Wireless

Communication

Systems

Walter Konhäuser

VL-Nr. 0432 L 615

2

2 Overview of the Wireless Communication

Systems

2.1 General overview

2.2 Public Cellular Mobile Radio Systems

2.3 Trunked Mobile Radio

2.4 Broadband Wireless Access (WiFi, WiMax, …)

2.5 Transponder Systems

2.6 Further Systems

2.7 Network Planning and Optimization

Content

3

Net Landscape - Today

Breitband Kabel - Netz

Mobilfunk

GSM, UMTS,LTE, …

Internet

Content-Provider

Coax

Telefonnetz

PSTN/ISDN/xDSL

4

Abbreviations

AMPS Advanced mobile phone system

CT Cordless telephone

DCS Digital personal communication systems

DECT Digital european cordless telephone

ERMES European radio message system

GSM Global System for mobile communications

LAN Local area network

NMT Nordic mobile telephone system

PAMR Public access trunked mobile radio

TACS Total access communication standard

1.1. History of Mobile Communications

5

Segmentation of Wireless Technologies

WPAN

Connectivity

WLAN

Networking

• data centric

• high datarates

• nomadic access

• based on LAN topology

• easy access

• plug&play PCMCIA cards

• licence free

W-WAN (Cellular)

Public Infrastructure

• voice centric

• widely deployed

• high security

• high reliability

• mobility

• big customer base

6

Cellular mobile Telephone Systems (1.& 2. Gen.)

1st generation (analog)

2st generation (analog)

2st generation (digital)

Start of development

Start of commercial service 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1995 1990

C net 450

MHz

NMT 450

MHz

EUROPE

NMT

900

MHz

DCS

1800

1800

MHz

GSM

900

MHz

TACS

900

MHz

NTT System 800

MHz

AMPS 800

MHz

USA

JAPAN

J-

TACS

AMPS-D

800

MHz

PDC

800/

1500

MHz

7

Evolution to the universal mobile Communication

(View of 1992)

City call etc. Radio Call

Business

Mobile

interactive

communi-cation Public

ERMES

Public Cordless

interactive

communi-cation Office

Home

Network/systems Services/applications

Telepoint and cordless PBX/LAN (CT2)

1990 91 97 96 92 93 94 95 99 98 2000 01 02 03 04

Universal

mobile

commu-

nication

system

(UMTS)

Digital

Cordless

Terminals

(DECT)

non standardized: NMT, TACS, C450, AMPS Analog

systems

PAMR

Digital systems standard GSM 900

Digital systems standard DCS 1800

Private mobile radio

Cordless telephone (CT1)

8

TDD

FDD

1 “unpaired” frequency,

FLEXIBLY shared for uplink and downlink

2 “paired” frequencies,

separated for uplink and downlink

FDD Frequency Division Duplex

TDD Time Division Duplex

FDD, TDD: different Requirements –

Different Radio Access Technologies

9

Main parameters of different Access Systems

System User data rates

[ Mbps]

Technology Range Mobility Frequency range Original application

area

GSM (including

GPRS, HSCSD

and EDGE)

9.6 Kbps

up to 384 Kbps

TDMA, FDD up to 35 Km in GSM,

lower for data

high 900, 1800, 1900 MHz public and private

environment

IMT-2000,

UMTS (UTRA)

max. 2 IMT-2000 family,

WCDMA (FDD) +

TD-CDMA (TDD)

30 m – 20 Km high 2 GHz (ITU spectrum)

possibly different

spectrum in China

public and private

environment

DECT /

Dectlink

max. 2 TDMA / TDD up to 50 m low 1880 – 1900 MHz office and residential

environment

Bluetooth max. 0.721 Direct sequence

or frequency

hopping

0.1 – 10 m very low 2.4 GHz ISM band cable replacement,

SoHo environment

HIPERLAN 2 25 OFDM, TDD 50 – 300 m low 5 GHz corporate environment,

public hot spots

IEEE 802.11a about 20 OFDM, TDD 50 – 300 m low 5 GHz corporate environment,

public hot spots

HIPERACCESS about 25 not yet specified 2 - 10 km no 5 – 40 GHz business access,

feeder

DAB 1.5 OFDM 100 km high e.g. 176 - 230 MHz

1452 - 1467.5 MHz

audio broadcasting

DVB-T 5 - 31

(mobile: 5 – 8,

fixed 16 - 31)

OFDM 100 km medium

to high

TV bands below 860

MHz

video broadcasting

Cable modem down < 40

up < 10

FDD

QAM /QPSK

5 to ~20 km no down ~ 60 to 860 MHz

up 10 to ~ 40 MHz

residential environment

ADSL down 6.144 (8)

up 0.640

DMT

( carrierless

AM/PM CAP)

2-6 Km no base band SoHo (Small Office –

Home Office), SME,

residential environment

TD-SCDMA (TDD)

Migration of mobile Networks towards the vision of an EVERNET

Circuit

switched CS voice / packet data IP core

GSM

UMTS

UWC-136

CDMA

2G

HSCSD

end to end IP

GPRS

EDGE

WLAN

WIFI/Wimax

802.11a ....

802.16

IMT-2000 CDMA

Multi-Carrier

EVERNET

Ad hoc Networks

HSPA

LTE

LTE Advanced

Bluetooth

2G 3G and 4G

9.6-14.4 kbps

evolved

2G

64-144 kbps 384 kbps-2 Mbps 1000 Mbps ? 384 kbps-20 Mbps

3GPP Rel 0x

IMT-2000 CDMA

Direct Spread + TDD

D-AMPS

IS 95

GPRS/EDGE

IMT-2000 TDMA

Single-Carrier

GPRS

EDGE

CDMA

2000

Includes Vertical

Handover between

Technologies

PDC 2G

PDC

PDC

Packet

3GPP Rel 99

11

Evolution to Global Multimedia Mobility

C. Drewes, S. Haar

Cordless Standards

Cellular Standards

1. Generation 2. Generation 2.5 Generation 3. Generation 4. Generation

analog analog analog analog

analog analog analog analog

analog analog analog digital

analog analog analog digital

GPRS

HSCSD

GMM Global

Multimedia Mobility

64G 4G 256M 16M

Mikroelektronik Technologie (z.B. DRAM)

AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Service CT Cordless Telephone CDMA Code Division Multiple Access DECT Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone EDGE Enhanced Data Rate for GSM/Global Evolution GPRS Genaral Packet Radio Services

GSM Global System for Mobile Comm. HSCSD High Speed Circuit Switched Data IMT International Mobile Telecomm. NMT Nordic Mobile Telephone PACS Personal Access Comm. Services UMTS Universal Mobile Telecom. System

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

0.50µ 0.25µ 0.13µ 0.07µ

0,10µ 0.18µ 0.35µ

AMPS, NMT, ... CDMA, GSM, ...

384 kb/s

<64 kb/s 10 kb/s

<115 kb/s

32 kb/s

PACS, DECT, ...

CTx

IMT 2000, UMTS

144 kb/s ... 2 Mb/s

EDGE

LTE,

LTE- Advanced

2015

12

Different Radio Evolution Paths

IS-136 (TDMA)

2G 2.5G Evolved 3G 3G

GSM

GPRS EDGE

GERAN

WCDMA HSDPA

HSUPA

UTRAN

TD-SCDMA -

PDC

IS-95 1xRTT

1xEV-DV

cdma2000 1xEV - DO

Existing Spectrum (FDD)

Existing Spectrum

New Spectrum (FDD/TDD)

cdm

a /

cdm

a20

00

G

SM

/ G

ER

AN

/ U

TR

AN

13

CDMA Systems

• CDMA2000 is a hybrid 2.5G / 3G protocol of mobile telecommunications standards that use CDMA, a multiple access scheme for digital radio, to send voice, data, and signalling data (such as a dialed telephone number) between mobile phones and cell sites. CDMA2000 is considered a 2.5G protocol in 1xRTT and a 3G protocol in EVDO.

• CDMA (code division multiple access) is a mobile digital radio technology that transmits streams of bits and whose channels are divided using codes (PN sequences). CDMA permits many radios to share the same frequency channel. Unlike TDMA (time division multiple access), a different technique used in GSM and D-AMPS, all radios can be active all the time, because network capacity does not directly limit the number of active radios. Since larger numbers of phones can be served by smaller numbers of cell sites, CDMA-based standards have a significant economic advantage over TDMA-based standards, or the oldest cellular standards that used frequency division multiple access (FDMA).

• CDMA2000 has a relatively long technical history, and remains compatible with the older CDMA telephony methods (such as cdmaOne) first developed by Qualcomm, a commercial company, and holder of several key international patents on the technology.

• The CDMA2000 standards CDMA2000 1xRTT, CDMA2000 EV-DO, and CDMA2000 EV-DV are approved radio interfaces for the ITU's IMT-2000 standard and a direct successor to 2G CDMA, IS-95 (cdmaOne). CDMA2000 is standardized by 3GPP2.

• CDMA2000 is a registered trademark of the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA-USA) in the United States, not a generic term like CDMA. (This is similar to how TIA has branded their 2G CDMA standard, IS-95, as cdmaOne.)

• CDMA2000 is an incompatible competitor of the other major 3G standard UMTS. It is defined to operate at 400 MHz, 800 MHz, 900 MHz, 1700 MHz, 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz, and 2100 MHz.

14

2 Overview of the Wireless Communication

Systems

2.1 General overview

2.2 Public Cellular Mobile Radio Systems

2.3 Trunked Mobile Radio

2.4 Broadband Wireless Access (WiFi, Wimax, …)

2.5 Transponder Systems

2.6 Further Systems

2.7 Network Planning and Optimization

Content

15

1 G • analog air channel

• narrow band

• national roaming

• FDD only

AMPS

TACS

NMT

C-net

• digital air channel

• narrow band

• international roaming

• FDD only

• GPRS

• EDGE

GSM

TDMA

CDMA

PDC

• digital air channel

• broadband up to

2 Mbps

• international roaming

• FDD/TDD

• ATM/IP based

networks

IMT 2000

UTRA (FDD/TDD)

cdma 2000

HS-TDMA

2 G/2.5G 3 G • digital air channel

• higher broadband

radio channel with data

rates 10, 20 and 155 Mbps

• IP based cellular network

4 G

Evolution towards 4th Generation

LTE

LTE-Advanced

16

Mobile Network and Business Evolution

Coverage/ Capacity

GSM basic services/

network optimisation

Voice Data

GSM Ph 2 Micro BTS Dual Band Half Rate

3. Generation Introduction

New Business Opportunities

Wideband Air I / F

Bandwidth on Demand Seamless Services

FDD/TDD ATM/IP based

networks

Enhanced Services

GSM GSM 2+ and

Intelligent

Networks (IN)

GSM Ph 2+ IN

F M C GPRS Camel

Multimedia Mobile Communication

3. Generation Mass Market

Enhanced Multimedia Services

with full roaming through different networks

Broadband Mobile Communication

4. Generation

Broadband multipath radio

datarates 10, 20 and 155 Mbps

IP based broad band cellular networks

17

2 Overview of the Wireless Communication

Systems

2.1 General overview

2.2 Public Cellular Mobile Radio Systems

2.3 Trunked Mobile Radio

2.4 Broadband Wireless Access (WiFi, Wimax, …)

2.5 Transponder Systems

2.6 Further Systems

2.7 Network Planning and Optimization

Content

18

TETRA

• Terrestrial Trunked Radio

Open Multivendor

standard

Simultaneous

Voice and Data

Digital

Trunked

Radio System

19

What is TETRA

TETRA = TErrestrial Trunked Radio

The only digital standard defined by ETSI

(European Telecommunication Standard Institute)

Simultaneous voice & data transmission

Worldwide support and promotion

of the European-wide standard

Multi-vendor principle

20

Who uses TETRA

• Public Safety and Service Utilities

• Public Transport

• Industry and Trading Company

• Governmental institutions

• Airports

• Military

• PAMR (Public Access Mobile Radio) Provider

21

TETRA – A cellular network

Radio Base Station

Switch

Management

Terminals

22

TETRA projects in Europe

Jersey Police

West Midlands Ambulance

Millennium Dome

BT - Airwave

Gardemoen Airport

ELTELE Ost

GÜZ

Köln/Bonn Airport

Regiocall Hamburg

master-talk

walky-talky

KELAG

Adonis Gibtel

VIRVE BOS

Helsinki Energy

ASTRID BOS

23

TETRA Layer Structure

MSW: Main Switching Centre

LSW: Local Switching Centre

BTS: Base Transceiver Station

TE: Terminal Equipment

LS : Line Station

NMC: Network Management Centre

SMC: Subscriber Management Centre

OMC: Operation & Maintenance Centre

PCM: Digital Links or single PCM-time-slots

24

PEI O K

C

SERV 69

F B ABC

STOCKHOLM

TRAFIK 2

ISI

LAN/WAN

PSTN

PABX

Command &

Control

Systems

Public

Data

Network Internet

ISDN

Trunking

Networks

Conventional

PMR Networks

2B+D

30B+D

Conventional

Mobile

Networks

Customer Care &

Billing Systems

TETRA Connectivity

25

TETRA SERVICES

DATA VOICE

Predefined Messages, SDS

(e.g. I am on duty)

Data Transmission

(e.g. Pictures, Video)

Telephone Mode

Individual Call

Telephone Call (PABX Call)

Radio Mode

Group Call

Direct Mode Operation

TETRA Services

26

Individual Call

Base Station

Calling T125 Calling T122

Captain

27

Telephone Call (PABX Call)

Base Station

Calling

Phone

28

Group Call

Base Station

Calling

Group 1

29

Direct Mode Operation

Base Station

Calling DMO

Receiving

DMO Call

Talkies)

30

PMR type supplementary services

• Access priority, pre-emptive priority, priority call

• Include call, transfer of control, late entry

• Ambiance listening, discreet listening

• Calls authorised by despatcher

• Area selection

• Short number addressing

• Dynamic group number assignment

Supplementary services (1)

31

• Telephone type supplementary services

• List search call

• Call forwarding - unconditional/busy/no reply

• Call barring - incoming/outgoing calls

• Call waiting

• Call hold

• Calling/connected line ID presentation

• Calling/connected line ID restriction Call

• Completion to busy subscriber/ on no reply

• Advice of charge etc.

Supplementary Services (2)

32

Alert in

C& C Center

Automatic vehicle location

TETRA Network

GPS

Requirement

Meta Directories

Emergency

service available

within 1km:

ID: 106, 204, 054

TETRA Scenario:

Alert in Command & Control Center

33

Police

Meta

Directories

TETRA-vehicle mounted terminal

Geografic data

Photos

Julie M., 24

Accident data

W 994224L

Accident

Highway 6

Sit: Überfall

Einsatzl.:

Olt. Maier

Building plan

TETRA Network

TETRA Scenario:

Efficient Database Requiry

34

TETRA at a Glance

• PMR Functionality (Simplex, Half and Full Duplex)

• Effective Usage of Radio Carriers: 4 „channels‟ per

25kHz

• Simultaneous use of voice and data

• Data transmission up to 28,8 kbp/s

• Fast call-connection (up to 0,3 sec)

• Direct mode operation (no basestation required!)

• Security with encryption (End to End, Air interface)

35

Backup

36

CDMA2000 1xRTT

• CDMA2000 1xRTT, the core CDMA2000 wireless air interface standard, is also known as 1x, 1xRTT, and IS-2000. The designation "1x", meaning "1 times Radio Transmission Technology", indicates the same RF bandwidth as IS-95: a duplex pair of 1.25 MHz radio channels. This contrasts with 3xRTT, which uses channels 3 times as wide (3.75 MHz) channels. 1xRTT almost doubles the capacity of IS-95 by adding 64 more traffic channels to the forward link, orthogonal to (in quadrature with) the original set of 64. Although capable of higher data rates, most deployments are limited to a peak of 144 kbit/s. IMT-2000 also made changes to the data link layer for the greater use of data services, including medium and link access control protocols and QoS. The IS-95 data link layer only provided "best effort delivery" for data and circuit switched channel for voice (i.e., a voice frame once every 20 ms).

• 1xRTT officially qualifies as 3G technology, but it is considered by some to be a 2.5G (or sometimes 2.75G) technology.[citation needed] This allows it to be deployed in 2G spectrum in some countries that limit 3G systems to certain bands.

37

CDMA2000 3x

CDMA2000 3x is (also known as EV-DO rev B) is a multi-carrier evolution of the Rev A specification. It maintains the capabilities of EVDO Rev A, and provides the following enhancements:

• Higher rates per carrier (up to 4.9 Mbit/s on the downlink per carrier). Typical deployments are expected to include 3 carriers for a peak rate of 14.7 Mbit/s

• Higher rates by bundling multiple channels together enhance the user experience and enables new services such as high definition video streaming.

• Uses statistical multiplexing across channels to further reduce latency, enhancing the experience for latency-sensitive services such as gaming, video telephony, remote console sessions and web browsing.

• Increased talk-time and standby time

• Hybrid frequency re-use which reduces the interference from the adjacent sectors and improves the rates that can be offered, especially to users at the edge of the cell.

• Efficient support for services that have asymmetric download and upload requirements (i.e. different data rates required in each direction) such as file transfers, web browsing, and broadband multimedia content delivery.

38

CDMA EV-DO

Evolution-Data Optimized or Evolution-Data only, abbreviated as

EV-DO or EVDO and often EV, is a telecommunications standard for

the wireless transmission of data through radio signals, typically for

broadband Internet access. It uses multiplexing techniques including

Code division multiple access (CDMA) as well as Time division

multiple access (TDMA) to maximize both individual user's

throughput and the overall system throughput. It is standardized by

3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) as part of the

CDMA2000 family of standards and has been adopted by many

mobile phone service providers around the world – particularly those

previously employing CDMA networks. It is also used on the

Globalstar satellite phone network.

39

CDMA2000 EV-DV

• CDMA2000 EV-DV (Evolution-Data/Voice), supports downlink (forward link) data rates up to 3.1 Mbit/s and uplink (reverse link) data rates of up to 1.8 Mbit/s. EV-DV can also support concurrent operation of legacy 1x voice users, 1x data users, and high speed EV-DV data users within the same radio channel.

• In 2004-2005 timeframe, there was much debate on the relative merits of DV and DO. Traditional operators with an existing voice network preferred deploying DV, since it does not require an overlay. Other design engineers, and newer operators without a 1x voice network, preferred EV-DO because it did not have to be backward compatible, and so could explore different pilot structures, reverse link silence periods, improved control channels, etc. And the network cost was lower, since EV-DO uses an IP network and does not require a SS7 network and complex network switches such as a mobile switching center (MSC). Also, equipment was not available for EV-DV in time to meet market demands whereas the EV-DO equipment and mobile application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) were available and tested by the time the EV-DV standard was completed. As a result, the EV-DV standard was less attractive to operators, and has not been implemented. Verizon Wireless, then Sprint Nextel in 2004 and smaller operators in 2005 announced their plans to deploy EV-DO. So in March 2005, Qualcomm suspended development of EV-DV chipsets, and focused on improving the EV-DO product line