2-PAD Hardware: From Antenna to Beamformer

Adam Baird Hamid Dabiri Khah Kris Zarb-Adami Mark Jones Mike Jones Paul Grimes Peter Hastings Rik Elliot Richard Armstrong Sascha Schediwy

Aziz Ahmedsaid Chris Shenton Georgina Harris Richard Morrow Richard Whitaker Tim Ikin Tony Brown

University of Oxford University of Manchester

High Gain Antenna Cost = £ 350 (mostly metal)

For 2 polarisations 3-dB Beamwidth ≈ ±18o

Gain ≈ 12.5 dBiAntenna Co- and Cross-Polarisations

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Differential Low Noise Amp Power = 100 mW Cost = £ 2 per polarisation Noise Figure ≈ 0.8 ± 0.1 dB (60K) S21 ≈ 18 ± 2 dB S11 ≈ -15 ± 2 dB

Gain - Low Noise Amplifier

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Analogue Cable Driver Power = 1W per polarisation Cost = £ 10 per polarisation Gain = 54 dB Gain flatness ≈ 0.5 dB

Gain Chain Cable Driver

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Cable and Balun Board Cable Cost = £ 10 per polarisation Quad channel fan-out Passive components only

Transmission - 20m CAT7 Cable

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Reflection - 20m CAT7 Cable

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Far End Cross Talk - 20m CAT7 Cable

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Signal Conditioning Module

Equaliser and Cable

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Cost = £ 500 per polarisation Power ≈ 1W per polarisation High and Low, anti-aliasing channels ADC differential driver Logic controlled from FPGA

Data Acquisition Board Cost = £1000 per polarisation Power = 1.5 W per polarisation ADC ≈ 0.5 W per polarisation FPGA ≈ 1.0 W for channelisation

Power by Function

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Quiescent

CLOCK

LOGIC IO

BRAMDCM

PMCD DSPPPC

MGTEMAC

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Processing Technology Berkeley Hardware Benchmarking

system

2 x Dual-channel ADCs 1 x Virtex-2 FPGA

$775 per polarisation2.5 W per polarisation

Fine-grained Power Management

Summary

Total Cost per polarisation ≈ £ 1700 Total Power per polarisation ≈ 5 W

Total Cost for 2-PAD ≈ £ 220,000 (280,000 €) Total Power for 2-PAD ≈ 640 W

Total Cost per polarisation ≈ £ 1200 Total Power per polarisation ≈ 5 W

Total Cost for 2-PAD ≈ £ 155,000 (200,000 €) Total Power for 2-PAD ≈ 640 W

Analogue Power should be a serious concern for the future as this does NOT scale with technology

SKAD

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KCA

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e-ASIC technology

Power per polarisation is decreased by 1W over the latest FPGA

New techniques which do not require the large NRE associated with new semiconductor processes

Short turn-around time and design based on standard FPGA platforms

No volume requirements

Extra slides