+*2 01 2* ,**2 · temperature at a depth of one meter, its daily range and seasonal variation and...

14
臘腤 臂膦膟臒臩膻膯膡膜膷 臫膶膕膯膡臓 膈臗膰腞腒腦臃膚膌臰 腛腩臵 臹臭 致膋 腈腅 腈腅 腊腯臻 膄腙腯腕腡腐腠腑腯 腗腏腗 腬腮臼膓 臍腣 臝臙膥腱 膄腙腯腛腩腣腥 臆腣腬腯臸膼腜腓 腛腩臵臹臭腤 臝腥 臹臭腤膭臧 膻腱 臲腙腯臖腠 腠腥腢腒 臹臭 腤臱膼腱膹腌 腐腊腯 腤臐 腢臄 腠腊腯 致膑 臇膦臣膪臄臜 腛腩臵臡 腛腩臵臹臭 臝臱膼 腡腗腟 臝臂臕 腠腥 腛腩臵膑臏腤 臟腱 膝臱膼腷腳腽腄膁 腷腳腽腄膁 腋腟腛腩臵臹臭 臺腙腯膽腤臄 腤膇腞腡腗腟 臹臭腏腭腤 臝腱膢腔 腤膙腨腤 膅腡 臝膐臓腤膮臑腐膎 腢腕腡腱臋腗腛 腟腋腯 腧腛 膑臏腣膳腭腚 腛腩臵腤膆臈膘 腧腛 腥致臷膂腄腷腣腬腯 臝臉腡 臝臉 腎腋腟腪 臹臭腣臢腘腟腋腯 臝腥臐 腢臄 腠腊腯 腡腤 臉膛腤臸膼膬膏腤 膔腏腭 臝膩 臺腙腯 腍腦 腏腭 臝臂臕腣腬腝腟臍臅腖腰腟腋 腱膒 腗腛 腕腰腭腤 臝臱膼 臹臭 腤臙 膗膤 臧膴臖臮膿腤膟臒腾腺膀腲膁腠腊腯 臯腱臁臊膱臼腣自腍腯腕腡腐腠腑 腡膸腍腭腰腯 腤臎膉腑 臝臂臕 腣腎腋腟腪 腗腏腗 臱膼腤腛腩腤膜膾腫臥 至臌腱 腡腙腯腕腡 臝腥腛腩臵臹臭腤 膮膺 腡腗腟膢腔腭腰腟腋腯 腏腭臨膊腤 臬臞腱臤腩腯臔膞 腢腛腩臵腠 臹臭腤 臝臙膥腥 臹臭 臆腠膚臀腗 臝腤 腤臸膼腣腥臍 臼腠腥腢腋 臛臑腫腻腳腼膃腴腠臢腘腛膫 膄腙腯腕腡腣腬腮 膋臦 膲腫致膍臝 腣腬腝腟膨臠腖腰腯致 臷腤膧 腞腬 腈腎 腂腏 腉腝 腙腪 腉腝 腎腯 腙腪 腌腂 腎腯 腉腝 腨腩 腎腯 腙腪 腗腩 腛腤 腭腣 腅腁腇腁腆 腋腆腊腇腁腄腅腀腃腌腎腉腂腏腈腍腇 ῌῌ ῌῌ OSHISAKO * : Hiroshi Y * * National Institute for Rural Engineering, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kan-nondai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki , Japan To establish a method to investigate leakage from small earth dams by measuring ground temperature at a depth of one meter, its daily range and seasonal variation and the surface temperature of the small earth dam body were measured at the Aoike Irrigation Pond in Kagawa Prefecture. The relationship between the ground temperature at a depth of one meter and the conditions of the small earth dam body surfaces, leakage paths and seepage surfaces was in- vestigated through simulation. The results indicate that ground temperature anomalies caused by partial leakage from a low-height small earth dam can be detected by the measurement of the ground temperature at a depth of one meter on the crest of the small earth dam during summer or winter, when ground temperature di erences are more likely to occur. A method to set leak- age paths, seepage surfaces and fixed temperature boundaries for simulation is also presented. From the simulation of ground temperature at a depth of one meter, the width and depth of leakage paths can be estimated by determining the conditions of leakage paths and seepage surfaces that are concordant with the measured temperature values. : irrigation pond, small earth dam, underground temperature, leakage a a * Investigation of Leakage for a Small Earth Dam by Underground Temperature Survey J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys. No. , p. Abstract Key words -*/ 20*3 ,+0 ,+0 -*/ 20*3 # +32/ ,**0 ,**, ,**1 ,**1 +*2 01 2* ,**2 +

Upload: others

Post on 08-Jul-2020

2 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: +*2 01 2* ,**2 · temperature at a depth of one meter, its daily range and seasonal variation and the surface temperature of the small earth dam body were measured at the Aoike Irrigation

� � �� � �

�� �

�� ������ ������ �������� !"#$ %& '( )

* � ��

� � ** + � � �

, � � � �� *

* � � � � �� * �� * �

� *+ , � � � � �

* �� � *

-./ 01.23456. 787 9:;< <=> )?@A 01."#>B C>9.DEFG

"#$%&� )B %&�HI �A J1.K5 5BL� %& �MEANO 4-.�P LQ 5-. 'R STUQV "#$W "#$%& � )ME 37X Y B

)�Z 5B "#$R[� �A \ME]^_`a ]^_`a A bX"#$%&c1.d�Q �e�37X %&8f� )Agh �ij� k3 )l��mn4o L23Ap7"Xb. q" R[>rfs "#$�tuv I > q" f B'wx`]>9. )y3 )yzbX{ %&>|}Xb. )BP LQ 5-. 3� y~�DE��� �8f )� A c1.�� 8f )�Z>9�X=���Xb � A� 7" 2�f� )ME B %& �?. ' ) �� I�K���� ����a5-. �A���;>��.23456 3��f�.� � ���6 )�Z >zbX{ 787 ME�"#����� � A 31.23)B"#$%&� m¡ 37Xghf�Xb. 8f¢£� A 7 ¤¥A¦#.§¨ L"#$5%&� )?@B %& A C5�©7 )� �DE>B= ;5BLbªn�«^¬­®5|}"¯ A 01.23>9: (° ±�'²) >9�X³´��.' w�µ

¶ ·

� ��

� � � ��

� �

� � � ��� � � � � � �

� �� �� � � �� � � � � �

� � � � �� � � � � � !

" # �� � $ � � �� % &�' ( �� ) ��

� * � +� � ,� -. � � �

/ 0 12 3

4

� � �

�����

��������� �����

� � �

� � �

� �

OSHISAKO

*

:

Hiroshi Y *

* National Institute for Rural Engineering, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization,

Kan-nondai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki , Japan

To establish a method to investigate leakage from small earth dams by measuring ground

temperature at a depth of one meter, its daily range and seasonal variation and the surface

temperature of the small earth dam body were measured at the Aoike Irrigation Pond in Kagawa

Prefecture. The relationship between the ground temperature at a depth of one meter and the

conditions of the small earth dam body surfaces, leakage paths and seepage surfaces was in-

vestigated through simulation. The results indicate that ground temperature anomalies caused

by partial leakage from a low-height small earth dam can be detected by the measurement of the

ground temperature at a depth of one meter on the crest of the small earth dam during summer

or winter, when ground temperature di erences are more likely to occur. A method to set leak-

age paths, seepage surfaces and fixed temperature boundaries for simulation is also presented.

From the simulation of ground temperature at a depth of one meter, the width and depth of

leakage paths can be estimated by determining the conditions of leakage paths and seepage

surfaces that are concordant with the measured temperature values.

: irrigation pond, small earth dam, underground temperature, leakage

a

a

*

Investigation of Leakage for a Small Earth Dam

by Underground Temperature Survey

J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.

No. , p.

Abstract

Key words

-*/ 20*3 , + 0

, + 0 -*/ 20*3

#

+32/

,**0

,**,

,**1

,**1

+*2 01 2* ,**2

+

Page 2: +*2 01 2* ,**2 · temperature at a depth of one meter, its daily range and seasonal variation and the surface temperature of the small earth dam body were measured at the Aoike Irrigation

� �

� �� � �

� � ��

� � �� ��

� � �� � � � � � �

� � ��

� � � � � � � � � ��

� � ��

�� � � � �

� ��

�� � �

� �� � �

� ��

� �� � �

� � �� � � � �

� � �� � � � � �

� � �� �� � � �� �

�� � �

� � ��

� ��

�� � �

�� � � � �

� � � � �

� � � � �� � � �� ��� � ���� ��� � � � !" # �� $ % &�'()*" +) # , +-)*" # � ./01" 2 �3 456��) 7� 8 9 �: * ;<=>�? @ A � �!" 4,BC *-0 !"D>EFG> HI 0 ;<=>� ?�� +J0�)*" K) # 0!"L�MN" O,M-P %�Q"?�J+ 1" #0R*)� 0 S�TUV<WX # � �)YZJ[\ 0 %�Q" � $ % J+ 01K) S�] ^�:+ � �3 � 0 _ ` �a &]b ^ � 0 �) �c* d� + 0 * ?-+�efg)

�h �) i@ � � �3 ` �!" @ � � ��Q"?�,j3 #0 !" # k � +-"

l�� �� m�+ � !nopFqrs 5 � � � �0@ !"�3 � t� �!" � � � 0[*) �

�3 �3 � � !nopFqr 0 � �u v � w0x," J[ � c0 �) �c* � dy �z �{��� �

�3 J+ !nopFqr _ !" � A|}�j3 J+�cK� �J� �3 0 �) 0 !" � ~�)*" m�+# � ��?-+���� �0R*)� � �3 �� �z � �{��J+� _�3 01" � � � �? 01"���� �0 J[�3 @ � ,z !" � � �j3"��C � ��J+c� �l� 0 ���� �)*" �J� �3 �

-)*�* � !nopFqr � ����o a?� ] *�3 � 0 0 z � 0 �C�z � ���� 0RN" ��� � a� C w �{�!?�� �*

{0���\ �������>��< � � K) �3 ����>��efg YZ \ 0 ` � � !" <�c� e0� �3 � 0 ���� �� � 0 �K)� ���3 ����>��< � 3" ,M"#� # 0�!"������0 � �3 0RN" #

��Q � � 0 �K)� � �� �0 0R*) J+ 0JN) M"*��3 0 �� 0R*) � ~�)*" �J� �� � � � ���  2 �¡ �3 ¢ �� £¤� � � � ¥ ¦ � §¨ ��)+J0�� � �����> *"C ©0� 0�f" h2,��< �ª �� a � ` � �*«¦ �¬[�3 C * K)� !" � l�� �� ©0 � S) 0 � � !"?�,­ ��3 C*"�3 0R*) ` @ � � ���*?�J+ 0 �� ��c* ��� �cK� ` #,® J:�J�� !" ,M"

�� � t ¯, 0 °"±²�³ J+ �� � � ~�)*" �3 0R*)C °P 0� ´ ¦ i,¨°+-"?�J+

�3 � # 0�!"�� � !" �?-±² � N����0��Q � � 0 �K)� � ¯, i!"�¨°+-" �J� #0�� �K) � �:� µ0

�  2 �¡ �3 ¢ !" ,M-P # �M"�� �3 ¶ ��) \ � f-" K) dy ·

�� ��� �

� � � � � � � �� � � �� �� ���� � �� �� �� � !" # $ % &

� � ' � � ( ) * + � ,- . " /� 0 � � 1 2�34 567 58+ 9:; �< � = > � �

?6 ) @ A�B !"< CD �� E F G @ !" # $ A� C 8�HI *!" �J 4 K4 !"I� L� 56 M % �NOP 7 Q $� � � & R S A TUV W �� X Y �� * � M Y �� �!" A�B Z � � [ �

\ � � �� HI]� Y *%^ ��_P � ��� � �� �< �

*!" �J 4 2 ��� ` a4 bc d49e f d $� � � ��� �� �ghi � 2* I 58 ��� ���ghjkl � �m

�� *!" Z � �� j n op� q) r *!" �� " st 34*� ��< *L� 58 � 2 � �u ��j �� v *!"I� A� Y � u w ��� � ��� �� � � j �� x *!" "

� st 34 4! y *!" Zz !"{| j tb L� {| 4 4 t :

$� f 7 � � } bc d4 ~�' � j � > *!"I� �

G A� M � �� �� j � *!" } � � � � � *!" A j � ���B � � HI *!" � �

� � � � �� {| !"�|*!"{|2 $� 7 � 7N $� n �

!"a4 � � A� � 0 $ � *�� (�� �� � �� !"a4 � �� !" 4 � �

= 2 � �j @ � � �j � 2 A� M � �� � � 4 * 9 > !"

�� j n @ A� C 42 Q 7N $� � * �*!" A� M Y �� �� !"{|2 $� 7 A�� x � M � � � ��

HI � � �� �� 2 �  ¡j

n *!" R L���j � � X L

*!" A� � � � : J !"a4 � ¢ !"a� � � � �� 4 � � X B

� !"a4 � !"� ��u £� 0 $ � *�� (�� � � �� � � s�

*!"� A� � !"¤� G� ¥ > � � O

� �������� �

� ����������������������

68

m

b

m m

m

m a

m

b

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m m

m

m m

m b

m : . .

m m

a m

m

m

m

a m

m

+*2 ,**2

+

,**,

+ +

+

+33*

+ ,**,

+

,**- +3// +32-

+

+

+ ,**-

+

+

+

+

+

+ +330 +

+ -

+ , -

+ ,**0

+ + + / , /

+ +

+32- +

+

+

+

,**0 +

, +

, +

Page 3: +*2 01 2* ,**2 · temperature at a depth of one meter, its daily range and seasonal variation and the surface temperature of the small earth dam body were measured at the Aoike Irrigation

� � ��

��

� �� � � �

� � � �� � � � �� �

�� �� � � � �

� � � � �� � � � �

� � �� � �

� � �� �

� � � �� �

� �

�� ��������� ���

�� ����� � � !� "# "$%&'()*+�,-. �/�

0���"1�2�34� 56 �7 .��89:�;1<�"$�=>4 0��." ?�0@ABC)D'BEFGHIJ�KF F

1< "1LM.NO�� P�+QR'STU'�VW<� X"�YZ�.0@0���"1� � [\]^_`ab c �,-�d <4e f% g@h� 0��

�=>4i3� �����=>4� jkl�mn �"1opqr st<�u$�v%<� A� wx�y9 .z{� � ��|}<4>� � ~h4 ��$ |}�� �$ |}��89 �� �f�� ��f� ��� B � �=>4&'()*+��|}����."1<f�� ������f������ B � � ��=!�"1LM. �/� � � y� .�>���� ��B ~� �x "$ �.z{� �=>4�._�4��x�i~�4>� �� � ��� � �r�� "$ � ������ . �/� . � �� v P�%������ �"$��z� �s �� �¡w.�F ��¢%£¤ ��� .�� �� v%��% ¥����5¦��%§¨r��P%qr �� � ��|} ����� �r� ���. ©� ªBF�<4>���%��«J����¬<489z{�"# P%�~q� ­34 �®��>�����=>4.;1< "#:� �¯B"$.;!� A� � � ��89:�;1<�"$qr 0��."1��z�|°����."1����� «±� �|} �P%��x ��²³� ª�´ B �P%�~q�� |}�����µ�&'()*+. ¶·¶; �

��

�� �

� �

� � � �

��� �� � �� � � ��� ��

� �� �� �� � � �

� �� � � � ��� � �

� � � � �� � � � !

� ! "�

�� �

������� �������� ��

��

69:

m mm

m m

m m m

SC SM

.

.

.

m m

Ground plan of Aoike

m

Fig.

+ ,

+ 0

+ +

+ + +

.

+ , + ,

+333 1 ,+ -

- .* -2 .,

+ -/ ,. *

+ -3

,- -

* 1

+ +

+

, ,

, , + +

+

+

Page 4: +*2 01 2* ,**2 · temperature at a depth of one meter, its daily range and seasonal variation and the surface temperature of the small earth dam body were measured at the Aoike Irrigation

� �

����� �� �� �

�������� ���

� �� �

��� � � �

� �� � �

�� �

� � �� � � �� � � �

� �� �� �

� � �� � �� � � �

� � � � �� � � � � �

������ � �

� !"#�$%&'�()#*+,-"./ !�012��34 ����&56# 7��&���89:;<=�;>�� ?@8ABC 56�D53EFGEHI>J�KL1M

M�� "��34NOP�P�# ".M�8Q3 R�S8ABCM�� "��34NOP�P� 4G !8TUM ����V<WXYZ[M# �R>J� R�S�\]^ !_`"#aP 4G8 �8T>E ���Xbcd8��34�NOKefICMJ�12 R�S�gh#aP�i j 8T>Eklm;��Xno�� �R�p8qMr��st2CM S".M�� � ��� uvD5�4G8

j 8w34�� 8TUMxyz{|}~��N4G !8TUM ����&56XYZ[M OP�P�8o>E V � & V �

4G8 �8T>E ����&<WX��[M� &�@8T>Ebcd8��34 �� ����r8 D5�4G87��&<WX��34 � kl �� �@8T>E��� kl �j 8T>Eklm;��Xno�� �R�S" �r��6�.M������ �� ���6 uv.M�� 8T>E ���X �12� �� �P�Xj 8w[�C47�e���8T>E7�X��34 V j 12 ��� ����@8#�� V� &�d������Xj 8w[ � & " �� V � & 8# �j 12 7��&56# ".M�8Q3 ��6K�G2CM JC8Q3 ��������6����&56#����r ".M ��E #HI> ��E ������# �����6

� �

� �

����� �� ��

����� �����

��

��

70

Measurement line and points (Aoike : Center of dam crest)

m

Result of ground temperature measurement at a depth of m (Aoike)

m

m

.

m

. m

m

m

m

m m

m

. .

. m

. m

Fig.

Fig.

m

m

+*2 ,**2

+

+

+ +

+ -/

+ ,+ 0

, +

,* 0 +

- ,2 -+

-2 ., +

+ , ,

+ +332 2 1 +333 1 ,+

+ ,2 -+

-2 .,

- -/

-3 + -1* , /

+333 2 / + +332 2

-* . 1 + . +333 + ,3 + -

. 1 1 +

* + +

,

,

-

-

, , - +

, , , +

Page 5: +*2 01 2* ,**2 · temperature at a depth of one meter, its daily range and seasonal variation and the surface temperature of the small earth dam body were measured at the Aoike Irrigation

������� ��

���� �� ��

� �� �

� � �� � �

� �� � � �

� � �� � �

�� � �

�� �����������������

� !"#$%�&'$�()*+�,-./� 0+12�3���45& 678�9:;�<=>?�@A./�*+BC D � ��EF�

�����45�GH��IJK LM45�I�� 4N�� �4O PQRS� �5O���45TUPVW2���� ���45�IPQRS� �X"Y& D ��Z[\]�45�IJK^_ `a &bcd�����ef�gh+ �5BC�� �i%.���45j��� PSY k���JK&lm9*++��nN�onPp QRS� *;C�qrPs �t2uSY"� ����&v +w"*+BC �� s BC 0+12�3�4N���&�TU�/�45�I�QR&bcd���ghx9��ef�o �*+�yB� z{Y �����EF�G"Y|n:;�+}~C;���P�X��� ������ �2�8����9�+�?� �����VW&�T������ �� �� �G"Y({� U��J��:" ����QR���*+���

� � �������

��

71:

m

Daily change of ground temperature at a depth of m (Aoike)

m

Annual change of ground temperature at a depth of m (Aoike)

. m

. m

m

m, m m

Fig.

Fig.

+

+

+

+

,**/ 3 1 2

* ,

,**/ 3 2

+31. , 1

0 1

, 0

1 22 +

.

.

/

/

, , .

Page 6: +*2 01 2* ,**2 · temperature at a depth of one meter, its daily range and seasonal variation and the surface temperature of the small earth dam body were measured at the Aoike Irrigation

� �

����� ��� � �� �����

����� ����� ����� �����

� ��

�� �

� � � �� � �

� � � �

������ !

"#$ % &' ���������(�)*�+,-./01�23456$7/ ��&'�

)* 8"�9: ;<=�>�?@-ABCD$ E�FGHI JK���( )+�� LM4 N��:(O�M4PQRS1T$7/4U& V4WK1XRT7/&' ��Y:ZD$[\]($ 8J ^_:ZT1()M�`�(�MHIa�" bcde�fg:H$hi[jklm Yno[60#I 7�a��4p�/01��Y:qrs$7/: /01tu 8J vw0Jxy� )z{f"(�H|1+�5i a�n 4PQRS$7/4U&$ ��[jk-}h/01t|1T$7/ [jk~/�

�:��s$�����������6��(��67/&' ���:q��&'�n�����[jk(}

�� ������ �� ���� �������� ���� ��

72

Daily change of temperature of a bank body surface (crest, Rokudoike)

Daily change of temperature of a bank body surface (underwater, Rokudoike)

.

m

. m . . m

m

Fig.

Fig.

m

+*2 ,**2

1 * /

* / , , , +

+

0

0

1

1

, - +

, - +

Page 7: +*2 01 2* ,**2 · temperature at a depth of one meter, its daily range and seasonal variation and the surface temperature of the small earth dam body were measured at the Aoike Irrigation

� � � � � � �� � � �

� � ��� �

� � �� �

� � � � �

� � �� � � �

� �� � �

� �� � � � � � �

� � � �� � � � �

� � �� �

� � �� � � � �

�� � � �� � �

� � �� � �

� � �� � � � �

�� � � � � � � � � �

� � �

���� ��� �� � �� �

� ������ �� � �

!"# $ #%&' ()% �� �*+ �,-.%���� / ��01�23� 4 �56 78 � ��9: #� ;< �=�%8 > ;?7 "� @A <� BCDE F���� �G �3�)% #�

H- F"3I� �JK DLMN� #� JK�� O 8 ;< �M�%8P0�� O

� QR # ;< �M�%8> ;<� BCDE F� ���� ��8 S � T U �� ���� O V"� F"3IG � )% #���W?X YZ[\]^_D �%`)� �� #� ;< �M�%8� JK �a��� ��� �� �8 � b�c deD5�f � �g N� hi # ;< 8 �g��,F #� T U �jk�8 ;< #%f �,#�� �l�m�]n

oMpqr� �Ds # � t DLMuv �Jw����D ;< 8H��;< #%fxy^z{m|} UD �% U t D> #� �,#��~�c �=��� � � �t a�a�8 � ��=�% �� �g ��� � c D> # JK� �� � � H- � �> ;<� BCDE F����� O 8

# a� at D> #� "�N� #� ;< N � O Ds #"�� o� ��� � �g � #%�

���� ��b�� �� / �D�� .�.�9 �g H�g ���.�;<b�9���� hi;<�> DE F� � �g �� hi;<�����F� /� hi8 �� � ���F� ����D�9��E b�� "= ��g ���F� �g � �J V0 �g 8 ;< N G �3�)% #��1F�JK o��1-.� E � �)%8 �� #� �.�;<��b01-.� � �� /� hi�;< 0� � O / ��2� ��jk D �,#�D ���� ��b��� �;< �2F� / � jk �� hi�;<8 �,F ;< #� "=  o� JK �� O ������� ¡8� 56 �� �� 8 hi #� ¢ £¤¥¦"�� V3o� §� ;< o�;< �=�%8 P��JK DLMN� JK �0�������� ¡N¢ £¤¥¦"�� #� JK 8 �~D #% ¨ ©ª ;< o�JK � �a� � �>j«¬ �� ­ �*+ ®¯ �g ������� ¡N¢ £¤¥¦"�� ¨ ©ªj°>j5± >j ²_ ³´µ ¶·¸²_ V3o�

� � �� �

�� �� � �

� �� �� � �� � � �� ��

� � � � �� � �

� � � �� � � �

! " # � � � � $ ��%& � � � �� � � ' � (� ) � *

�� " # � �+ � , -� .� -# � # - - � � (� )

/- - � 01 � 2 3 �� � 4 � � 56 � � � �

7 7 - � � � (� ) � 8

�� * �� �� � (� ) �

� � 9 � (� : � � � (� :: ) � ) � , ;< � � �

� � = � 7� � � ( 7

( 7 � ( � 8 �(� � � �> � � ?1� ��

@� � � �� ) A B � � � (� �� C �� A ) �

B

� �

�����

� ��

��

73:

A. Casagrande

m D E

A B

: x, y, z : C E

D E

D

m

E

m

X

cm, Y cm, Z

. cm D E

m

m

:

: A E

m

m

A C m

C D

A C

. m D E

c

Section of the bank body using simulation (Aoike)

T T Tx y z

T

Fig.

, , ,

, , ,

,**-

+

+33/

*

,**-

2 +, -

,* , +

+

+333 1 ,+

+** -/

+, /

+

+

+

+ +

+ +

+ /

, *

,**0

, - ,

2

2

( ( (

( ( (

Page 8: +*2 01 2* ,**2 · temperature at a depth of one meter, its daily range and seasonal variation and the surface temperature of the small earth dam body were measured at the Aoike Irrigation

� �

� �

� �� � � � � � �

� � � � � � � �� � � � � � � �

� � � � � � �� � � � � � � �� � � � � � �

� �

� �� � � � � � � � �

� � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �

� � �

� � �

� � � � �

��

� � �

� � �

� �

� � � � � � �

�� � � � �

���� � ��� ���

���� �� �� �� �� �� ��

�� !" #�$ #�$ #�$ %& %&'%(

�� )* +,-.�� �� '%� /0

+,-.+,12

+,3 �� 456'%6

��� +,-. ���

+,7&89: ;<=>?@AB��CDE

����

���� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ��

%F !" <9! <9! <9! <9! <9! <9! <9! <9! <9!'%(%F )*%F G*

%F H +,&89:%F ��

+,3 �� 456'%6

IJK LMNK �� !"O+,7PQ9:= RS= �� ODE?@TUT %F =VT@O>?@W?T��CXV& �?@YZ[?@DE\ <9!] �? ^_ `aLMNK+,7PQ9: b �� ��=VT@c ��deOfg?UT !"h��de ijO ���=klCmn*U\Uop; =qr@sBU�CDE\b +,3 � T�tuKJb v %F O+,7PQ9: ;<� 456 '%6 c 456 '%6wJxJ=>? =oRr@W?TG*NV��deCXRUTP9,�@sBU�CDE\b yR �� ��O+,z= ?R %F CXV+,] O{ =|\ ��D}?R~������ ��% %�NK +,3 �O+,-.=�T@+,7&89:= ��v� ��O456 '%6wJxJ ���0v 3�� SR ��LMO{ =|\�h+,3 %� c?�OIJKC��\b�� { NK %F G* jT=�b���O�����C�=DE\b ��� fg\b3���h+ ����UT \Uop %F G* ��O� UT,3 %�=VT@O�&s�WC Tb I�¡oNb IJ=>? { NK %F H j

T=�r@¢£U���¡��bI�¡oNb {¤¥¦§�¤¨�vRS©+, ���C�S NK %F ��¡ªUb«¬� %F )*¡

b­ %F DE9®C`a\b ªUb«¬=O T¯Jc¢£U���¡��bI�¡`a=°Rr@O 3 =|\ ��=VT@ { oNb yR ��0 �0 ���� ± +,C T@¤¥¦§�¤¨�C8rR ²? % z ���C��b³´O { =�T@O��F ��¡ ���=µubklC¢£=¶ub v��0 �0 �� v��0

� �

� �� �

� �� �

� �

� �

� �

� �� � �

� �

� � � �� �

��

� �

�����

��

��

� ��

74

m

Calculation condition ( ) and calculation value of ground temperature

at a depth of m

A B C D E

m m m m m

m m m m m

m :

Calculation condition ( )

F G H I J K L M N

m m m m m m m m m

m m m m m m m m m

m m m m m m m m m

m m m m m m m m m

m

m

. m

m

m m .

K J

m m m L . m . m

Table

Table

+*2 ,**2

+ +

+

+

,4* ,4* ,4* ,4* ,4*

+4/ +4/ +4/ +4/ +4/

+340 +140 ,+40 ,+40 ,+40

,+40 ,+40 ,+40 ,+40 ,+40

,.4, ,041 ,+40 ,+40 ,+40

,04* ,04* ,04* ,04* ,04*

,*40 ,14-

+ ,.4* ,.4* ,.4+ ,.4* ,.4+

,

,

-4* -4* -4* -4* -4* -4* -4* -4* -4*

+4/ +4/ +4/ +4/ +4/ +4/ +4/ +42 ,4*

*4/ +4* +4/ +4/ +4/ +4/ +4/ +42 ,4*

+4* +4* +4* ,4* -4* -4* -4* -4* -4*

,*40 ,*40 ,*40 ,*40 ,*40 +340 ,+40 ,*40 ,*40

,04* ,04* ,04* ,04* ,04* ,04* ,04* ,04* ,04*

,14- ,14- ,14- ,14- ,14- ,14- ,14- ,14- ,14-

+

3 +

* /

+* +-

+*

++

+,

+ +-

, 3 2 * + * /

+,

+ - +* - / 3 /

+

+

,

,

, - -

Page 9: +*2 01 2* ,**2 · temperature at a depth of one meter, its daily range and seasonal variation and the surface temperature of the small earth dam body were measured at the Aoike Irrigation

���������

�� ��� �����

� � �� �

� � �� � � �� �

� ��

� �� �

�� �������� !���"�

�# $ �%&'( )*�+,-# � .�/�012�#34.� 56' �����789:�;<( �� �=>�� ?���1@A BCD E@F�GH8IJK �� LM��=N��&/�012� OP8Q�RST� U% VW�X�6'( ��/F@GH2@ �� �=0YZ[\� (]^�4_`4a�/�8bR�T�

( ��cde^f�gh�i# ���jik ��lmn�io i#8g�� ���8�,-k0p\T��q�� r��=8sK't i�uvwxtyz8e& {|8}~�z����/� ���i�GH2@ �� ��8N4 io�]�T��� r��=N�0��4 �

� ������� ������

75:

Leakage paths in the bank

m

Relations of depth of leakage paths and ground temperature at a depth of m

m m

m

m m

m

Fig.

Fig.

+

+

+- - - +*

+

+ +

+

3

3

+*

+*

, .

Page 10: +*2 01 2* ,**2 · temperature at a depth of one meter, its daily range and seasonal variation and the surface temperature of the small earth dam body were measured at the Aoike Irrigation

� �

����� �� ��

������ �� ��

�� � �

� � �� � �

�� �

�� ��� � �

��������� !"#$�%&'() ���� ��*+,- �."-/��01*23 ����456 ��*7, ��*8,9: ;7<=>?7@AB !"C6�� D EF@GH3/IJKL'IM)@ANO P�O *Q, B ��*RST

.U>&'()0VW �X YZ*[\- ]^_`a1-3b7,%7c�d 456�*Q, efTAg@eTh%ij*kBlm

� �

� � � �

� � �

76

m

Relations of width of leakage paths and ground temperature at a depth of m

m

Relations of temperature of leakage paths and ground temperature at a depth of m

m

A. Casagrande

Fig.

Fig.

+*2 ,**2

+

+

+

+

+

++

++

+,

+,

Page 11: +*2 01 2* ,**2 · temperature at a depth of one meter, its daily range and seasonal variation and the surface temperature of the small earth dam body were measured at the Aoike Irrigation

������� �� �

� �

��

� � � �� � �

� � �� ��

� ��� � �� � � � �

� �� � � � � � �

�� � �

� � �� � �

� � � � �� � � � �

� � � �� �

�� ���������� ���!�

"#$%� �&'()*+,-�./0�12������3�4567&'�8�

9: ;

<=>�4�����4

?@ABC,�DE�F- G �C,� � H>�4 IJK��L7&'5M-NO�� �PQ�������� � H>�4 R�K5ST ��U VWXY

<=>4 VWXYZ[\]^Z_`�M-��4ab$%c ��L7�d1�Se�L7;+5M-� ������cG �C82 �PQ�f^g`hijk�<

67,������lm O�n���� ����o�<=>�4cdp�2 �PQ��� qr� H>�4 R�K c2 st�� H> R�K ��� �>u 2 �,�

9: ;��UcG �C8�UL72�PQ�L7;�, <=>4cv�;5M-N �wxAy ����4 VWXY�� z� � H>�4 IJK c ?{�J|} ����3 � ~�Sw�L���P-N ��L7��d1�� �� � ��}L���Hu �����;5M-� �n���5�� v�Y5H �C �-N}���/Xe�v�XY O�� ���c�8 �� ��� ����stXY��������eN�Y�� ��"#;��L;5G � � � j�<�,N-����Y�� z� u�K������lm5H �C8 O��cG �C8U �x>uW������� G  ¡ Ac ��(¢£� ����,N¤¥,N-����(¦� R�� 1<n,N-� FeN O�� �P-Nc ���K�� x>�P-Nc §¨©`hª+����<� ��� ����stXY� j�<�,���( L2�/��T/�«c��� ��� ����st5 2¬­ 25®¯�,N67,�4 3���A

�����

� � ������������

� � �

�� � �

77:

m

Relations of thickness of leakage paths and ground temperature at a depth of m

Calculation condition ( )

m

m

mm

Specifications of leakage paths

(Aoike)m

A. Casagrande m

m

m

. m

m

Fig.

Table

Table

+

+

-

-

,+40

,*40- + ,04*

,041

+4/+

,4*+

- ,

+

+

+

+

+41

-4*

+ +33-

1 +/ ,3 * ,

-

+ +.

. + , +

.*

+-

+-

-

-

- +

.

.

-

Page 12: +*2 01 2* ,**2 · temperature at a depth of one meter, its daily range and seasonal variation and the surface temperature of the small earth dam body were measured at the Aoike Irrigation

� �

�������� � �� ���

���������������� ! ����

" "# #

"" #

$%&'( ) *

+,-�,��. ,�/012345�678 /�19�5:;<=>��?@� ABCD,E�FG@���HI@ JK@ +LM��N1 OPQ1 O

7MGR�ST>I@U�=> O��VWPXYZQQ1[\ OP ]��^�_:�,� `JK@�abJc@

� �����

78

m :

Comparison of a calculation value and actual survey value (ground temperature

at a depth of m : Aoike)

Velocity vector and main leakage paths

. m

Fig.

Fig.

+*2 ,**2

+

+

+ 1

+.

+.

+/

+/

- ,

Page 13: +*2 01 2* ,**2 · temperature at a depth of one meter, its daily range and seasonal variation and the surface temperature of the small earth dam body were measured at the Aoike Irrigation

� � � � �� �

� �� � �

� � �� � �

�� � �

� � � � �� � �

� � � �� � � �� � �

� � � �� � � �

� � �� �� � �

� � � � �� � �� �

� �� � � � �� � �� �

� � �� �

� �� � � �

� � � � � �� �

� � �� � � � �

� �� � � �

� � ��

� � � � � �� � � � �

� � � � �� �

� � � �� � � � � �

� � � � � �� �

� � ���� � �

� � ���� ���� �� � �� � ��� ! " # $

%�&'(�� ) *� *+ � , ��- ���� � . � � /01� )2 3 4 '567 � 89

. � ) 01� ' :* ;<= #>? @ A � ����1B1 *� . C )DE�� F� ���� � � <�� /G8H

� . � I J KJ�)LM�1 N O� P Q �� R ST1��U 5V;� *� �� > WXYZ[ \�]� . �I ) � '^_T),` C a bc d e � fgh�) Cg� a bc \

a bc i j /kl km k -[ O no&-[

p� ��� ' *� / 89 \ �]� �� )qrs�� a bc kt i

quv' wxyz . � ) ' �� j / k �� /'{ *� 89 \

�]� �� 5V;� p� a bc kt i��� ���� ��� E,| 0 j / k �� /1}�~��� � ;� *� 89 \� �� �F� ��� � , �Cg� a bc kt iT)' *� j / k �� /

�� )qrs��quv �� � 89 \� � . � ) ' �� ' * �# P �� �� ��qrs��quv �*� ����X�% �]��� � G K . � �| � ��� J � �� > � � /G8HN O� �]�� ��� �qrs��quv ��U m��� *� � G8 \ 8 9

*� ' ��� � * \. �I ) ) ��))J �1� 5 ��� � �� > �V, KJ�Ch�T)'U *� @� \

��� � �� > �@� \

�]�� �/ �*�� ^ � { �� �/ a/O xHN���� � � /HN� U �� � �� � <��  v¡�HN ¢�v¡��£I �� ¤%¥ ¦ �#>? R�� � � /HN�v¡� § � �� > �' �� ¨*� ©' �� ª« ¬ \

­ �-®¯�& -®¯�& �� > � )m

� " � d °±² > � � ;� > ³\ ' ��� ´" # $ µ¶ ��

/ �� � ·°¸) ¹� / 89

�� � � ��� �

� � � ���� � ���� �� � �� � �� �� �� � �!

"�# $ % � �� &' � ( � )� * +�# , �- �# ./ 0 ���

( !1 2' &# 3 � �� 4 5 2' (6 &/ 7 � � � � *

&/8 ( 2' 9 :; < => ? @ ABC

D E� )F &/ G �H I ( 9 JK 2' L *M N*OP Q R )ST *M N*OP I

*M N*OP U +� VWX Y X Z[ \

� ] ��� ^_ ��`a X' * +0 I&/ &# J� &' *M N*OP bcdX U +

e ( f JK 2' g � VW X hi �bc * +0� j I

� J� &' � *M N*OP bcdX U +] ��� K k � VW X hi �bc * +0

l ��`a8 &' J I� m K n o *M N*OP bcdX U +

� � VW X hi �bc * +0J� &' I

��� ( f JK 2' g� E� pq >r s !tuv wx yJ� z{ � 6 � �|}~

( ��� � K X'g� � �R � * < =��� K &'� � ��� BA I � �H IE� g� � � ��

( 9 JK 2' � 2' �6�4 � � &' � �:; D � [� I

�6�4 � � &' � �� [� I

� � �� ���* �6�4 ���� > � ��� Z� ! � * < � ^ � &'� � �

� �� ���4  ! � * ¡ �6�4 K&' �R� � �

¢ £ � [ I�6¤4 ¥ � �

� ¦d� + §¨ � ©ª� � � « � J � ¬­ � A�H I ®�¯ 2' g� °®�

� �� �� � *� � ± ² ³´ * +0

� � �

� �

� �

��

�� �

��

� � �

� �

� � �

� ��

� �

79:

: .

b :

A H : .

:

: .

: Visual Basic

pp. CQ

: p.

:

pp.

m a :

p.

m b :

p.

m

c :

p.

m

:

m

:

.

: p.

a :

pp.

b :

pp.

:

: .

: p.

:

: .

: pp. : m

:

a : .

+33/ +,1 +-1

+/ ,**,

++/ +,/

.* +33/

.+ /-

,**- -

+10 ,.0

,**1

,-

,**-

0* 0,

+ ,**0

-

+ ,**0

.0

+

,**0

.2

+

,**-

+

+0/ +1,

+33/ +1

+32-

.0 /*

+32-

/3 0.

+33*

, ,* ,1

+330

1*

+32/

1 ,3 -,

+31. +2/ +3* +3// +

+ ,1

,**, --

,+2

,+2

+3,

,*+

-+

--

2

.

Page 14: +*2 01 2* ,**2 · temperature at a depth of one meter, its daily range and seasonal variation and the surface temperature of the small earth dam body were measured at the Aoike Irrigation

����� � � ������ � � �

� ���� � �

������������� �!"#���$%�&'( )�� �*+( ����,-./0112� �����3456789 � :;�<=�,-./>� ?� @ABCD@EF��G� :;5!"HI JK;�LMNO1 ����PQ.R�� STU�VWXU �Y�Z+���� �*+( !"�����[\�]^_�<4`abcTd+e6fghi�� jklm,-n� ���XUopqS15 @ABCD@EFr�!"HI5JK; �<stNO�u-v�.wUX�n� cU� ����@ABCD@EFXU ����,-VW1xyz�!"HI5JK;�NO.{�S1��G !"HI�| �<`}-m~�S1.wUX�n�

� �

80

:

:

m m

m

m

m

m m

,**0 3 ,+,**1 +, ,2

+*2 ,**2

+ +

+

+

+

+ +