Chapter 10

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123

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. . DMAIC . .

. .

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1. 1951 , . ? (True) (False)

2. ISO 14000 . ? (True) (False)

3. . ? (True) (False)

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4. ? A. B. C. D.

5. ?A. B. C. D.

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6. DMAIC C ? A. B. C. D. E.

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1

2

3

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=

(Efficiency) (Effectiveness)

+

+

+

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?

Matrix -

n DIRTFT(Do It Right The First Time: DIRTFT)

n .

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/

1. -

2. -

4. -

3. -

/

5. -

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Quality ?() , ()

? ?

CTQ (Critical-to-Quality) ?(customer) (Stakeholder)

() ?

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(Total Quality Management)

TQM

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(Quality Guru)

(F.W. Taylor, 1856-1915) 1911 , IE , Taylorism

(W.A. Shewart, 1891-1967) 1931 ,

(W.E. Deming, 1900-1993)

14 7 (J.M. Juran, 1904-2008)

1951 (Quality Control Handbook) , , ,

(P.B. Crosby, 1926-2001) 1979 (Quality is Free)

(A.V. Feigenbaum, 1922- ) TQC( )

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Crosby Deming Juran

( )

94% 20%

/

. .

(Quality Guru) 3

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Crosby Deming Juran

,

,

14 14 10

(SPC)

(100% )

SPC ,

,

,

,

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Crosby Deming Juran

, ,

, ,

.

, . .

. . .

.

. .

. .

. .

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(Quality Guru)

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2 / , , , (, , )

(design quality) :

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: :

,

,

/ , ,

,

, ,

,

, ,

,

,

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(conformance quality):

(quality at the source):

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(Cost of Quality; COQ)

: , ,

: :

(, , ) :

( , , , )

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COQCOQ

(Cost of Quality: COQ)

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P : Prevention Costs, A : Appraisal Costs, F : Failure Costs,

(P) ) ,

(A) ) , ,

(F)

(IF, internal

failure)

) , , ,

(EF, external

failure)

) , , , ,

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ISO9000 ?

(International Organization for Standardization)

1987 :

: ISO9000:2000 ISO9001:2000, ISO9004:2000

www.iso.org

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ISO14000

(Environmental Management System: EMS)

1996

ISO 14001

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1 -DMAIC

2

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DPMO =

X X 1,000,000

-DMAIC

4

, ( : DPMO)

: :

:

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DMAIC

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DMAIC(Define, Measure, Analysis, Improve, Control)1. (Define; D)

(critical-to-quality; CTQ)

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DMAIC(Define, Measure, Analysis, Improve, Control)2. (Measure; M)

CTQ

3. (Analysis; A)

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DMAIC(Define, Measure, Analysis, Improve, Control)4. (Improve; I)

CTQ

,

5. (Control; C) ,

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:

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:

:

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:

:

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:

:

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:

: (fishbone diagram)

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:

:

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:

: 1

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FMEA(Failure Mode and Effect Analysis)

, ,

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1. , ,

,

2. 3. , ,

RPN 4. RPN ,

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(Design of Experiments; DOE) (Multivariate testing)

(Xs) (Y)

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1

2

3

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SQC

(assignable variation):

(common variation):

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,

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Taguchi

,

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0

0

Taguchi

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(Capability index; Cpk)

-ss 3

X-UTLor 3LTLXmin=Cpk

Shifts in Process Mean

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:

.

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--=

ss 3;

3XUTLLTLXMinC pk

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(Statistical Process Control; SPC)

(Attribute) :

p

x bar & R

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x

0 1 2 3-3 -2 -1z

m

Standard deviation

units or z units.

Standard deviation

units or z units.

(SPC)

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Given:

Compute control limits:

n z

p

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X-bar and R , , ,

,

: ,

4~5 : 25

:

: 3 3

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X-bar :

R :

X-bar and R

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(acceptance sampling)

%

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n c n : (

N) c : (

)

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(Risk)

AQL(Acceptance Quality Level): , AQL

LTPD(Lot Tolerance Percent Defective): ,

(producers risk):

(consumers risk):

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n c

AQL LTPD OC

n = 99c = 4

AQL LTPD

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

b =.10( consumers risk)

a = .05 ( producers risk)

(Operational Characteristic; OC)

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(TQM):

:

: :

: : , , ,

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: 4 ,

DPMO(defects per million opportunity):

DMAIC: Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control(, , , , )

:

: :

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(Cpk):

(SPC):

:

: , , , ,

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1. 1951 , . ? (True)

2. ISO 14000 . ? (True)

3. . ? (True)

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4. ? (C)A. B. C. D.

C .

5. ? (C)

A. B. C. D.

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6. DMAIC C ? (C)

A. B. C. D. E.

: , : , , , : , : , :

.

J