safavi


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Book introduction;

Solidarity of Islamic sects

This is one of the first books published by Islamic Sects University publication.

Its translator is Dr. Biazar Shirazi a scholar in the discussions regarding the

proximity of the Islamic sects.

This book includes discussions, essays and theories by 20 figures of the Islam

world, no matter Shia or Sunni. In the introduction part the author discusses the

disagreement among the sects and the development of the unity discussions.

Then he elaborates in detail the Darotaqrib, its

foundation and activities.

Generally, what we can see in this book is the proximity

discussion, its aim, the way to develop it, todays

approach and the problems by citations from 20 Islamic

figures as Ayatollah Broujerdi, Ayatollah khoyi, Shikh

Shaltoot, Muhammad Jawad Moghnieh and other Islamic

figures.

In addition, some disagreement points are elaborated

there. What is common among these scholars is their attitude toward the

proximity that they regard as the formation of unified Ummah against theenemies of Islam and insisting on the common grounds between the sects.

This book is the one that could be useful for those who pay attention to the

discussions regarding unity and proximity.

Ayatollah Javadi Amoli;

There is no disagreement between Shias and Sunnis in

principles

Ayatollah Javadi Amoli in a recent meeting with a group of students said:

Shias and Sunnis regarding their common grounds as the holly Prophet (Pbuh)

and the religion are brothers.


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He continued: Sunnis and Shias have the same enemy, so they shall be united.

The enemy attacks the poor Shias in south Lebanon or blockades the poor

Sunnis in Gaza Strip and performs those crimes.

Ayatollah Amoli added the most interpretations of

Nahjolbalaghe are written by Sunni scholars and themain aim of Seyyed Razi from gathering

Nhjolbalaghe was to unite the Muslims and the Islamic

Ummah.

There is no disagreement between Shias and Sunnis

in the main principles of Islam and the difference

that is intensified by Islam enemies lies in Kalami

discussions which could be minimized through

logical and scientific discussions.

At the end with regard to the virtue of Ahlulbait he said

the Tsbih that is left by Hazrat Zahra (PBUH)

was a gift from the above. She gave us this valuable

gift and we must remember that.

Middle East developments after the Islamic Revolution

Dr. Majid Safataj is an active author in the field of Palestine and the world of

Islam. He was born in 1961 and has been an active member of holy Qods

Freedom Society.

One of his most important publications is the

general lexicon of Palestine. Among many

publications focused on the influence of the Islamicrevolution on contemporary world, middle east

developments after the Islamic revolution is worthy

of notice.

Beside a survey on recent 30 years developments of

the Middle East, he mentions the influence of the

Islamic revolution on these developments based on

several documents. Thus, even by merely readingthe citations, the authors means becomes clear.


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This book is written down in 14 chapters. In the very first chapter, the military

occupation of Iran by Iraq and the logics of the western and eastern powers

agreement with Iraq on Irans occupation and imposing the war is elaborated in

details which reveals the superpowers fear from the forward approach of the

revolution and its influence on the people of the region and their support for

attacking Iran.

In this chapter the author would elaborate the situation in a way that in spite of

little remarks to the effects of the Islamic revolution on Middle East

developments, the audience would indirectly conceive the point.

Thus, it should be mentioned that the author has provided its main theoretical

discussion in the very first chapter.

The chapters are as below:

1- Military occupation of Iraq by Iraqi Baath party2- Pervasive assault of Israel to Lebanon3- Formation of Lebanon Islamic Resistance (Hezbollah)4- Palestinian first Intifada5- Occupation and liberation of Kuwait6- Middle east peace talks and Israeli ad Arabian peace talks7- 16 days assault of Israel against Lebanon in 19968- Formation of Palestine Autonomous State9- Israelis retreat from southern Lebanon in 2000

10-Alaqsa Intifada11-Occupation of Iraq12-Israels retreat from Gaza strip13-33 days war between Israel and Hezbollah14-Israeli Lebanese prisoner exchange in 2008

At the end of the book besides coming to know the effects of the Islamic

revolution on the Middle East developments, you would also get

acquaintance with the Islamic awakening process in the Middle East.

Religion and politics in the early centuries of Islam


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