1.status of urban air pollution 2.impacts of urban air pollution 3.steps to be taken to control...

1.Status of urban air pollution

2.Impacts of urban air pollution

3.Steps to be taken to control

urban air pollution

STATUS OF AIR QUALITY STATUS OF AIR QUALITY IN KARACHI, PAKISTANIN KARACHI, PAKISTAN

Main causes:

Rapid urbanisation

Growing energy needs

Uncontrolled Industrial growth

Increase in Traffic

Indiscriminate Refuse Burning

Major Factors Causing Air PollutionMajor Factors Causing Air Pollution

0 5,000,000 10,000,000 15,000,000 20,000,000 25,000,000 30,000,000

Tokyo

Bombay

Lagos

São Paulo

Dhaka

Karachi

Mexico City

Shanghai

New York

Calcutta

Delhi

Beijing

Metro Manila

Cairo

Los Angeles

20151996

The 15 Largest cities in the world, 1996, 2015

INTRODUCTION :

POPULATION 12 MILLION KARACHI POPULATION TO 30%TOTAL URBAN POPULATION

TOWNS 18

UNION COUNCILS 178

CANTONMENT BOARDS 06

POPULATION 05% P/A

POPULATION IN KARACHI

REGISTERED VEHICLES 14,63,691(UPTO 31-03-2003CARS 45.3%MOTOR CYCLES 37.0%AUTO RICKSHAWS 2.8%TAXIS 3.8%BUSES & MINI-BUSES 1.6%TRUCKS 1.7%OTHERS 7.5%TRACTORS 0.3%VEHICLE GROWTH 10% PERANNUM

ROAD ACCIDENTS-2000 1089NONFATAL 531FATAL 558

VEHICLE CENSUS IN KARACHI

Source: Transport and communication, CDGK

SHARE OF ON-ROAD VEHICLES IN KARACHI

Cars Motor CyclesRickshaws

Taxis Buses & Mini BusisTrucks

Others Tractors

Transportation and Urban Environment

Transportation has been the major source of urban pollution

Major share of CO, VOC, SO2 and NOx pollution is coming from Urban Transportation

Ambient air quality falling below air quality standards

Growing as one of the major GHG contributors

Alarming trends of vehicular growth in Karachi

Exhaust Emission of Pakistani Cars, US-EPA & European Emission Standards for Cars for the year

2000 (g/Km)Carbon Monoxide Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides

Emission Standards for Both Gasoline & Diesel Vehicles

US EPA 2.13 0.25 0.62

European 2.30 0.20 0.15

Pakistani Cars as under:

Honda Civic (Gasoline)

2.30 0.20 0.15

Honda City (Gasoline)

2.30 0.20 0.15

Toyota Corolla 2 D (Diesel)

1.2 0.4 0.5

1999-2000

22.6%

3.1%

34.3%2.7%

34.7%

2.7%

Domestic

Commercial

Industrial

Agriculture

Transport

Other Govt.

ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY SECTOR

(Excluding fuels consumed in thermal power generation

Type of Vehicles

%age comp.*

Total

Vehicles

Average

Run/day

Units # Particulate

Kg /Unit#

SO2

Kg/Unit#

NOx

Kg/Unit#

CO

Kg/Unit#

Light duty

(Cars)

39.6 405108 28 km 1000 km

3743 907 36298 453728

Motorcycles/

Scooters

31.9 326337 10 km 1000 km

652 65 229 55483

Light duty

Rickshaws

17.1 174933 100 km 1000 km

5773 1399 55979 699732

Heavy duty Diesel

Powered

Bus/Trucks

9.3 95139 100 km 1000 km

7136 14271 199792 120826

Other (Light duty diesel power etc.)

Total

2.1 21483

10,23,000

50 km 1000 km

484 419 1063 1182

Estimated Pollution Load From Mobile Combustion

Sources in Karachi (2000)

Hourly average wind at

Karachi Airport for the

months of January, 2003

METEOROLOGY THE AREA

Hourly average wind at Karachi

Airport for the months of April,

2003

SUPARCO’S 20 YEARS IN ENVIRONMENT

AMBIENT AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT STUDY.

1. Karachi(1984-2004)2. Rawalpindi-Islamabad (1996, 2004)3. Lahore (1995, 2004)

4. Peshawar (2003-2004) 5. Quetta (2003-2004)

6. Northern Areas (2001)7. Multan (2003)

o ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITS OF INDUSTRIAL UNITS

o EIAs OF INDUSTRIAL PROJECTS

o CLOUD AND FOG CHEMISTRY IN NORTH AND NORTH EASTERN PART OF PAKISTAN

CONDUCT OF BASELINE (AMBIENT AIR CONDUCT OF BASELINE (AMBIENT AIR QUALITY) STUDY IN MAJOR CITIES OF QUALITY) STUDY IN MAJOR CITIES OF

PAKISTANPAKISTANUNDP/ENERCON FERTS PROJECTUNDP/ENERCON FERTS PROJECT

To establish year long To establish year long

record of concentration record of concentration

levels and behavior of levels and behavior of

ambient air pollutants ambient air pollutants

along with metrological along with metrological

data and traffic count in data and traffic count in

six major cities with six major cities with

temporal and spatial temporal and spatial

parameters. parameters.

PROJECT OBJECTIVESPROJECT OBJECTIVES

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Baloch

Colo

nyF.B

. Are

aNazim

abadG. J

auhar

Gizri

Korangi In

d. Are

aK. C

reak

SITE

Rashid

Man

has R

d.Gar

den Rd.

Elende

r Rd.

West

Whar

f

I.I.C

hundrigar R

d.Civ

ic C

entre

Max level of TSP & PM10 at Various Sites at

Karachi during June 2004

Co

n. i

n u

g/m

3

TSP

PM10

USEPA Limit (24h) for TSP is 260 ug/m3

USEPA Limit (24h) for PM10 is 150 ug/m3 Residencial Areas

Industrial Sites

Commercial Centers /Major Intersections

CONC.OF PARTICULATE MATTER (TSP & PM10) AT VARIOUS SITES AROUND CEMENT PLANTS DURING

2002.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

ESSA CEMENTFACTORY (1Km)*

DADABOHYCEMENT

FACTORY(1Km)*

PAK LANDCEMENT

FACTORY (3km)*

Hospital 7D(1 Kmfrom Javedan

Cement Factory

CO

NC

.OF

PA

RT

ICU

LA

TE

S (

ug

/m3

) TSP ug/m3

PM10 ug/m3

A view of a Cement Plant in Karachi

As the countries become motorized, vehicles will contribute increasingly to urban air pollution.

Vehicle emissions, including highly damaging emissions of lead and of fine particulate matter, are often among the main contributors to air pollution

(World Bank technical paper No. 508).

Views of Roads of Karachi

Effects of Particulate Matter (PM)Effects of Particulate Matter (PM)

Increases in hospitalization for lung and heart problems

Increases in days of restricted activity in adults An increase in absenteeism in school children. • Mortality and other chronic effects associated with

long-term exposure to low concentrations of PM (starting at about 10 µg/m³).

Source: World Health Organization, European Center for Environment & Health

0

20

40

60

80

100

120 Sound Level in Six Cities of Pakistan

Sou

nd L

evel

(Mea

n of

Max

.)

1st Cycle 79.5 87 84.5 74.3 68.3 74.9

2nd Cycle 92 91 81 85 85 79

3rd Cycle 99 93.8 85 83 89 82

Karachi

Lahore

Peshawar

Quetta

Rawalpindi

Islamabad

NEQS Standard limit for Noise Level is 85 dB

Smog and reduced visibility in the atmosphere

of Karachi due to air pollution Vehicle emissions, together with stationary and natural sources, are important in the formation of ground level ozone, which causes health damage as well as damage to vegetation and crops.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Max levels of SO2, NOx, Ozone, CO at Various Sites at Karachi during June 2004

Con

c. O

f SO

2, N

ox,O

zone

in p

pb a

nd C

O in

ppm

SO2NOxOzoneCO

Residencial Areas Industrial Sites

Commercial Centers /Major Intersections

WHO standard for (8 hrs )CO id 8.7 ppm

WHO standard for (24 hrs )SO2 is 34 ppb

Max. Particulate matter observed in Six Major Cities of Pakistan

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

TSP

in u

g/m

3

2003(1st Cycle) 367.2 730 350 645 416 395.7

2003 (2nd Cycle) 332 996 401 659 420 421

2004(3rd Cycle) 339 785 341 492 389 433

2004 (4th Cycle) 390 886 489 680 435 472

Karachi Lahore Peshawar Quetta Rawalpindi Islamabad

US EPA Permissible Limit for TSP (Annual mean) is 260 ug/m3

Max. Concentration of PM10 in Six Major Cities of Pakistan

0255075

100125150175200225250275300325350375400

PM

10 C

on. i

n ug

/m3

2003(1st Cycle) 250 367.98 289 297.6 208 238.1

2003 (2nd Cycle) 219 290 230 285 201 216

2004(3rd Cycle) 227 293 213 201 173 224

2004 (4th Cycle) 280 300 310 310 230 240

Karachi Lahore Peshawar Q uettaRawalpind

iIslamabad

US EPA Permissible Limit

for PM10 (Annual mean is

150 ug/ m3

Max. SO2 Concentration at Six major Cities of Pakistan

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

SO

2 co

nce

ntr

atio

n i

n p

bb

2003(1st Cycle) 38.5 37 30 46.2 25 34

2003 (2nd Cycle) 34.3 52.5 33 42.5 29 34.6

2004 (3rd Cycle) 42 53 43 29 27 33

2004 (4th Cycle) 44 55.7 42 45.5 37 37.5


USEPA Permissible Limit (24h) for SO2 is 140 ppb

NEQS Permissible Limit (Annual mean) for SO2 is 38 ppb

Max. CO Concentration in Six Major Cities of Pakistan

0

2.5

5

7.5

10

12.5

15

17.5

20

22.5

25

27.5

30

CO

in p

pm

2003(1st Cycle) 21 14 21.8 16.7 8.7 7.8

2003 (2nd Cycle) 20 11 21 15 12 8

2004 (3rd Cycle) 24 12 26 13 14 10

2004 (4th Cycle) 22.8 16.5 26.8 18 16.5 12.5

Karachi Peshaw ar Lahore Quetta Raw alpindi Islamabad

USEPA Permissible Limit (8h) for CO is 10 ppm

Max. Oxides of Nitrogen in different Cities of Pakistan

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Cities

NO

x i

n p

pb

1999

2003(1st Cycle)

2003 (2nd Cycle)

3rd Cycle

USEPA Permissible Limit (Annual mean) for Nox is 50 ppb

Chock Yateem Khana, Lahore 2004

Mezan Chock, Quetta, June 2003

Max. Ozone Concentration in Major Cities of Pakistan

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Ozo

ne C

on

cen

trati

on

in

pp

b

2003(1st Cycle) 45.6 43.5 46 43 39 35

2003 (2nd Cycle) 38 45 38 41.1 40.5 36.7

2004 (3rd Cycle) 41 49 44 25 34 32

2004 (4th Cycle) 48 51 48 44.4 42 38.5

Karachi Lahore Peshaw ar Quetta Raw alpindi Islamabad

Seasonal CO Concentration Variations in Six Major Cities of Pakistan (Max. & Mean of max.)

21

14

21.8

16.7

8.7

24

12

26

1314

1010

7

14

10.2

5 5

11.5

9.1

6.3

15

8

17

7

20

11

21

15

12

7.8

15.1

10.3

5.5

10

88

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

Karachi Peshawar Lahore Quetta Rawalpindi Islamabad

CO

in

pp

m

1st Cycle

3rd Cycle

1st Cycle(max.Avg.)

2nd Cycle (max.Avg.)

3rd Cycle(max. Avg.)

2nd Cycle

USEPA Permissible Limit (8h) for CO is 10 ppm

Karachi: 1st Cycle: (Postmonsoon)2nd Cycle: (Winter)3rd Cycle: (Spring)

Peshawar: 1st Cycle: (Postmonsoon)2nd Cycle: (Winter)3rd Cycle: (Spring)

Lahore:1st Cycle (Postmonsoon)2nd Cycle: (Winter)3rd Cycle: (Spring)

Quetta:1st Cycle: (Summer)2nd Cycle: (Winter)3rd Cycle: (Spring)

Rawalpindi:1st Cycle: (monsoon)2nd Cycle: (Winter)3rd Cycle: (Spring)

Islamabad:1st Cycle: (monsoon)2nd Cycle: (Winter)3rd Cycle: (Spring)

Concentration of Trace Constituent in Aerosol Samples at Different sites at Karachi

Site Conc. SPARCENT

Max Max

2000 2003

SITE KHI

Max Max

2000 2003

F.B. Area

Max Max

2000 2003

Garden Road

Max Max

2000 2003

West wharf

Max Max

2000 2003

Elender Rd.

Max Max

2000 2003

Pb 0.75 4.46 12.3 4.23 15.2 3.7 15.63 4.31 15.71 4.6 16.25 3.1

Ni -- 0.28 0.31 0.85 0.93 0.44 0.48 1.12 0.23 0.52 0.57

Mn 0.15 0.16 3.8 4.2 0.9 0.99 0.7 0.1

0.7 077 1.1 1.21

Co 0.1 0.12 0.61 0.67 1.39 1.53 1.1 0.29 1.14 1.25 1.57 1.73

Zn 3.77 4.15 3.54 3.89 12.98 14.3 1.0 0.12 0.91 1 8.0 14.2

Cr 0.08 0.09 1.67 1.84 1.66 1.8 3.04 0.73 2.86 3.15 2.36 2.59

KARACHI AIR POLLUTION MAPKARACHI AIR POLLUTION MAP

IMPACTS OF URBAN AIR POLUTIONIMPACTS OF URBAN AIR POLUTION

Economic and Health Impacts

Health Impacts

Increased Mortality and

Morbidity

2-5% of all deaths in developing countries due to exposure to particulates

Acute respiratory Infection (ARI)

Reduced IQ in children

Economic Impacts

Increased health

costs

Loss of crops and property

Decline in tourist revenue

Transboundary Impacts Haze & smog

Acid deposition – acid rain

Climate change – green-house

gases

Ozone depletion – ecosystem

damage

Measures To Be Taken ...

Gasoline lead phase out program

Diesel sulphur phase out program

Control on the entry of older & polluting vehicles in to urban areas

Conversion of vehicles to CNG buses

Improved road network by means of a network of flyovers

Implementation of Public Transport System

STEPS TO BE TAKEN STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION

REGULATORY MEASURES

Standards and Regulatory Authorities

Enforcement of NEQS

Public Awareness and Judicial Action

Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA’s)

STEPS TO BE TAKEN STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTIONTO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION

Tax Incentives for Cleaner Fuel Use

Taxes Based on Pollution Load

Taxes for Using Leaded Gasoline

Subsidies


TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS/

CLEANER PRODUCTION ECONOMIC

INSTRUMENTS

Energy Efficient Industrial Processes Fuel-efficient Stoves

Energy Efficient Appliances and Lighting

Electrostatic Precipitators in Power Plants &

Cement Plants

Cleaner Alternative Fuels

Unleaded and low sulphur motor fuels

Compressed natural gas ( CNG)


Catalytic Converters for Vehicles

Alternative Energy Sources such as

Wind Power, Photovoltaic


Adopt suitable best practices from other cities

Identify and reduce air pollution loads

Encourage public transport use

Make cleaner fuel use mandatory -

stop leaded gasoline and high sulphur

diesel

Encourage Alternative Energy Sources such as Wind

Power, Photovoltaic

Enforce regulations stringently


PREVENTIVE

Obtain political commitment (macro policy)

Draft and adopt suitable regulations and

standards

Identify and adopt appropriate technologies

Promote environmental education and public

awareness

Invite stakeholder participation in pollution

reduction activities

Seek consensus on actions


PREVENTIVE

Promote pro-active land-use planning

Explore least cost solutions - undertake economic analysis of options

Reduce open burning

Reduce dust on roads

Winter Fog Study

Identify the CAUSES of Fog Identify the CAUSES of Fog

Investigate the Chemical Composition Investigate the Chemical Composition

of Fogof Fog

Environmental Impacts Assessment ofEnvironmental Impacts Assessment of Dense FogDense Fog

OBJECTIVES

Fig 1(c): Winter Fog as observed by NOAA-15 Satellite at Fig 1(c): Winter Fog as observed by NOAA-15 Satellite at 0812 Hrs, 300812 Hrs, 30thth Dec. 1999. Dec. 1999.

SATELLITE IMAGES OF SATELLITE IMAGES OF FOGFOG

INC

RE

AS

ING

DE

GR

EE

OF

F

OG

DE

NS

ITY

SUPARCONOAA15,28122000 0834PST

A blanket of fog over parts of Pakistan on November 27, 2004, created A blanket of fog over parts of Pakistan on November 27, 2004, created

poor visibility and led to several traffic-related deathspoor visibility and led to several traffic-related deaths

2000

MEAN VISIBILITY DURING DECEMBER 1997-2000 OVER DEHLI AND LAHOREMEAN VISIBILITY DURING DECEMBER 1997-2000 OVER DEHLI AND LAHORE

1998 1997

M I L E S

DECEMBERLAHOREDEHLI

1999

Mean visibility of Lahore & Islamabad Mean visibility of Lahore & Islamabad

SO42-

NO3-

Se x 103

As x 103

Sb x 103

Jan. 1999

Concentrations in ug/m3 of SO42- , NO3

- , Se, As, and Sb in 12 hour samples at Lahore, Pakistan.

1 2 3 4 5 610

40

70

100

35

20

50

6

10

14

5

15

25

0

20

40

60

Sb x 103

As x 103

NO3-

SO4-2

Se x 103

SO4-2/Se

December 1999 - January 200025 27 29 31 2 4 6 8 10

Concentrations in ug/m3 of SO4 – 2, NO3

-, Se and SO4- 2/Se ratios in aerosol

samples at Lahore, Pakistan.

FogFog Clear

Excessively high sulphate (Excessively high sulphate (SO4-2) concentrations varying SO4-2) concentrations varying from 49.8 to 141 ug/m3 and NO3 from 3 to 74.5 ug/m3 from 49.8 to 141 ug/m3 and NO3 from 3 to 74.5 ug/m3 concentrations were observed during the fog. concentrations were observed during the fog.

Measured atmospheric SOMeasured atmospheric SO44

-2-2/Se ratios and wind data suggest /Se ratios and wind data suggest

that the sources of SOthat the sources of SO44

-2-2 in Lahore were located several hundred in Lahore were located several hundred

kms away to the south. kms away to the south.

Since India ranks fourth among the countries in coal Since India ranks fourth among the countries in coal consumption, the SOconsumption, the SO22 emissions and sulphate (SO emissions and sulphate (SO44) aerosols ) aerosols

from coal combustion in India results in the formation of this from coal combustion in India results in the formation of this fog. fog.

Pollutant are emitted by combustion of fossil fuels in industries Pollutant are emitted by combustion of fossil fuels in industries and especially in thermal power plants located in northeastern and especially in thermal power plants located in northeastern India. India.

Other sources of these pollutants include refuse burning, open Other sources of these pollutants include refuse burning, open dump burning, vehicular automobiles and aircrafts.dump burning, vehicular automobiles and aircrafts.

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

1.status of urban air pollution 2.impacts of urban air pollution 3.steps to be taken to control...

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