2. metallurgical - ijmmse - slurry abrasion response of die casting - sagar

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SLURRY ABRASION RESPONSE OF DIE CASTING ALUMINIUM ALLOY (LM-13)

UNDER A WIDE RANGE OF EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS

SAGAR SINGH PARIHAR & RUPESH KUMAR TIWARI

Assistant Professor, ITM University Gwalior, India

ABSTRACT

Wear by slurry abrasion is a apparent problem in engineering components undergoing to specific flow.

The existence of the components under slurry abrasive wear situations is largely decided by operating conditions and the

materials properties. Aluminium alloys are extensively used for abrasion resistant applications. Our research is on “slurry

abrasion response of die casting aluminium alloy (LM-13) under a wide range of experimental conditions”. The response

data is generated using methodical and simultaneous variation of test parameters. The experiments were performed using

silica sand slurry with different slurry concentration under different wheel hardness and load. The wear weight loss showed

an increasing tendency with the increase of test parameters. Aluminium alloys, by virtue of their exceptional combination

of properties, continue to evolve as direct replacements for steels. Though, the wider use of aluminium and its alloys is

frequently impeded by their reputation for poor tribological behaviour. The present research mainly focuses on simple

engineering scenario where comparative tribological behavior of surface engineered LM-13 in abrasive slurry has been

evaluated to identify treatments capable of improving its wear behavior.

KEYWORDS: Slurry Abrasion, Aluminium Alloys, Slurry Wear Behavior

LITERATURE REVIEW

Aluminium- silicon alloy and aluminium based metal matrix composites (MMCs) holding hard particles which

exhibit better operating performance and resistance to wear. Generaly during the industrial processes, abrasive slurries are

moved by rotating impellers. When these elements are fabricated from metal matrix composites materials offer greater

abrasive resistance and consequently a extended service life. Composites materials are usually described by having

hardness greater than abrasive particles and because of reinforcement these materials also having high fracture toughness

which results in high abrasive wear resistance [R.L. Deuis, C. Subramanian, J.M. Yellup ].

Due to exceptional blend of properties the titanium alloys are continue to advance as unswerving substitutes for

steels in production systems to meet the tough offshore application situations. However, titanium and its alloys is also

having character of poor tribological behavior. Therefore its become imperative to evaluate relative tribological

performance of surface engineered Ti6Al4VELI in abrasive slurry to spot treatments capable of improving its wear

performance. Sliding wear tests were done using a block-on-wheel test model in abrasive mud slurry to simulate potential

application conditions. [H. Dong, A. Bloyce, T. Bell].

The wear character of the composite were studied by conducting abrasive wear test, and slurry erosive test.

The abrasive wear performance of the metal matrix composites (MMCs) were examined by varying parameters. Dry Sand

Rubber Wheel Abrasive Wear testing machine was used to examine abrasive wear performance.The results show that thewear resistance of TiB2-reinforced material enhanced with increase in TiB2 content. By and large results reveal that TiB2

International Journal of Metallurgical &

Materials Science and Engineering (IJMMSE)

ISSN(P): 2278-2516; ISSN(E): 2278-2524

Vol. 5, Issue 3, Jun 2015, 9-26

© TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.


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10 Sagar Singh Parihar & Rupesh Kumar Tiwari

Impact Factor (JCC): 3.3529 Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0

particles clearly improve the wear performance of Al 6063 alloy. SEM was used to analyse the surface morphologies of the

worn out surfaces. [K. Sivaprasad, S.P. Kumaresh Babu, S. Natarajan, R. Narayanasamy, B. Anil Kumar, G. Dinesh].

Slurry pumps, and pipes carrying slurry of minerals and ores are subjected to wear in mineral processing

industries. The wear characteristics of equipments used under slurry abrasion environment is administered by the process

parameters and properties of abrasive particles in abrasive slurry. Various slurry abrasion tests were performed using

slurry abrasion test equipments with silica sand as the abrasive medium to evaluate the consequence of sliding distance,

normal load and slurry concentration . The morphology of the worn out surfaces after slurry abrasion test was examined

by scanning by electron microscope. The morphological studies of the worn surfaces showed traits variations in the wear

model under different test conditions [S.G. Sapate, A.D. Chopde, P.M. Nimbalkar, D.K. Chandrakar].

Microstructural characteristics of the alloy were modified by regulating the T6 heat treatment conditions and their

weight on hardness, strength and elongation of the samples in erosion-corrosion and abrasion environment were examined.

Quality of the Al-Si alloy samples were evaluated with Al usually used in agricultural machineries. Fabrication of acomponent using the Al-Si alloy was also looked at to make out the viability of using the alloy system for the thought

applications. The study revealed the outcome of the samples in variety of conditions is by and large affected by conditions

like chemical composition, microstructural features and applied load, traversal distance and test characteristics.

The research revealed cast Al-Si is better to that of the predictable Al samples. The T6 heat treated Al-Si alloy exhibit

superb wear resistance characteristics under wide sets of testing conditions. [A. K. Gupta, B. K. Prasad, R. K. Pajnoo,

S. Das ]

The engineering equipments are vulnerable to surface hurt by slurry graze through transportation pipes carrying

ore and mineral slurries, extruders, sand pumps and agitators, Slurry abrasion caused significant stress which is by and

large influenced by hardness of abrasive particle, slurry concentration, particle size.[ Avishkar Rathod, S. G. Sapate & R.

K. Khatirkar]

INTRODUCTION

Automotive and aero space industries predominately use light metal AL based alloys because of their exceptional

characteristics such as, high strength to weight ratio, good formability, desirable corrosion resistance, high castability due

to low viscosity at molten state and high endurance strength. Whereas Al–Si alloys like LM13 exhibit low coefficient of

thermal expansion, high coefficient of heat transfer, high strength at high temperature, and resistance to hot tear and

desired tribological performance making it suitable for piston alloys.

On the one hand wear is necessary for material removal but causes ill effect of premature failure of engineering

components. This leads to significant downtime and sometimes premature replacement of the equipments. Downtime and

replacement of equipments results in significant monitory loss to the organization. Abrasive wear is one of the most

common type of failure in industrial relevance. According to an estimate about 50% of the time equipments fail due to

abrasive wear. Total cost of failure due to abrasive wear is somewhere around whopping 2-4 % of the gross national

product for all nations. Abrasive wear normally take places while transporting abrasive slurries particularly in mining

applications. The wear pattern of equipments used in slurry environment is influenced by the process parameters such as

properties of abrasive particles in slurry and material properties. Aluminium and its alloys are extensively used for

enhancing wear life of engineering equipments in abrasive wear conditions. The abrasive wear properties of carbon steels


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Slurry Abrasion Response of Die Casting Aluminium Alloy (LM-13) Under a Wide Range of Experimental Conditions 11


can be changed by varying hardness and microstructure by appropriate heat treatment. The quenched and tempered

carbon steel with martenstic microstructure exhibit 1.5–2.0 times improved resistance to slurry abrasion as contrast to

pearlitic microstructure.

Slurry abrasion is a probable problem in industrial equipments such as slurry pumps, pipelines carrying ore and

mineral slurries and extruders. The slurry abrasion test were carried out using silica abrasive particles. The consequence of

test parameter such as sliding distance, normal load, slurry concentration and size of particles size of abrasive medium on

a slurry abrasion characteristics of aluminum alloy was examined. The slurry abrasion volume loss enhanced with sliding

distance, normal load, slurry concentration and size of particles of abrasive medium. The outcomes implies that size of

particles and slurry concentration had comparatively stronger effect on wear loss as contrast to that of normal load

conditions. An attempt was made to correlate the abrasion wear characteristics with wide variety of test parameters.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

Experimental Setup

The slurry abrasion test with 300-450 µm silica sand was performed on the LM13 alloy using slurry abrasion

tester TR-44. The slurry was prepared by mixing 1.5 kg of silica sand particles in 1 litre of distilled water. The slurry is

placed inside the slurry chamber where the rectangular specimen (57.3 x 25.7 x 12.3 mm)is placed with the help of lever in

contact with neoprene rubber wheel. The specimen is tested under different normal loads and with the different hardness of

rubber wheel of hardness 50, 60 and 70 durometer hardness. The revolution and the rotation are kept fixed.

Figure 1

Constuction of Slurry Abrasion Tester

The slurry abrasion test Rig TR-44 is designed to determine the resistance of metallic materials to scratching

abrasion by means of wet sand and rubber wheel test. The test data produced will reproducibly rank materials in their

resistance to scratching abrasion under a specified set of condition in conformity with ASTM G105.

Description of Equipment

This Test Rig is versatile with wide operating range, with realistic radial loads, and control systems.

• The test Rig consists of a frame, a slurry unit with loading drive and control systems.

• The main components of test Rig are installed in the frame. The frame is relatively rigid to avoid disturbing

deformations and vibrations. The slurry unit consists of a test chamber fitted with rubber wheel, radial loading and


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slurry inlet and outlet. The loading system generates the radial load. On this test Rig both dynamic and static

loading is applied through same loading lever.

• The drive system drive the rubber wheel, it consists of a power unit, an AC motor with reduction gear box output

shafts connected to wheels. For accurate rotational speed control, the power unit is driven by a variable frequency

drive; voltage to motor is controlled to decrease variation in rotational speed.

• The control system controls the main operations of the test Rig.

The Abrasive Slurry Unit

The slurry unit consisting of a stainless steel chamber, rubber wheel, inlet and outlet ports for slurry, and loading

unit, all items mounted over the base plate. The abrasive wear occurs when abrasive passes between the rotating rubber

wheel and specimen. On this Rig the type of abrasive used is AFS 50/70n test sand.

Figure 2: Abrasive Slurry Unit

Rubber wheel for test is mounted inside a stainless steel leak proof chamber completely incasing it with a front lid

for replacement of rubber wheel; the front lid is made with a step to achieve 50 mm chamber width as required by ASTM

procedure G105. The chamber is fitted with an inlet and outlet port for slurry, when wheel dressing is required the

attachment is tightened on inlet port, in the vertical position. The rubber wheel is driven by a 2HP AC motor coupled to a

reduction gear box to reduce the base speed of motor by 7:1 ratio, further motor speed is varied by a variable frequency

drive, the reduction gear ensures full torque is delivered at all speeds. The gear box shaft protrudes on to spindle assembly,

the rubber wheel is mounted on spindle, and a proximity sensor disc to measure wheel speed is mounted on the rear side.

The rubber wheel is made of steel disc with outer layer covered with neoprene rubber molded to its periphery. The rubber

wheel is bonded to the rim and cured in a suitable mold, 4 paddles are fixed on either side of locking plate to agitate and


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mix the slurry and propel it towards specimen. The neoprene rubber confirms to classification D 2000(SAE J200). The

outer dia of wheel is 178 mm and thickness 13 mm.

Specimen to be tested is pressed against the periphery of the wheel by a L shaped loading lever pivoted above the

chamber with a mechanical advantage of 1: 1.65, the specimen is fitted in the slot on the bottom of lever. Load applied is

by suspending dead weights on the free end of loading lever. Specimen size is 25.4x57.2x6.4 to 15.9 mm thick; specimen

is retained on position by a plate clamped on the side to prevent sliding out during test. A lever lifter is fixed below loading

lever; it raises the loading lever to prevent contact with wheel.

To prevent leakage of slurry the front of chamber is covered with stainless steel cover, the abrasive sand AFS

50/70 and de-ionized water for test are poured though the inlet port from chamber top, the slurry is retained inside the

chamber after test and removed by opening the lid, additionally a tank is place below chamber to remove the slurry.

The chamber is water cooled to keep slurry temperature constant, a inlet and outlet ports are fixed to supply cooling water.

Proximity Sensor

On the output shaft from the gear box a proximity sensor disc with slots on the circumference is mounted to

measure wheel speed, when wheel rotates disc also rotate with it, a proximity sensor fixed perpendicular to it on a bracket

with equal gap on disc circumference; signal is generated when sensor disc approaches the active surface with in the

specified switching distance. This sensor functions in contact less fashion and do not require any sensing mechanism.

An inductive proximity sensor is selected as it has excellent means of detecting the presence of a wide range of

metallic targets. This detection is accomplished without contacting target and is mechanically wear free. It is comprised of

a high frequency oscillator circuit followed by level detector, a post amplification signal circuit and drives a buffered solid

state output.

Figure 3: Proximity Sensor


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In effect when the sensor disc is brought within effective range of the emitted field of the oscillator, a damping

action results which reduces the amplitude of oscillator. This amplitude shift is converted to digital signal by the level

detector, which drives the buffer stage. When the object is removed, the oscillator and digital output is turned to its former

state.

Controller

The operation of machine is from the front panel, fixed on convenient height for operation on the front panel of

machine. Test speed is set by rotating the potentiometer knob in the clockwise direction till the require speed is noticed on

the screen of the module, the test duration it is set by entering the values into the module using the soft keys. Press

start/stop switch and to begin & end test.

Figure 4: Display Screen

Technical Data & Specification

Table 1: Technical Data of TR-44

Sl no. Description Remark

1 Rated supply voltage 415 V ± 10 %

2 Rated supply current 15 A ± 1 %

3 Rated supply frequency 50 Hz ± 2 %

4 Harmonics

Not > 10 % of the total RMS phase to phase to voltage for the sum of

2nd & 5 th harmonic. An additional 2% max of total RMS phase to phase

voltage for the sum of 6th to 13

th harmonic.

5 Dip in voltageNot > 20% of peak supply voltage for more than 1 cycle. There

should be more than one sec between successive dips.

6 Voltage & unbalance Neither the voltage of the negative sequence component nor thevoltage of the zero sequence components shall exceed 2% of the positive

sequence component.

7 Voltage interruption

Supply interrupted is zero voltage for not more than 3sec, at any

random time in the supply cycle. There shall be more than 1 sec between

successive interruptions.

8 Operating temperature Between +5 & +40oC

9 Humidity Up to 50% @ 40 OC

10 Altitude Not exceeding 1000 mt above MSL

11 Vibration Anti-vibration pads provided for isolating vibration

12 Radiation Do not keep any other radiation equipment near it

13 Transportation temperatureProtection is provided to against failure while transporting between -

25 oC & 55 oC

14 Handling Sufficient gap provided on structure to use fork lift or hydraulic pallettrolley for transport


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Table 2: Mechanical Specifications

Sl no Part Name Range

1 AC Motor 1.5 kw,1415 rpm, 415 V, 50Hz, foot mounted

2 Gear box 1:7 reduction ratio, with 3 output spindles

3 Variable frequency drive 1.5 kw capacity4 Electricity and power 415 V x 1∅ x 5 Hz; 15A; 1.5 kw

Details Remarks

Normal load Dead weight loading. Dead weights of 5, 2, 1, 0.5 kg supplied

Speed Variable speed in steps of 1 rpm, max 245 rpm

Test duration Max 999999 rev

Base plate height

from floor790 mm

Slurry Abrasion Tester Details

Slurry abrasion

chamber size250 x 225 x 70 mm

Outlet port of

chamber size∅30 x 160 mm

Initial force onspecimen due to dead

weight of loading

lever

2.25 kg

Loading lever length

and loading ratioLever length = 370 mm, ratio = 1.65

Wheel specification

and sizeSteel disc with an outer layer neoprene rubber molded on periphery Φ178 X 13 mm thick

Specimen size 25.4X57.2X6.4 to 15.9 mm

Abrasive used AFS 50/70 quartz grain sand

Equipment size l x bx h

500 x 900 x 1500 mm

Weight of the

equipment365 kg


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Mechanical Design

Figure 5

Table 3: Description of Parts of TR-44

Item no. Description

01 Slurry chamber assembly

02 Slurry collection tank

03 Loading pin

04 Weight

05 Structure

06 Stirring paddle

07 Rubber wheel

08 Specimen spacer

09 Funnel

10 Top cover

11 Lever assembly and part detail

12 Lever support assembly

13 Wheel dressing arrangement

14 Motor

15 Anti vibration pad

16 Weight stand


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Figure 6: Dimensional Detail of Specimen

Operation

The abrasive wear depends on abrasive particle size, shape and hardness, the magnitude of the stress imposed by

the particle and the frequency of contact of the abrasive particle. These conditions are standardized to develop a uniforms

condition of wear. The tests conducted does not attempt to duplicate all the process conditions (abrasive size, shape,

pressure, or corrosive elements), it should only be used to predicting the exact resistance to of a given material in a specific

environment.

Test Summary

The slurry / wheel abrasion test involves the abrading of a specimen with a grit of controlled size & composition.

The paddle on the rotating wheel propel the slurry towards the specimen. The test specimen is pressed against a rotating

wheel at a specified force by means of a lever arm lies in a plane which is approximately tangent to the wheel surface, the

normal to the horizontal diameter along which the load is applied. The test duration and force applied by lever arm is

varied. Specimens are weighed before and after test and the loss in mass is recorded, abrasive resistance and wear number

are calculated.

Rubber Wheel

Three rubber wheels having shore A durometer hardness of 50, 60 or 70 are generally used for test, it consist of a

steel disc with an outer layer neoprene rubber molded to its periphery. The wheel size is Φ178 X 13 mm thick, thickness

clean the wheel with solvent, mount on the spindle and tighten with washer, check visually wheel is running true, if not

mount the dressing attachment in inlet port on chamber, ensure the file is facing the rubber surface.


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Figure 6: Rubber Wheel and Specimen Assembly

Procedure for Wheel Dressing

• Slowly rotate the knob of attachment till the file portion of attachment touches the outer surface of wheel.

• Rotate knob in opposite direction till a 1mm gap is noticed between the file & the surface of wheel.

• Rotate the wheel at 100 rpm.

• Slowly rotate the knob to move the file down till it touches the rubber surface, hold this position for a minute to

clear the surface of wheel.

• Stop wheel rotation; check the wheel surface for uniform removal of material, if not increase the movement of

knob to clear the wheel surface.

Specimen Prepration

Typical specimen is rectangular shape 25.4X57.2X6.4 to 15.9 mm thickness. The size may be varied according to

users need with the restriction that the length and width be sufficient to show the full length of scar as developed by the

test.

The specimen should be smooth, flat and free of scale, machined and ground to size to seat inside the holder

properly, scar surface should be parallel with in 50 microns taper to get a uniform wear scar on the surface.


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Specimen Cleaning

Remove all dirt or foreign matter from the specimen. Clean the specimen with a solvent or cleaner and dry to

remove all the traces of solvent, steel specimen with residual magnetism should be demagnetized before use.

Figure 7: Timer/Speed Module Screen

Speed Setting

Speed is displayed on timer/ speed module screen, press START button on front panel and rotate the

potentiometer knob till the required speed is displayed on screen. Keep the position of potentiometer knob stationary for 1

min till the speed display is constant. Press STOP push button to stop spindle rotation.

Figure 5: Wheel Dressing

Setting Test Duration

Test duration in no cycles is set on timer module, on timer module two screen are seen, top screen displays

number of cycles and bottom screen display speed of rotation of spindle. Maximum display possible on top screen is

9,99,99,999, the values is set using 3 keys.

•

Set Key: to display the set value

•

Mode Key: to move the blinking display to next digit

•

Arrow Key: to increment display value


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Normal Load Calibration

Normal load is calibrated using a cell with indicator; it is placed between a fixtures mounted in place of rubber

wheel locking plate &load lever. The load cell has a separate indicator for display.

Figure 6: Normal Load Calibration

Calibration Procedure

Unclamped & remove the locking plate on rubber wheel tighten the L type fixture at its place and another plate

with load cell fixed to specimen holder slowly lower the loading arm for bolt to touched the load cell button switch ON the

indicator and zero the display. Place 1 kg weigh on loading pan, record the display on indicator similarly repeat for otherload of 2, 4. & 5 kg and record the display values. The loading lever ratio is 2.33 and initial load exerted by loading lever

on rubber wheel is 2.25kg.

Compute the Load Value

Load on wheel = applied weight x loading lever ratio + initial load

= (m x 2.33 + 2.25) kg

Figure 7: Proximity Sensor

Experimental Procedure

Initially run the test with 50 durometer shore hardness wheel for 3000 revolution at 200 rpm, remove the slurry

and find the mass loss. Replace the rubber wheel with 60 durometer wheel and repeat the test for 3000 revolution at 200


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rpm on the new specimen but with fresh slurry. Repeat the test on the specimen using 70 shore hardness wheel with fresh

slurry, care to be taken to clean the slurry chamber after each test and weigh the specimen to find mass loss.

• Thoroughly clean & rinse the slurry chamber to remove the remnants of slurry from previous test

• Lift the loading lever to rest on the lifter

•

Install the rubber wheel of nominal 50 durometer on the spindle, place the paddle on either side of wheel and

tighten the wheel with a washer. Take reading on the surface of rubber wheel using a shore a durometer

tester; record the average of the readings.

•

Mount the dressing attachment on the inlet port of slurry chamber and dress the surface of the wheel

•

Remove the attachment and replace with inlet cap, clean the entire surface of the wheel and chamber

thoroughly to remove any particles.

•

Clean the surface of LM13 for dirt, degrees and dry the specimen.

•

Weight the specimen to the nearest 0.001gm.

•

Clamp the specimen inside specimen folder portion on lever and fasten with side plate if thickness of

specimen is less than 12.7mm than use appropriate shim to build the height to 12.7mm.

•

Ensure the drain plug is tightened properly fill the slurry of 1.5kg of quartz sand AFS 50/70 and .94 kg of

water at room temperature and close the front lid and tighten for volts to lock the lid to prevent slurry

seepage/spillage/splash switch on the MCB to supply power to power to tester allow 1 min for stabilizing the

electronic circuit.

•

Press the start switch and rotate the set rpm knob till the speed display on module shows 200 rpm press.

•

Stop to arrest spindle rotation, but retain the position of set rpm knob.

• Set the counter to 3000 revolution to shut of automatically after 3000 rev, press start switch to begin wheel

rotation.

• Remove the lever lifter to lower the specimen holder carefully against the wheel to prevent bouncing and

apply a force 222 N.

•

Wheel rotates, the direction of rotation is from the slurry to the specimen, and the paddles on either side of the

wheel agitate and mix the slurry to propel it towards specimen.

• Wheel rotation stops after completion of the preset revolution.

• Remove the drain block and flush the slurry out of the vessel.

• Open the front cover and scoop out the remaining slurry and discard it.

• Remove specimen rinse free of grit and dry, allow it to cool to ambient temperature.

• Weigh the specimen and compute mass loss.

•

Repeat the test for different wheel hardness and load.


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The actual abrasion test is conducted on the same wear scar starting with 50 Durometer rubber wheels, for each

test the specimen is installed with the same orientation and position. For each new test fresh slurry is used. Follow the same

procedure mentioned in run-in test and repeat with 50, 60 & 70 Durometer rubber wheels in the order of hardness.

Operation

The abrasive wear depends on abrasive particle size, shape, hardness of wheel, magnitude of the load imposed by

lever arm and the frequency of contact of the abrasive particle. These conditions are standardized to develop a uniforms

condition of wear. The tests conducted does not attempt to duplicate all the process conditions (abrasive size, shape,

pressure, or corrosive elements), it should only be used to predicting the exact resistance to of a given material in a specific

environment.

Test Specimen

Material: LM13 (Al-Si12Cu1Mg1) or (EN 1706 AC-43100)

Chemical Composition of LM13:

Table1: Chemical Composition of LM13

Alloying Element Percentage (%)

Silicon (Si) 10-13

Copper (Cu) 0.7-1.5

Magnesium (Mg) 0.8-1.5

Iron (Fe) 1.0 max

Manganese (Mn) 0.5 max

Nickel (Ni) 1.5 max

Zinc (Zn) 0.1 max

Lead (Pb) 0.1 max

Tin (Sn) 0.1 max

Titanium (Ti) 0.2 max

Aluminium (Al) Remainder

Density: 2700 kg/m3 or 2.7 gm/cm3

Tensile Strength: 170-200 N/mm2

Brinell Hardness: 100-150

Modulus of Elasticity: 73 x 10

3

N/mm

2

Endurance Limit: 85 N/mm2 for 5 x 107 cycles

Dimensions: 25.4 x 57.2 x 6.4 to 15.9 mm thickness


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Process Parameters

Sand: AFS 50/70 quartz sand

Slurry Concentration: 1.5 kg sand and 1 kg water (60 % by wt.)

RPM: 200 rpm, Revolutions: 3000 rev

Weight of Lever: 1.5, 2 and 3kg

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Effect of Wheel Hardness

The test result obtained are three mass loss values corresponding to three average durometer hardness values

obtained for the normally 50, 60, 70 durometer rubber wheels.

Slurry Abrasion Test Using Weight 1.5 kg

278.41

469.04

volume loss (mm3)


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Slurry Abrasion Test Using Weight 3 kg

698.52 730.78

volume Loss (mm3)

Effect of Normal Load Variation

Slurry abrasion test, using the rubber wheel of hardness 50 durometer

Slurry Abrasion Test Using Weights 1.5 kg, 2kg and 3kg

Slurry Abrasion Test, Using the Rubber Wheel of Hardness 60 Durometer

Conclusion and Future Scope

The slurry abrasion volume loss of LM13 alloy is analyzed over a wide range was performed using image analysis

technique. The characterization of slurry abrasion test apparatus was carried out on LM13 with AFS 50/70 silica sand

abrasive particles. The following conclusions can be obtained:


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•

The volume loss of LM13 due to slurry abrasion is increases with increase in the normal load on the specimen in

the linear manner.

•

The volume loss of LM13 due to slurry abrasion first increases with increase in wheel hardness from 50

durometer to 60 durometer and then decrease on further increase in the wheel hardness, from 60 to 70 durometer.

In future much more studies are required to develop a reliable correlation which can include the effect of various

parameters affecting slurry abrasion, including heat treatment, which could be applied to wide range of Aluminum-silicon

alloys. The coating of the material is also one of the options which widely used in industries. Further study will also require

with different type of slurries and loads. These studies will provide the base for the selection and development of proper

material necessary for the components working under severe erosion conditions.

REFERENCES

1.

R. L. Deuis, C. Subramanian, J. M. Yellup, “ Abrasive wear of aluminium composites- a review”

, wear 201 (1996)132-144, Elsevier.

2. H. Dong, A. Bloyce, T. Bell, “Slurry abrasion response of surface engineered Ti6A14VELI”, Tribology

International 32 (1999) 517-526, Elsevier.

3.

K. Sivaprasad, S.P. Kumaresh Babu, S. Natarajan, R. Narayanasamy, B. Anil Kumar, G. Dinesh , “Study on

abrasive and erosive wear behavior of Al 6063/ TiB2 in situ composites”, Material Science and Engineering A

498 (2008) 495-500, Elsevier.

4. S.G. Sapate, A.D. Chopde, P.M. Nimbalkar, D.K. Chandrakar, “ Effect of microstructure on slurry abrasion

response of En-31 steel”, Materials and Design 29 (2008) 613-621, Elsevier.

5.

S.G. Sapate, A. Selokar , N. Garg, “ Experimental investigation of hardfaced martensitic steel under abrasion

conditions”, Materials and Design 31 (2010) 4001-4006, Elsevier.

6. Joel Hemanth, “ Abrasive and slurry wear behavior of chilled aluminium alloy (A356) reinforced with fused silica

(SiO2 p) metal matrix composites”, Composites: Part B 42 (2011) 1826-1833, Elsevier.

7.

K. Gupta, B. K. Prasad, R. K. Pajnoo, S. Das, “Effect of T6 heat treatment on mechanical, abrasive and erosive-

corrosive wear properties of eutectic Al-Si alloy”, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 22 (2012) 1041- 1050,

Elsevier.

8. S. G Sapate, Jagdish Raut, “Investigations on wear by slurry abrasion of hardfaced low alloy steel”, Int. J. on

Production and Industrial Engineering, Vol. 03, No. 01, June 2012, AMAE.

9.

Avishkar Rathod, S. G. Sapate & R. K. Khatirkar, “Shape factor analysis of abrasive particles used in slurry

abrasion testing”, International Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (IJMIE) ISSN No. 2231 –6477,

Vol-2, Iss-4, 2012.

10. R. Ashiri, B. Niroumand, F. Karimzadeh, M. Hamani, M. Pouranvari, “ Effect of casting process on microstructure

and tribological behavior of LM13 alloy”, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 475 (2009) 321–327, Elsevier.

11.

www.stle.org/resources/lubelearn/wear/ .


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2. metallurgical - ijmmse - slurry abrasion response of die casting - sagar

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