A Mesosaurus migrated across the ocean from location X tolocation Y.

B Mesosaurus came into existence on several widely separatedcontinents at different times.

C The continents of South America and Africa were joined when Mesosaurus lived.

D The present climates at locations X and Y are similar.

1. The map below shows the present-day locations of South Americaand Africa. Remains of Mesosaurus, an extinct freshwater reptile,have been found in similarly aged bedrock formed from lakesediments at locations X and Y.

Which statement represents the most logical conclusion to draw fromthis evidence?

A continents moved due to changes in the Earth's orbital velocityB continents moved due to the Coriolis effect caused by the

Earth's rotationC present-day continents of South America and Africa are

moving toward each otherD present-day continents of South America and Africa once fit

together like puzzle parts

2. The theory of continental drift suggests that the

A Rocks of the ocean ridges are older than those of the adjacentsea floor.

B Rock and fossil correlation can be made where the continentsappear to fit together.

C Marine fossils can be found at high elevations above sea levelon all continents.

D Great thicknesses of shallow-water sediments are found atinterior locations on some continents.

3. Which statement best supports the theory that all the continents wereonce a single landmass?

A edges of tectonic platesB eastern coastline of continentsC 23.5° N and 23.5° S parallels of latitudeD equatorial ocean floor

4. Active volcanoes are most abundant along the

A reversed magnetic orientationB unusually rapid radioactive decayC frequent volcanic activityD low P-wave and high S-wave velocity

5. The edges of most lithospheric plates are characterized by

6. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below, which shows the boundary between two lithospheric plates. Point X is a location in the continentallithosphere. The depth below Earth's surface is labeled in kilometers.

A less dense and thinner B less dense and thickerC more dense and thinner D more dense and thicker

Compared to the continental crust, the oceanic crust is

A less dense and less felsicB less dense and less maficC more dense and more felsicD more dense and more mafic

7. Compared to the continental crust, the oceanic crust is

A less dense, more mafic, and thinnerB less dense, more felsic, and thickerC more dense, more mafic, and thinnerD more dense, more felsic, and thicker

8. Compared to continental crust, oceanic crust is

A warms the lower troposphereB melts glacial ice at lower altitudesC moves the lithospheric platesD pollutes deep groundwater with radioactivity

9. Earth's internal heat is the primary source of energy that

A tidal motions in the hydrosphereB density differences in the troposphereC convection currents in the asthenosphereD solidification in the lithosphere

10. The movement of tectonic plates is inferred by many scientists to bedriven by

A

B

C

D

11. The cross section below represents a pattern of magnetic field reversals preserved in the igneous bedrock of the oceanic crust eastof the Mid-Atlantic ridge.

Which cross section best represents the magnetic field pattern west of the Mid-Atlantic ridge?

Base your answers to questions 12 and 13 on the passage below.

Crustal Activity at Mid-Ocean Ridges

Mid-ocean ridges are found at one type of tectonic plate boundary. These ridges consist of extensive underwatermountain ranges split by rift valleys. The rift valleys mark places where two crustal plates are pulling apart, widening theocean basins, and allowing magma from the asthenosphere to move upward. In some cases, mid-ocean ridges have migratedtoward nearby mantle hot spots. This explains why mid-ocean ridges and mantle hot spots are found together at severallocations.

A A B B C C D D

12. The map below shows a part of Earth’s surface. Points A through D are locations on the ocean floor.

At which location is the temperature of the ocean floor bedrock most likely highest?

A convergent B transform C divergent D complex

13. Which type of tectonic plate boundary is located at mid-ocean ridges?

A A B B C C D D

14. The diagram below shows the magnetic polarity preserved byminerals within the bedrock of the oceanic crust near theMid-Atlantic Ridge. Letters A, B, C, and D represent locations inthe ocean-floor bedrock.

The most recently formed bedrock is found at location

A B

C D

15. The map below shows a portion of Earth's surface. Points X and Y are locations on the lithosphere.

Which cross section shows the inferred movement of material in the asthenosphere beneath points X and Y?

16. Base your answer to the following question on the map of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge shown below. Points A through D are locationson the ocean floor. Line XY connects locations in North America and Africa.

A D C B A B A D B C C C B D A D A B D C

Samples of ocean-floor bedrock were collected at points A, B, C, and D. Which sequence show the correct order of the age of thebedrock from from oldest to youngest?

A The bedrock of the ridge and nearby seafloor is igneous rock.B The ridge is the location of irregular volcanic eruptions.C Several faults cut across the ridge and nearby seafloor.D Seafloor bedrock is younger near the ridge and older farther

away.

17. Which observation about the Mid-Atlantic Ridge region providesthe best evidence that the seafloor has been spreading for millionsof years?

A A B B C C D D

18. The cross section below shows the ocean floor between twocontinents. Points A through D represent locations on the oceanfloor where samples of oceanic crust were collected.

The youngest rock sample most likely was collected from location

A tsunami B cycloneC hurricane D thunderstorm

19. A huge undersea earthquake off the Alaskan coastline couldproduce a

A hurricanesB high-pressure weather systemsC undersea earthquakesD the collision of ocean currents

20. What usually causes tsunamis?

A subduction of a continental plateB subduction of an oceanic plateC divergence of a continental plateD divergence of an oceanic plate

21. The Aleutian Islands extend westward from southern Alaska toform the northern boundary of the Pacific Ocean. These volcanicislands were formed by the nearby

22. Base your answer to the following question on the block diagram below, which shows a tectonic plate boundary.

A more dense and more mafic B more dense and more felsicC less dense and more mafic D less dense and more felsic

Compared to the oceanic crust, the continental crust is

A

B

C

D

23. Which cross section best represents the convection currents in themantle beneath the Peru-Chile Trench?

A divergent B convergentC transform D complex

24. The block diagram below shows the boundary between two tectonicplates.

Which type of plate boundary is shown?

A convergence of the Pacific and Philippine PlatesB divergence of the Eurasian and Philippine PlatesC sliding of the Pacific Plate past the North American PlateD movement of the Pacific Plate over the Hawaii Hot Spot

25. The Mariana Trench was most likely created by the

A seafloor fossils at location WB earthquakes and volcanic eruptions near location XC flooding near location YD horizontal sedimentary layers at location Z

26. The diagram below represents a cross section of the Earth's crust ata location where an oceanic plate is converging (colliding) with acontinental plate. The arrows indicate the direction of plate motion.Letters W, X, Y, and Z represent locations on the Earth.

For an observer on the Earth's surface, the best evidence of thiscrustal plate collision would probably be provided by

A transform movement B spreading movementC subduction D convergence

27. The map below shows California and a section of the San AndreasFault.

What is the primary geologic process occurring along the SanAndreas Fault?

A

B

C

D

28. Which block diagram best represents the relative direction of platemotion at the San Andreas Fault?

29. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below. Rock units are labeled 1 through 8. The line between A and A' indicates an unconformity.

A marble B basalt C quartzite D hornfels

Which rock most probably formed in the contact metamorphic zone within rock unit 6?

30. Base your answer to the following question on the geologic cross section below. Location A is within the metamorphic rock.

A marble B quartzite C phyllite D slate

The metamorphic rock at location A is most likely

A A B B C C D D

31. On the map below, points A through D represent locations onEarth's surface.

Which location is positioned over a mantle hot spot?

A subduction zone B mantle hot spotC divergent boundary D transform fault

32. The formation of the Canary Islands was primarily caused by theirlocation near a

A South American B AntarcticC Nazca D Pacific

33. On which plate is the Hawaii Hot Spot located?

A vertical lifting of surface rockB folding of surface rockC down-warping of the crustD movement along a transform fault

34. The diagram below shows land features that have been disrupted byan earthquake.

Which type of crustal movement most likely caused thedisplacement of features in this area?

A the erosion of the outside of a river curveB the deposition of sediments in the oceanC the displacement of rock strata during an earthquakeD the weathering of rock to form a residual soil

35. Which event provides direct evidence of crustal movement?

A The crust has moved in the geologic past.B The crust has been inactive throughout the geologic past.C New faults will probably not develop in the crust.D An earthquake epicenter has not been located in the crust.

36. Which statement about the Earth's crust in California is bestsupported by the many faults found in the crust?

A some parts of the core are liquidB S-waves travel too slowlyC the distance to seismic station A is too greatD seismic station A is located on glacial ice

37. The cross section of Earth below shows a P-wave moving awayfrom an earthquake epicenter to seismic station A.

No S-waves arrive directly at seismic station A because

38. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents zones of Earth’s interior, identified by letters A through E. The scale shows depths below Earth’s surface, measured in kilometers.

A A and B, but not zones C, D, and E B A, B, and C, but not zones D and EC C, D, and E, but not zones A and B D D and E, but not zones A, B, and C

S-waves produced by an earthquake are transmitted through zones

39. Base your answer to the following question on the cross-sectional view of Earth below, which shows seismic waves travelingfrom the focus of an earthquake. Points A and B are locations on Earth’s surface.

A S-waves cannot travel through the liquid outer core. B S-waves cannot travel through the liquid inner core.C P-waves cannot travel through the solid outer core. D P-waves cannot travel through the solid inner core.

Which statement best explains why only one type of seismic wave was recorded at location B?

40. Base your answer to the following question on the map below, which shows seismic stations X, Y, and Z that have recorded seismic waves from the same earthquake. Thedistances from seismic stations X and Y to the earthquake epicenter have been drawn on the map. Locations A, B, C, and D represent possible earthquake epicenters. The distance from seismic station Z to the earthquake epicenter has been deliberatelyomitted.

A always slower B always fasterC always identical D sometimes slower and sometimes faster

Compared to the speed of S-waves in a given Earth material, the speed of P-waves is

A 15 min B 12 min C 9 min D 4 min

41. A P-wave takes 5 minutes to travel from the epicenter of anearthquake to a seismic station. Approximately how many minuteswill it take an S-wave to travel that same distance?

A 5 minutes 00 second B 8 minutes 40 secondsC 9 minutes 40 seconds D 21 minutes 20 seconds

42. The cross section of Earth below represents a P-wave moving awayfrom an earthquake epicenter. Seismic station A is shown on Earth'ssurface.

At station A, the first P-wave arrives 11 minutes 40 seconds afterthe earthquake. How long after the first P-wave arrives will the firstS-wave arrive?

43. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below, which shows the type of seismic waves recorded atvarious locations after an earthquake has occurred. Point A is a location on Earth's surface and X is the epicenter of theearthquake.

A 9 min B 11 min C 16 min D 20 min

Point A is located 7600 kilometers from the epicenter of this earthquake. How many minutes did it take the first S-wave to reachpoint A?