Year 9 Vol.No: (103) August 2018 M O N T H LY N E W S

2 3 4 5KJO CONDUCTS A LECTURE IN BUSINESS ETHICS

INNOVATIVE APPROACH FOR PROCESSING WELL TEST USING IN-HOUSE WELL TESTING SPECIALISTS TEAM

Oil Price (Monthly)

USDollar

OFFSHORE DEPARTMENT AND ITS OUTSTANDING EMPLOYEES IN SAFETY WERE HONORED

5 THINGS TO KNOW ABOUT THE MUSLIM HOLIDAY EID AL-ADHA

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Joint Operation’s NewsM O N T H LY N E W S August 2018

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In the presence of Eng. Saeed Al-Shaheen - C-JOC, it was decided to provide depart-

ments with an awareness program of the In-ternal Audit Department. It is to remind and raise awareness on a regular basis through the values of the company, courses, mes-sages and means of identifying them to be compatible with the employee›s intellectual and cultural levels and includes raising the awareness of the importance of integrity in word and deed as well as honesty, trust, sin-cerity and responsibility.Eng. Azeb Al - Qahtani, the A/President and Chief Execut i ve Officer of Aramco Gulf Op-erations, in a ugurated an enlightening lec-ture organized by the Internal Audit Depart-ment at Al-K h afji Joint Operations entitled «Al-Khafji Joint Operations Business Ethics Session» for three days starting Tuesday, Au-gust 7 from 9A.M. to 2:30P.M., in the meeting room, with the participation of Abdullah Al-Awadhi, MIA, from KJO and Saudi Aramco’ s Internal Audit staff.The lecture a ims to enhance aspects of in-tegrity in the performance of KJO employees, including the axes of the standards of work ethics, high l ight the working procedures, methods of circulation and dealing between departments i n transparency.This lecture comes within the framework of the implementation of the National Strategy for the Protection of Integrity and the Fight against Corruption, and the amendment and

addition of regulations and laws of routine transparency in the work, in addition to clar-ify the importance of organizing conferences, seminars and training courses on transpar-ency and integrity and the fight against cor-ruption.The program was a series of lectures from various sectors of the company, including the Office of Labor Ethics, Internal Audit, and Procurement and Supply departments.

The lecture began with a presentation from Al-Shaheen. Then a lecture was delivered by Jaroud Bieber from the Saudi Aramco Busi-ness Ethics Office, in which he spoke about the importance of ethical decision mak-ing and the supporting axes, the triangle of fraud, and the causes of some ethical viola-tions.After that, Wahid Al-Qahtani, from Saudi Aramco’s Audit Department, spoke about fraud, its definition and risks, its methods of prevention and the principles that promote the ethical environment at work.Mohammed Al-AbdulHadi of the Procure-ment and Supply Department reviewed Saudi Aramco’s experience in establishing codes of conduct for employees, contractors and contractors, including conflict of interest, disclosure of interests and property, and fair and equitable handling of suppliers and At-tendees.Then, Abdullah Al-Awadhi, A/Internal Audit

Manager explained to Ad-Dorra the objec-tives and educational and strategic dimen-sions of the program and that the basis of integrity in doing business in Al-Khafji Joint Operations is one of the ethical standards of the employee in daily activities. He stated that the foundation of integrity of anycompa-ny is based on the integrity of its employees. Al-Awadhi added that the company›s com-mitment to this matter helps it achieve suc-cess and maintain its position as one of the most respected companies in the world. Al- Awadhi expects the company›s employees to adhere to and reinforce these values in all aspects of the business. He pointed out that KJO believes that our values are our identity and strive to make this meaning present in our minds in every behavior we act or con-duct, and that is to unify the identity of the company.

Al-Awadhi thanked the participating depart-ments with the Internal Audit Department of Al-Khafji Joint Operations which contributed effectively to the success of the program and achieving its objectives through Saudi Aram-co, Aramco Gulf Operations, and the depart-ments of Public and Government Relations, Information Technology, and Community and Buisness Services.Ad-Dorra Newsletter highlights the most im-portant achievements during the three days. The first day was devoted to the executive

management, departmental managers, and superintendents. The second day was for employees, and the last day for contractors.

First day August 7, 2018:The first day session, which was held in the meeting hall of the main building, was in-augurated in the presence of Eng. Saeed Al-Shaheen, C-JOC, Eng. Azeb Al-Qahtani, A/P&CEO AGOC, Executive Directors, Man-agers, and Superintendents.The lecture was presented to the audience by Jaroud Pierre, Wahid Al-Qahtani, Moham-med Al-AbdulHadi and Zrei Al-Zrei from Sau-di Aramco about integrity and procedures in the various means of work stipulated in the internal audit provisions. The lecturers used all means to help discuss the program from a visual presentation, discussion and dialogue.

Second day August 8, 2018:Abdullah Al-Awadhi, A/MIA attended and employees from various departments. The lecture was also opened on two periods, the first period from 9A.M. to 11:30 P.M. and the second period from 12:30 P.M. to 2:30 P.M.Third day August 9, 2018:The program was concluded by the Train-ing and Development Department for con-tractors from 9 A.M. to 11 A.M. and was at-tended by a group of contractors who were interested in the operational procedures and instructions of KJO.

KJO CONDUCTS A LECTURE IN BUSINESS ETHICS

KJO PARTICIPATES WITH SAUDI ARAMCO TO ACTIVATE STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP

Eng. Saeed Al-Shaheen and the Executive Directors alongside the audience during the lecture

M O N T H LY N E W S August 2018Joint Operation’s News

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On June 29, 2018, Etihad Etisalat, Mobily, held an ex-hibition for its customers from Al-Khafji Joint Opera-

tions at the main building of Al-Khafji Joint Operations through a pavilion in which Mobily provided the employ-ees with exclusive offers for its close relationship with its employees.Mobily’s participation in this vital forum is an extension of the deep partnership between Mobily and major com-panies.

The Offshore Department won the Safety Excellence Award for its safety stan-

dards and the highest safety management system evaluation.The department was honored in the pres-ence of Eng. Mohamed Al-Khatib–EDO, Sultan Al-Sadoun–MIS, Eng. Mohsen Al-Zoubi–MON, Saeed Al-Ghamdi–MMS, Eng. Abdul Aziz Al-Rabee–A/MED, Eng. Abdullah Al-Ajmi–A/MOF, Abdullah Al-Dhafeeri–Pro-duction Engineering and Well Testing Divi-sion Superintendent, Mohammed Al-Mutai-ri–Field Services Division Superintendent, Mohammed Al-Khalidi–Operations Section Acting Superintendent, and Musa Al Rashi-di–Acting Planning and Business Support Section.At the beginning of the ceremony, SultanAl-Saadoun–MIS, delivered a speech in which he emphasized the excellence of the Offshore Department in the application of the safety systems of the company and

obtained the first position for the second year in a row, wishing everyone more excel-lence and full adherence to safety systems to maintain the safety of individuals first and safety of equipment and facilities after. Later on, the safety award was presented to Eng. Abdullah Al-Ajmi–A/MOF on this occa-sion.Al-Sadoun thanked Eng. Abdullah Al-Ajmi–A/MOF, and the OFD em-ployees for this honor and continuous support for the implementation of safety systems, and thanked Eng. Mohammad Al-Khatib–EDO for his presence of the honoring.Al-Ajmi said that the employees who received the highest assessment among the employees of OFD will be honored and

wished that this honor will motivate them and other colleagues to do more work and give priority in accordance with the safety requirements. The efforts of all as a team and with the support of the former and cur-rent Superintendents of department.The honoring included a number of OFD employees for their outstanding role in fol-lowing the methods and conditions of safety

in work and obtaining the highest evalua-tion in the applica-tion of safety sys-tems to become a good example and example to follow, namely:1- Hussein Abdullah2–Nawaf Al-Tuwir-ish3–Abdullah Al-Shammari

4- Mansour Al-Mutairi5–Saud Al-Dosari6–Khaled Al-Yousef7–Masfer Al-Dosari8. Hamad Al-Hajri9–Ahmed Al-Shammari10–Mohammad Al-Hamdan11–Ahmed Adel12–Meshari Al-Marri13–Hamad Fawaz14. Mohammed Al-Balawi15-Saleh Al-Salaitin16–Abdullah Al-HarbiAlso honored were:1. Leonardo Ortega2. Hadi Al-Shammari3. Eid Al-MutairiFor their efforts in supporting the safety ac-tivities of OFD.After the ceremony, many important topics related to the preparations for the start of Oil Production were discussed.

FOR WINNING THE SAFETY EXCELLENCE AWARD

OFFSHORE DEPARTMENT AND ITS OUTSTANDING EMPLOYEES IN SAFETY WERE HONORED

MOBILY MARKETS SPECIAL OFFERSFOR AL-KHAFJI JOINT OPERATIONSEMPLOYEES

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Al-Khatib, Al-Zoubi, Al-Sadoun, and Al-Ajmi with the Superintendents during the Award Ceremony Honoring Field Services and Engineering and Well Testing Departments in OFD

Safety Excellence Award

KJO employee inquiring from Mobily representative

Joint Operation’s NewsM O N T H LY N E W S August 2018

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سيل

What is well testing?It is the in situ measurement of

well capability to produce fluid (i.e. flow rate, and reservoir pressure) and reser-voir characteristics (i.e. Permeability and Heterogeneities).Well testing analysis is a key tool to in-fer dynamic reservoir parameters such as; Skin damage (S), flow capacity (KH), reservoir pressure (P*), radius of inves-tigation, …etc. The transient data from well tests is utilized extensively for char-

acterizing major geological features such as reservoir heterogeneities (faults/frac-tures) (Figure.1) and variations in reser-voir transmissibility. Furthermore, the interpretation of well test survey provides reservoir engineers with well, intra-well, reservoir and even boundary properties. Well testing in principle depends on cre-ating a pressure disturbance in the well (by production/injection) and then observ-ing how the pressure is behaving inside the wellbore by pressure measurement gauges set in the wellbore. Advanced pressure transient analysis (PTA) tech-niques and methods are used to translate the pressure data to well and reservoir properties.

The well test analysis derived reservoir parameters guide reservoir engineers to efficiently manage reservoir by optimizing pressure drawdown and improving well productivity. Moreover, the well test anal-yses results are used for the selection of workover candidate wells for reme-dial actions. Finally, the derived reservoir properties are considered fundamental input parameters during the construction of reservoir simulation models.The Story UnfoldingThe first KJO well testing job was per-formed for well K-004 in 1964. Since then, more than 460 well tests were conducted in Khafji wells. These collected well tests (Build-ups) are very crucial for reservoir engineers in order to develop, produce and simulate the reservoirs. Unfortu-

nately, because of lack of expert well test analyst, a backlog of almost 106 well tests were not analyzed for tests conducted in the period between 2006 and 2014.In 2017, Reservoir Development and Man-agement (RDM) was in the midst of res-ervoir data preparation for the IFP KB1 & KB2 reservoir simulation project. During the data preparation phase, it was found that a considerable number of well test surveys were not analyzed, which will af-fect the simulation results drastically. The data review showed that almost 106 pres-sure build-ups were not analyzed. The 106 interpreted build-up tests are needed for the ongoing IFP project dynamic data preparation phase. To ensure a quality simulation model, a task force team to assess and rectify the situation was to be

formed.An agreement to create a specialized task force team was reached. The team con-sisted of engineers from EDD and OFD, as well as a Well Test expert, where they analyzed all pending backlog build-ups.The team members learned the basic principles of well testing analyses in house in a record time. They became ca-pable to collect the required data for the analysis, manipulate the data in the soft-ware and perform required interpretation. However, during the initial stage the team went through a learning curve building phase, therefore only 12 out of 106 well testing pressure data were analyzed dur-ing the first two months. In the begin-ning, the task force team was formed by

merging two production engineers from OFD with two reservoir engineers from EDD. This team continued for almost two months after which the production engineers had to leave the team to work with their offshore department for urgent tasks. Although, they have left the team, yet they have learnt most of the modern well testing operation requirements.In 2018, two more reservoir engineers, were added to the remaining two engi-neers from EDD. The task force team worked together for almost 8 months continuously, doing both advanced well test training and interpretations. Phase II plan was to train the UD’s first and en-sure that they can perform the well test-ing analysis exclusively. The outcome was

very impressive; all four engineers learnt the sophisticated data collection, soft-ware utilization, pressure interpretations and results reporting in two months’ time.Although, there was a shortage in soft-ware license within KJO Company for the specialized well test analysis software, nevertheless the team was able to utilize it efficiently were able to negotiate with the software service company (Kappa) to provide four more Demo licenses. The four Demo licenses were extended for almost 6 months during which the en-gineers were trained properly and were able to analyze all the pending 106 pres-sure build-ups.Almost half a million dollars were spent prior to forming the well testing task force team. By completing all the pending 106

build-ups, the team in realty saved the company about $2.5 million dollars.Currently, there is no pending pressure well testing interpretation. The well test-ing task force team is now a company asset, and therefore were commended by management for their unprecedented contribution where they demonstrated that they have mastered well testing data mining, interpretation, reporting, data loading and execution.Additionally, the well test specialist task force team have established new pressure transient analyses procedures and data retrieval automation by dealing with all concerned department/division through-out the interpretation life cycle from the build-up request to the analysis archiving.

INNOVATIVE APPROACH FOR PROCESSING WELL TEST USING IN-HOUSE WELL TESTING SPECIALISTS TEAM

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Al-Obaid along with the teamEng. Rashed Al-ObaidEng. Abdullah Al-Fawaz

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M O N T H LY N E W S August 2018Eid Al-Adha

1. Pronounced EED al-UHD-huh, the holiday is also known as the Feast of Sacrifice. It is one of two Eid holidays observed by Muslims. The other is Eid al-Fitr, which follows the conclusion of Ra-madan, the month of fasting.

2. Eid al-Adha commemorates when God appeared to Abraham - known as Ibrahim to Muslims -- in a dream and asked him to sacrifice his son as an act of obedience. As Abraham was about to sacrifice his son, God stopped him and gave him a sheep to kill in place of his son. A version of the story also appears in the Torah and in the Bible›s Old Testament.

3. To commemorate God›s test of Ibrahim, many Muslim families sacrifice an animal and share the meat with the poor. They also are required to donate to charities that benefit the poor. Muslims also routinely exchange presents during the holiday.

4. Considered one of Islam›s revered observances, the four-day religious holiday corresponds with the height of the Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca that all financially and physically able Muslims are required to undertake once in their lifetime. The pilgrimage annually draws 2 million Muslims.A journey through Hajj, Islam›s special pilgrimage

5. Because the festival depends on the sighting of the new moon, countries around the world sometimes celebrate it on different days..

5 things to know about the Muslim holiday Eid al-AdhaIn most of the Muslim world today, the faithful are celebrating Eid al-Adha, the second of two major holidays in Islam.

The day begins with morning prayers. The celebrations continue with visits to friends and family, exchange of gifts and feasts. Those who can afford it also slaughter an animal, like a cow or sheep, and share the meat with the less fortunate.Here are five things to know about the holiday:

| Safety |

PanoramaM O N T H LY N E W S August 2018

| Health |

An employee walks down the hall, stepping over an extension cord stretched across

his path. He turns a corner and nearly collides with another worker. To avoid the collision, he steps to the side, spilling coffee onto the floor and inadvertently jostling a shelving unit, on which a tool placed close to the edge of the top shelf falls and hits the ground.No one is hurt in this fictional scenario. However, the employees in it experience multiple near-miss situations – any one of which could have led to a serious injury.Some people may be tempted to write off near misses as “no harm, no foul” situations. But safety professionals such as Jeff Ruebesam say employers who track near misses, determine how and why they occurred, and take corrective action can prevent similar – or more serious – incidents from happening in the future.“We don’t look at what happened; we look at what could have happened,” said Ruebesam, corporate vice president of health, safety and environment at Irving, TX-based engineering company Fluor.What and whyNot all safety professionals agree on what constitutes a near miss. Among the definitions:A fact sheet from OSHA and the National Safety Council defines a near miss as an “unplanned event that did not result in injury, illness or damage – but had the potential to do so.” The fact sheet stresses that although near misses cause no immediate harm, they can precede events in which a loss or injury could occur. Employers that encourage the reporting of near misses gain an opportunity to prevent future incidents.“It’s a great tool,” Michael Crowl said. Crowl is the director of environmental, health and safety at PIKA International, an environmental engineering and remediation services firm based in Stafford, TX. “A near miss is a leading indicator to an accident that, if scrutinized and used correctly, can prevent injuries and damages.”Report and reactCollecting near-miss reports helps create a culture that seeks to identify and control hazards, which will reduce risks and the potential for harm, OSHA states. But a well-run program goes beyond the collection of reports.Ruebesam outlined three key elements of a successful near-miss program:Crowl agreed. “You must not take a near miss lightly,” he said. “You must carefully investigate it, determine the root causes and implement appropriate controls accordingly.”At Fluor, near misses are ranked by potential severity. If it could have resulted in an injury or death, a full investigation is conducted. If the near miss creates a condition that is less serious – such as a trip hazard due to an electric cord – the hazard is abated and the risk is communicated to everyone.At PIKA, lessons learned from near misses

are shared with employees through various platforms, including at company meetings and individual project sites. Sometimes, the near misses are communicated by the president and CEO.A recent email from PIKA’s president and CEO described an incident in which a container used for discarded cigarettes was smoldering. To prevent this from happening again, workers were advised to properly extinguish cigarettes in the sand provided in the containers, and keep combustibles and other debris out of the containers. Additionally, the company updated the design of the containers.“The intent is to learn the lesson once – at a near-miss level – implement appropriate controls and then share it amongst our projects to prevent similar accident potentials from happening,” Crowl said.Employee involvementEmployee participation in any near-miss program is vital, Ruebesam said. “It’s employees themselves who witness these things,” he added.Workers should be trained on how to properly identify and recognize potential hazards. To help make it easy for employees to submit near misses and ensure good data, consider allowing them to turn in near-miss reports anonymously, Ruebesam suggested.“If we require them to put their name on it, some of the information we would otherwise get wouldn’t happen,” he said.Similarly, avoid naming people who may have contributed to the near miss. At PIKA, individuals involved in near misses are not openly identified.“We’re doing our best to keep the focus on lessons learned and what not to do, rather than focusing on who did wrong and assigning blame,” Crowl said. “As soon as we start bringing it to the ‘blame game,’ then we’re going to lose the benefits brought to PIKA from the lessons learned.”To get employees in the habit of turning in near-miss data, employers may be tempted to set quotas. But Ruebesam advises against this. Although quotas may be beneficial for establishing expectations when kicking off a new reporting program, he said, continuing these requirements could negatively affect the quality of the information employers receive.“If people look at it as an obligatory quota thing, they might just get it out of the way right away,” Ruebesam said, cautioning that workers who have met their quota may ignore subsequent – and potentially more dangerous – near misses.Another way to encourage reporting is to offer incentives to workers who report hazards. The fact sheet from OSHA and the National Safety Council states that this type of incentive – as opposed to those that offer rewards for low or zero injury rates – can encourage a reporting culture.

www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com

Reporting near missesWhy are they important, and how

can safety pros get employees involved?

In the 2017 study, 120 people with chronic lower back pain performed either core-strengthening exercises or a routine of traditional physical therapy ex-

ercises three times per week. After six weeks, those who performed core-strengthening exercises reported significantly greater reductions in pain com-pared to those who didn’t work their core muscles.“I’m willing to bet that in almost every case of back pain, even in patients with osteoarthritis, muscular imbalances play a role,” says physical therapist Sean Kinsman, content development lead for Trainer Rx, a physical therapy train-ing app. When the muscles that surround and help stabilize the spine aren’t strong enough to properly function, other structures have to pick up the slack, he explains. That means the back’s bones, ligaments, tendons and cartilagi-nous structures like the spinal discs can experience excessive stress, he says.11 Benefits Of Strength TrainingMeanwhile, tight muscles in the front of the hips and chest – both common side effects of days spent sitting over a computer – can play tug of war with back muscles, causing further aches and pains, says certified trainer Jason Pak, co-owner of Achieve Fitness in Somerville, Massachusetts.According to experts, shoring up these imbalances is completely possible and can help reduce – and even prevent – back pain. “By addressing core stability as well as hip and chest tightness, you’re really targeting the issue from both ends,” Pak says. Kinsman adds that this will help take the pressure off over-stressed muscles, tissues and even bony structures to help ward off pain.The following six exercises will help you do exactly that, strengthening the mus-cles of the core and back while also improving mobility in the hips and chest. To introduce them into your routine, start slow. “It’s OK if you can’t perform many repetitions or move through a full range of motion,” Kinsman says. “Do what you can without breaking form or experiencing pain.” That may mean breaking up exercises throughout the day into mini-workouts, rather than performing them altogether at once. Over time, work up to perform each exercise at least three to five times per week. “If you have chronic issues, you’ll get the best benefit out of performing them every day,” he says.Bird DogA staple exercise for back health, the bird dog exercise trains stability through-out the entire core and back, Kinsman says. Plus, because it involves plenty of coordination, it helps improve motor control, the ability of the nervous system to coordinate muscular movements. The end result: further back protection.Instructions: Get on the floor on your hands and knees, with your hands placed directly below your shoulders and your knees directly below your hips. Look down at the floor, just in front of your hands, to keep your neck in line with your back. Brace your core to maintain a flat tabletop position. This is the starting position; from here, extend one arm and the opposite leg up and away from your body. Stop extending your arm and leg when they are parallel to the floor, your form falters or you feel any discomfort. Pause, then slowly lower to return to the starting position. Repeat on the opposite side.Dead BugSimilar to a reverse bird dog exercise, this move teaches the core muscles, in-cluding the muscles in the back, to stabilize the spine while the arms and legs are moving. When performing this exercise, it’s important to not let your lower back arch. “This takes your lower back out of the neutral position that we’d like and also places the hips and upper back in a flexed position,” Pak says. “So, by performing exercises with an arched lower back, it could actually worsen the situation rather than helping it.”Instructions: Lie flat on your back with your arms and legs in the air, and your knees bent and directly above your hips. Contract your core to lightly press your lower back into the floor and get into the starting position. From there, lower one leg down until your heel almost touches the floor, while also lowering your opposite arm toward the floor behind the top of your head. Pause, then squeeze your core to raise your arm and opposite leg back to start. Repeat with the op-posite arm and leg.Low Side PlankThis stationary exercise has more moving parts than meets the eye, and trains the abdominal muscles, oblique muscles (at the side of the torso) and the para-spinal muscles, which run alongside the spinal column, to work together, Kins-man says. This increases their ability to properly stabilize and reduce stress on the spine.Instructions: Lie down on the floor on one side, and prop your torso up on one forearm so that your elbow is directly below your shoulder. Bend your knees and stack them on top of each other and in line with your shoulders. This is the starting position. From there, squeeze your core to raise your hips until your body forms a straight line from your head to your knees. Keep your muscles contracted and as tight as possible, and hold this position for five seconds, then lower your hips to reset. Repeat these short movements, making sure not to let your hips rotate or sag. Then, switch to the opposite side.

www.health.usnews.com/wellness/fitness

Best Exercises to Ease 6 TheBack Pain

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| Science |

Panorama M O N T H LY N E W S August 2018

| Management || Management |

Budgeting vs ForecastingBudgeting and forecasting are

two activities that are often used in sales and in the overall business en-vironment. Although both deal with money management and are part of business management, budgeting and forecasting are two completely different activities and should not be used interchangeably.BudgetingBudgeting aims to determine the expenses of the company by provid-ing a gauge or reference point so the company does not overspend and yet enable it to do other crucial business activities. It takes the form of a spreadsheet showing a detailed accounting of expenses in a given period. Specifically, it involves re-cording of expenses, funds, and ex-pected profits to serve as a reference for future planning, assessment, and other functions.Budgeting is ideally done annually, although in some cases it can be done weekly, monthly, or quarterly depending on the nature of the busi-ness. It can lead to future savings or spending depending on the figures presented. Needless to say, con-tingency plans (such as alternative sources of funds or anticipated in-come) may be developed during this process.Budgeting is of different types cate-gorized according to function and the context where it is used. It includes business budgeting, family budget-ing, and personal budgeting.

ForecastingForecasting, on the other hand, is the act of predicting the trends and future activity in a certain industry or company. Usually, forecasting in-volves potential or expected revenue or the origin of the said revenue. Forecasting helps in budgeting by providing the expected amount for the actual budget. Based on the fore-casted information, people then are able to take the necessary actions to maintain or increase productivity.Forecasting involves comparing data and making alternative scenarios. External and internal factors may af-fect the forecast, thus it is important to take into consideration the com-pany’s financial condition, status in the industry, and many other things.Unlike budgeting that is usually done annually, forecasting may be done more frequently. But like budgeting, it takes the form of a spreadsheet or a written report consisting of predic-tions, movements, and recommen-dations.Forecasting can fall under different types: qualitative, quantitative, ex-planatory, and time-based methods.To put it simply, budgeting defines the financial target while forecasting banks on a prediction of future per-formance with respect to historical and contemporary status of effort.Read more: Difference Between Bud-geting and Forecasting | Difference Between http://www.differencebetween.net/business/planning-

Difference Between Budgeting and Forecasting

The protagonists discover the sharks in a deep oceanic trench about 300 kilometers off the coast of China — a trench, the film suggests, that extends down more than 11,000

meters below the ocean surface. (That depth makes it even deeper than the Mariana Trench’s Challenger Deep, the actual deepest known point in the ocean). Hydrothermal vents down in the trench supposedly keep those dark waters warm enough to support an ecosystem teeming with life. And — spoiler alert! — of course, the scientists’ investigation inadvertently helps megalodons escape from the depths. The giant living fossils head to the surface, where they terrorize shark fishermen and beachgoers a la Jaws.But could a population of megalodons actually have survived down there? To explore what is and isn’t possible and what we still don’t know about sharks, Science News went to the movies with paleobiologist Meghan Balk of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C., who studies the ancient predators.Did megalodons ever actually get as big as they are in the movie? Extremely unlikelyThe megalodon sharks of The Meg reach sizes of about 20 to 25 meters long, the film says — massive although just a tad smaller than the longest known blue whales. But estimates based on the size of fossil teeth suggest that even the largest known C. megalodon was much smaller, at up to 18 meters — “and that was the absolute largest,” Balk says. On av-erage, C. megalodon tended to be around 10 meters long, she says, which still made them much bigger than the average great white shark, at around 5 to 6 meters long.Would a megalodon otherwise look like the film version? Yes and noThe movie’s sharks aren’t entirely inaccurate representations, Balk says. These megalo-dons correctly have six gills — between five and seven is accurate for sharks in general, she says. And the shape of the dorsal fin is, appropriately, modeled after the great white shark, the closest modern relative to the ancient sharks. Also, a male meg in the film even has “claspers,” appendages under the abdomen used to hold a female during mating. “When I looked at it, I was like, oh, they did a pretty good job. They didn’t just create a random shark,” Balk says.BIG MOUTH A tooth from Carcharocles megalodon shows the size of the ancient predator. Most of what scientists know about the extinct shark comes from such fossils.TOMLEETAIWAN/WIKIMEDIA COMMONS (CC0 1.0)On the other hand, it’s actually a bit odd that the movie’s megalodons wouldn’t have evolved some significant anatomical differences from their prehistoric brethren, Balk says. “Like the eye getting bigger” to see better or becoming blind after a few million or so years liv-ing in the darkness of the deep sea, she says. Or you might even expect dwarfism, in which populations restricted by geographic isolation, such as being stuck within a trench, shrink in size.

www.sciencenews.org/article

What ‘The Meg’ gets wrong — and right — about megalodon sharks

There may be a hidden source of green-house gas that we aren’t accounting

for.Plastic may release the heat-trapping, climate-warming gases as soon as it’s exposed to light, new research from the University of Hawaii at Manoa has found. Light not only breaks down plastic, but also releases methane and ethylene — two of the most problematic greenhouse gases. Though the gases from degrad-ing plastic probably account for a small percentage of global emissions, it’s likely their contributions will grow. [In Images: The Great Pacific Garbage Patch]To learn what gases plastics were releas-ing, the research team collected samples of the seven most common types of con-sumer plastic — both newly produced pieces and fragments fished from the ocean — and monitored the objects’ gas production while floating in seawater or exposed to air. All of the samples emitted methane and ethylene, but low density polyethylene (LDPE) exposed to air pro-duced more gases than all other materi-al-environment combinations. A thin ma-

terial found in plastic wrap and grocery bags, LDPE is one of the main plastics in production and one of the most frequent-ly discarded, said Sarah-Jeanne Royer, a marine biologist at the University of Ha-waii at Manoa and the lead researcher on the paper.Royer and her team said the gases result from ultraviolet (UV) rays slowly break-ing down the material. As plastic ages, it breaks apart, which is how fingernail-size fragments of plastic end up float-ing in the ocean. Royer reasoned that smaller pieces mean more surface area for light to damage, so her team evalu-ated gas emissions from LDPE pieces of different sizes. LDPE powder, they found, emitted 500 times more methane than LDPE pellets.If the amount of gas from plastic is small now, the constantly increasing surface area of degrading plastics explains why the problem will probably only worsen, Royer said. “It’s very worrying, because all the plastic we’ve produced since 1950 is still here on Earth, and it’s degrading as we speak, so it will produce more and

more [methane],” Royer told Live Sci-ence.Chris Ellison, a chemical engineer-ing and material science professor at the University of Minnesota, who was not involved in the current research, agreed that the paper shows that light is triggering greenhouse gas release from our plastics.“Light is well-known to accelerate all kinds of reactions, some desired and some not desired,” Ellison told Live Sci-ence in an email. He said he was also curious what percent of global methane levels stem from this newfound source, but that’s a notoriously difficult type of question to answer. One bit of good news: Most plastic ends up buried in landfills, with little to no light exposure as it falls apart, Ellison noted.It’s also hard to tell if plastic in the real world behaves like it did in Royer’s lab.

The team analyzed pure samples of each plastic, but the contents of ocean and landfill plastic aren’t usually pure. Plas-tic producers add strengthening additives to pure plastics, and the recipes are pro-prietary. Royer contacted producers for exact contents, she said, but all refused to supply that information.Even if this research doesn’t replicate real-life conditions perfectly, it’s a jump-ing off point, Royer said. Learning just how much of the world’s methane comes from plastic, as well as which plastics are the worst offenders, is next on the list, she said.

www.livescience.com

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Juiced taking pre-orders on wild40-mph HyperFat HF1100 e-bike

Like the look of the RipCurrent S but have issues with megalomania?

Check out the new fat-tired HyperFat 1100 from San Diego-based Juiced Bikes, which peaks out at 1,800 watts and 40 mph (64 km/h). It›s far from road legal, but you wouldn›t notice that at a glance.Juiced›s new HyperFat gets a -100watt jump in continuous power from 1,000 to 1,100 watts, out of a MAC geared 12T hub motor. Peak power is an impressive 1,813 watts on a burst basis and limited by overheating.The battery in this case is a big one too: 52 V and 19.2 Ah for a capacity just under a kilowatt hour. It›d get you a distance of well over 60 miles (98 km) in another bike, but who knows what kind

of range you›ll get belting this thing around at full throttle and fighting the wind at its -40mph top speed.Motor control is through a torque sensor and HD cadence sensor, as well as a separate throttle you can use up to 35 mph (56 km/h). There›s adjustable air suspension in the forks, which can also be locked out, and some additional bump handling care of the -4inch fat racing slicks.Like the RipCurrent bikes, it gets a nice LCD display, a -1,050lumen built-in headlight, nine speed Shimano gears and a super quick 8A charger that can be programmed to charge slower if you want to keep your batteries in optimum shape for longer.The elephant in the room is, of course,

the fact that it›s too fast and powerful for legal use on most roads. This has hardly stopped gear-head e-bike riders in the past; enforcing these laws and working out exactly what e-bikes have got under the hood can be difficult. But at some point – and it may be this point – standard bicycle helmets stop cutting the mustard. Food for thought.The price is US3,299$, with deliveries beginning in September for the black ones and November for brushed aluminum. That›s not bad, considering that it›s only US300$ more than the RipCurrent S, and Trump›s 25 percent trade war tariffs on Chinese-built e-bikes and components are about to drop.

Amazon is to be told to stop claiming its Prime ser-vice guarantees next-day delivery by the UK ad-

vertising regulator after customers complained it was failing to provide their goods on time in the run-up to Christmas, it has been reported.The Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) is expected to rule that the firm’s claims to be able to operate an “unlimited one-day delivery” service are misleading in the case of some items.“[A] significant proportion of Prime-labelled items were not available for delivery the next day … because consumers were likely to understand that, so long as they did not order too late, all Prime items would be available for delivery the next day … we concluded that the ad was misleading,” the ASA’s ruling will say, ac-cording to the Times.AdvertisementAmazon offers the service to its Prime customers, who pay a £7.99 monthly subscription, but many people said it failed to live up to its promises last Christmas.It is not the first time the online retailer has been criti-cised by the regulator. In 2016, the ASA ruled against Amazon over its free delivery claims, saying its ads “did not make sufficiently clear which items were eli-gible for free delivery, and under what terms, and that they were therefore misleading”.The firm had not made clear that the claim did not cov-er items it was not itself responsible for dispatching.Amazon has also come under attack over its tax affairs and, last week, it was revealed that it had almost halved its UK corporation tax bill while tripling its profits.On Friday, the chancellor hinted that he could change the tax system for online sales as the scale of the dif-ficulties experienced by the high street store, House of Fraser, became apparent.“We want to ensure that the high street remains re-silient, and we also make sure that taxation is fair be-tween business doing business the traditional way, and those doing business online. We may have to look at temporary tax measures to rebalance the playing field until we can get international agreements sorted out,” Philip Hammond said.A spokesman for the ASA said: “We have been formally investigating Amazon’s ‘one-day delivery’ ad claims and will publish our findings in full soon.”Amazon did not respond to the Guardian’s request for comment but the company told the Times its Prime service still offered “fantastic benefits”.A spokesperson said: “The expected delivery date is shown before an order is placed and throughout the shopping journey and we work relentlessly to meet this date.“A small proportion of orders missed the delivery promise last year during a period of extreme weather that impacted all carriers across the UK.”

Amazon to be told to ditch ‘guaranteed next-

day delivery’ claimAdvertising Standards Authority set to rule

on claims about retailer’s Prime service

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