Demographic, Economic, Social

and Spatial Transformations as

Settlements Pass on From Village

to towns and to Cities

Introduction

Paleolitic Times (before 10,000 years ago)

Neolithic Revolution (10,000 to 5,000 years ago)

Urban Revolution (5,000 years ago)

Industrial Revolution (1750)

Demographic Transformation

Urbanization

Level of urbanization

Rate of urbanization

Development of a city from a village to a town is a function of: Population size

Control of natural environment

Technological development

Development in social organization (Hauser)

Economic Transformation

Urbanization (economic definition)

Process of becoming urban, moving to cities, changing from agriculture to other

pursuits common to cities, and

corresponding changing of behavior

patterns (Mitchell)

Technology

Mechanization

transportation

Social Transformation

Change in behavior patterns

Shift from traditional to uncritical values and attitudes

Shift from primary to secondary relationships

Shift from multi-functionality to differentiation and specialization

Spatial Transformation Change from a small area to a large one

Urban explosion

Change in morphology from an irregular set-up of houses, buildings and pathways in the village to more ordered or planned form with higher building and housing density. Modern patterns of gridiron

Radio-centric

Linear

Radial

Circumferential

Central and nodal

Sector, multiple nuclei

Plaza complex forms

Ekistics

The attempt to arrive at a proper

conception and implementation of the facts, concepts and ideas related to human settlements, and the attempt to re-examine all principles and theories and to readjust the disciplines and professions connected with settlements.

Human settlements consists of the following elements:

1. Nature - hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, biosphere

2. Content or humans - biological needs, sensation and perception, emotional needs, moral values

3. Society - population, social stratification, cultural patterns, education, health and welfare, economic development, law and administration

4. Shells - housing, institutional structures, shopping centers and markets, recreational facilities, industry, transportation centers

5. Networks - water supply, power supply, transportation, communication, sewerage, drainage systems; physical layout (ekistic plan).