2 reviewer election edited

8/13/2019 2 Reviewer Election Edited

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OMNIBUS ELECTION CODE OF THEPHILIPPINES

(BATAS PAMBANSA BILANG 881)(Recent Amendments and Jurisprudence)

OUTLINE

Article I. General Pr!i"in" (Sectin" 1#1$)

Sec. 1 TitleSec. 2 ApplicabilitySec. 3 Election and Campaign periodsSec. !bligation to Register and "oteSec. # $ostponement o% ElectionSec. & 'ailure o% ElectionSec. Call o% Special ElectionsSec. Election Code to be A"ailable in $olling $lacesSec. * !%%icial +ail and Telegram Relati"e to ElectionsSec. 1, Election E-pensesSec. 11 'ailure to Assume !%%ice

Sec. 12 is/uali%ications

Article II. Electin % Pre"i&ent an& 'ice#Pre"i&ent (Sectin"1#$)

Sec. 13 Regular Election %or $resident and 0ice$residentSec. 1 Special Election %or $resident and 0ice$residentSec. 1# Can"ass o% 0otes %or $resident and 0ice$resident by te

$ro"incial or City oard o% Can"assersSec. 1& Counting o% 0otes %or $resident and 0ice$resident by te

atasang $ambansa

Sec. 1 Correction o% Errors in Certi%icate and SupportingStatement Already Transmitted to te Secretary

Sec. 1 $reser"ation o% allot o-es4 Teir 5eys4 and ispositiono% Teir Contents

Sec. 1* 6en certi%icate o% can"ass is incomplete or bearserasures or alterations

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Sec. 2, $roclamation o% te $residentelect and 0ice$residentelect

Article III. Electin % Me*+er" % t,e Bata"an- Pa*+an"a(Sectin" $1#$8)

Sec. 21 Regular Election o% +emebers o% te atasang$amabansa

Sec. 22 Special Election %or +embers o% te atasang$amabansa

Sec. 23 Composition o% te atasang $ambansaSec. 2 Apportionment o% Representati"es

Sec. 2# 0oting by $ro"ince and its Component Cities4 by 7igly8rbani9ed City or by istrict in +etropolitan +anila

Sec. 2& Sectoral Representati"esSec. 2 Scope o% te SectorsSec. 2 Selection o% Sectoral Representati"es

Article I'. Electin % Lcal O%%icial" (Sectin" $#)

Sec. 2* Regular Elections o% :ocal !%%icialsSec. 3, Component and 7igly 8rbani9ed Cities

Article '. Electin % Me*+er" % /e-inal A""e*+l0 % t,eAtn*" /e-in" (Sectin" 1#2)

Sec. 31 Te Sangguniang $ampoo; o% te Autonomous RegionsSec. 32 Apportionment o% +embers o% te Sangguniang $ampoo;Sec. 33 Election o% +embers o% Sangguniang $ampoo;Sec. 3 Selection o% Sectoral Representati"esSec. 3# 'illing o% 0acancySec. 3& Term o% !%%ice

Article 'I. Electin % Baran-a0 O%%icial" (Sectin" 3#41)

Sec. 3 Regular elections o% arangay !%%icialsSec. 3 Conduct o% ElectionsSec. 3* Certi%icate o% CandidacySec. , oard o% Election Tellers

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Sec. 1 Registration o% 0oters and :ist o% 0otersSec. 2 $olling placesSec. 3 !%%icial arangay allots

Sec. allot o-esSec. # $ostponement or 'ailure o% ElectionSec. & arangay oard o% Can"assersSec. Acti"ities uring te Campaign $eriodSec. 6atcersSec. *


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Sec. , @uest CandidacySec. 1 Canging $olitical $arty A%%iliationSec. 2 E%%ects o% is/uali%ication Cases and $riority

Sec. 3 Certi%icate o% CandidacySec. Contents o% Certi%icate o% CandidacySec. # 'iling and istribution o% Certi%icate o% CandidacySec. & +inisterial uty o% Recei"ing and Ac;no=ledging ReceiptSec. Candidates in Case o% eat4 is/uali%ication or

6itdra=al o% AnoterSec. $etition to eny ue Course to or Cancel a Certi%icate o%

Candidacy

Article 5. Ca*6ai-n an& Electin Pr6a-an&a (Sectin" 3#)

Sec. * e%initionsSec. , Election Campaign or $artisan $olitical Acti"ity !utside

Campaign $eriodSec. 1


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Sec. 1,, :imitations upon E-pense o% CandidatesSec. 1,1 :imitations upon E-penses o% $olitical $artiesSec. 1,2 :a=%ul E-penditures

Sec. 1,3 $ersons Autori9ed to


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Sec. 13 $o=er o% te oard o%


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Sec. 1& is/uali%icationSec. 1& $o=ers o% te oard o% Election


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Sec. 1*2 $ersons Allo=ed in and Around te $olling $laceSec. 1*3 !rder o% 0otingSec. 1* +anner o% !btaining allots

Sec. 1*# +anner o% $reparing te allotSec. 1*& $reparation o% allots %or


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Sec. 2#2 Election Contest %or arangay !%%icesSec. 2#3 $etition %or >uo 6arrantoSec. 2# $rocedure in Election Contests

Sec. 2## Judicial Counting o% 0otes in Election ContestSec. 2#& AppealsSec. 2# ecision in te CommissionSec. 2# $re%erential isposition o% Contests in CourtsSec. 2#* Actual or Compensatory amagesSec. 2&, ?otice o% ecisions

Article 55II. Electin O%%en"e" (Sectin" $21#$2)

Sec. 2&1 $roibited ActsSec. 2&2 !ter Election !%%enses

Sec. 2&3 $ersons Criminally :iableSec. 2& $enaltiesSec. 2 $rosecutionSec. 2&& Arrest in Connection =it te Election CampaignSec. 2& $rescriptionSec. 2& Jurisdiction o% CourtsSec. 2&* $re%erential isposition o% Election !%%enses

Article 55III. Le-al Fee" (Sectin" $3#$31)

Sec. 2, Collection o% :egal 'eesSec. 21 $ayment o% 'ees

Article 55I'. Tran"itr0 Pr!i"in" (Sectin" $3$#$3)

Sec. 22 $ending ActionsSec. 23 esignation o% Certain $reelection acts


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Sec. 2, Reorgani9ation o% te Commission on ElectionsSec. 21 Separability Clause

Sec. 22 Repealing ClauseSec. 23 E%%ecti"ity Clause

B/IEF ELECTO/AL HISTO/:

8nder te colonial rule o% te Spaniards =e did not a"e anysemblance o% political or social participation in te go"ernment scene=e =ere as o%ten illustrated in our istory boo;s relegated to temeasly core o% being ser"ants noting more and noting else subectto te =im and %olly o% te mesti9os. Te tide o=e"er canged uponte arri"al o% te 1*t century particularly te time =en =e =ereunder te military rule o% te Americans. Tey introduced te concepto% sel%go"ernance a dream o%ten considered out o% reac by our%ore%aters. y te time te emocrats came into po=er in 1*134measures =ere ta;en to e%%ect a smoot transition to sel%rule4 by tattime te $ilippine assembly already ad a popularly elected lo=er

ouse4 and te Jones Act4 passed by te 8.S. Congress in 1*1&4pro"ided %or a popularly elected upper ouse as =ell4 =it po=er toappro"e all appointments made by te ten go"ernorgeneral.


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=as re"ersed. @en. :eonard 6ood4 =o =as appointed go"ernorgeneral4 largely supplanted 'ilipino acti"ities =it a semimilitary rule.Te start o% te 1*3,s o=e"er4 largely due to te ad"ent o% te @reat

epression in te 8nited States and te %irst aggressi"e mo"es byJapan in Asia (1*31) si%ted 8.S. sentiment sarply to=ard te grantingo% immediate independence to te $ilippines.

Te 7are7a=es Cutting Act4 passed by Congress in 1*324 pro"ided %orcomplete independence o% te islands in 1*# a%ter 1, years o% sel%go"ernment under 8.S. super"ision. Te bill ad been dra=n up =itte aid o% a commission %rom te $ilippines4 but +anuel :. >ue9on4te leader o% te dominant ?ationalist party4 opposed it4 partiallybecause o% its treat o% American tari%%s against $ilippine products butprincipally because o% te pro"isions lea"ing na"al bases in 8.S. ands.8nder is in%luence4 te $ilippine legislature reected te bill. Te

Tydings+cu%%ie


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te %irst liberation %orces4 =ic surprised te Japanese by landing on!ct. 2,4 1* at :eyte.

A%ter te =ar te $ilippine congress met on June *4 1*#4 %or te %irsttime since its election in 1*1. uirino4 to te presidency4 and in te bitterly

contested election o% ?o".4 1**4 >uirino de%eated JosF :aurel to =in a%ouryear term o% is o=n.

uirino. 7e ad promised s=eeping economic canges4 and e didma;e progress in land re%orm4 opening ne= settlements outsidecro=ded :u9on island. 7is sudden deat in a plane cras in +ar.4 1*#4=as a serious blo= to national morale. 0ice $resident Carlos $. @arcIasucceeded im and =on a %ull term o% is o=n as president in teelections o% ?o".4 1*#.

$ilippine opposition to @arcIa on issues o% go"ernment corruption andantiAmericanism led4 in June4 1*#*4 to te union o% te :iberal and$rogressi"e parties4 led by 0ice $resident iosdado +acapagal4 te:iberal party leader. !n 1*&1 @arcia =as declared as te =inner andtus e assumed te o%%ice o% te president. uring is term emaintained a territorial dispute =it ritain o"er ?ort orneo (laterSaba)4 =ic +acapagal claimed ad been leased and not sold to teritis ?ort orneo Company in 1.

Te start o% te 1*&,s ga"e rise to te start o% te political carreer o% abrilliant man %rom


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tat pro"ided te president =it direct po=ers meaning also as tepo=ers to legislate. A plebiscite conducted on July4 1*3 ga"e +arcoste rigt to remain in o%%ice beyond te e-piration (ec.4 1*3) o% is

term. +artial la= remained in %orce until 1*14 =en +arcos =asreelected4 amid accusations o% electoral %raud. +arcos to ease ci"iltensions orcestrated se"eral snap elections in =ic e al=ays =on.

A%ter te 'eb.4 1*&4 presidential election4 bot +arcos and isopponent4 Cora9on A/uino (te =ido= o% enigno)4 declaredtemsel"es as te =inner4 and carges o% massi"e %raud and "iolence=ere le"eled against te +arcos %action. +arcoss domestic andinternational support eroded4 and e %led te country on 'eb. 2#4 1*&4e"entually obtaining asylum in te 8nited States. $resident A/uino%aced a uge tas; o% re"i"ing te crumbling structure o% te $ilippine@o"ernment in addition to te massi"e economic turmoil brougt

about by years o% gra%t and corruption.


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THE COMELEC

Te Commission on Elections is mandated to gi"e li%e and meaning tote basic principle tat so"ereignty resides in te people and allgo"ernment autority emanates %rom tem.


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Suc decisions a"e attested to te CommissionBs si-tyone (&1) yearso% ser"ice to $ilippine democracy4 to te strengt o% purpose andcaracter and te "ision o% te men and =omen =o a"e ser"ed it.

/EO/GANI;ATION

Te Commission on Elections ad undergone se"eral reorgani9ations

!n June 214 1*14 Common=ealt Act ?o. =as enactedreorgani9ing te Commission on Elections as a constitutional body.

Tere =ere 3* sta%% members including tree Commissioners4 namely$edro Concepcion4 CairmanH Jose C. Abreu and Ru%ino :una4members.

At te beginning te Cairman and +embers o% te Commission ad aterm o% nine years eac a member being replaced e"ery tree years e-cept in te %irst Commission =o =ere gi"en nine4 si- and tree yearterms respecti"ely. Tey could be remo"ed %rom o%%ice only byimpeacment and =ere pro"ided =it %i-ed salaries =ic couldneiter be increased nor diminised during teir term o% o%%ice. Tese=ere among te sa%eguards to ensure te integrity and independenceo% te Commission.

!n June 224 1*&34 Congress appro"ed Republic Act ?os. 3# and3, enabling te Commission to reorgani9e and e-pand its structureand increase personnel do=n to te municipal le"el. Republic Act ?o.3# =as passed in order to establis a permanent list o% "oters and acontinuing system o% registration o% "oters4 in eac city4 municipalityand municipal district by a nonpartisan and /uali%ied election registrar=it te assistance o% an election cler;. !n te oter and4 RepublicAct ?o. 3, autori9ed te Commission to reorgani9e its o%%ice K inorder to promote maximum efficiency in carrying out its constitutionalduty to ensure free, clean and orderly elections and administer andenforce effectively all laws relative to the conduct of electionsK. Tis

la= empo=ered te Commission to abolis or create department4di"isions4 sections4 or units4 redistribute %unctions and personnel4cange salaries and allo=ances o% its subordinate o%%icials andemployees and pro"ide %or ade/uate appropriation %or maintenanceand operation.

1&


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Ten on 1*3 by "irtue o% te 1*3 Constitution te membersip o%te Commission =as enlarged %rom tree to nine members butreduced teir term o% o%%ice %rom nine to se"en years.


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under te o"erall control o% te Cairman and te Commissioners4=o constitute te policyma;ing body tat lays do=n te guidelinesand regulations %or elections4 re%erenda4 plebiscites4 initiati"es and

recalls. Te Cairmanis te Cie% E-ecuti"e o% te Commission. 8nderim is te E-ecuti"e irector (E)=ose duty is to implement policiesand decisions and to ta;e carge o% te administrati"e a%%airs o% teCommission. Assisting te E-ecuti"e irector are t=o deputies aeputy E-ecuti"e irector %or Administration (EA) and a eputyE-ecuti"e irector %or !perations (E!).


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A/TICLE I

GENE/AL P/O'ISIONS

Sec. 1. Title. # T,i" Act ",all +e t t,e e7tent a66r6riate> all re%eren&aan& 6le+i"cite".

Sec. . Electin an& ca*6ai-n 6eri&". # Unle"" t,er=i"e %i7e&in "6ecial ca"e" +0 t,e C**i""in n Electin"> =,ic,

,ereina%ter ",all +e re%erre& t a" t,e C**i""in> t,eelectin 6eri& ",all c**ence ninet0 &a0" +e%re t,e &a0 %t,e electin an& ",all en& t,irt0 &a0" t,erea%ter.

T,e 6eri& % ca*6ai-n ",all +e a" %ll="?

1*


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1. Pre"i&ential an& 'ice#Pre"i&ential Electin # &a0"@$. Electin % Me*+er" % t,e Bata"an- Pa*+an"a an&

Lcal Electin # 4 &a0"@ an&

. Baran-a0 Electin # 14 &a0".

Nte? Drin- t,e la"t Baran-a0 electin t,e ca*6ai-n6eri& =a" 1 &a0".

T,e ca*6ai-n 6eri&" ",all nt incl&e t,e &a0 +e%re an& t,e&a0 % t,e electin.

H=e!er> in ca"e % "6ecial electin" n&er Article 'III> Sectin4> S+"ectin ($) % t,e Cn"tittin> t,e ca*6ai-n 6eri&",all +e %rt0#%i!e &a0".

Sec. . O+li-atin t re-i"ter an& !te. # It ",all +e t,e+li-atin % e!er0 citien ali%ie& t !te t re-i"ter an& ca"t,i" !te.

Sec. 4. P"t6ne*ent % electin. # 9,en %r an0 "eri" ca"e"c, a" !ilence> terrri"*> l"" r &e"trctin % electin6ara6,ernalia r recr&"> %rce *aere> an& t,er anal-"ca"e" % "c, a natre t,at t,e ,l&in- % a %ree> r&erl0 an&,ne"t electin ",l& +ec*e i*6""i+le in an0 6litical"+&i!i"in> t,e C**i""in> *t 6r6ri r 6n a !eri%ie&6etitin +0 an0 intere"te& 6art0> an& a%ter &e ntice an&,earin-> =,ere+0 all intere"te& 6artie" are a%%r&e& eal66rtnit0 t +e ,ear&> ",all 6"t6ne t,e electin t,erein ta &ate =,ic, ",l& +e rea"na+l0 cl"e t t,e &ate % t,eelectin nt ,el&> ""6en&e& r =,ic, re"lte& in a %ailre telect +t nt later t,an t,irt0 &a0" a%ter t,e ce""atin % t,eca"e %r "c, 6"t6ne*ent r ""6en"in % t,e electin r%ailre t elect.

Sec. 2. Failre % electin. # I%> n accnt % %rce *aere>!ilence> terrri"*> %ra&> r t,er anal-" ca"e" t,eelectin in an0 6llin- 6lace ,a" nt +een ,el& n t,e &ate

%i7e&> r ,a& +een ""6en&e& +e%re t,e ,r %i7e& +0 la= %rt,e cl"in- % t,e !tin-> r a%ter t,e !tin- an& &rin- t,e6re6aratin an& t,e tran"*i""in % t,e electin retrn" r int,e c"t&0 r can!a"" t,ere%> "c, electin re"lt" in a%ailre t elect> an& in an0 % "c, ca"e" t,e %ailre r""6en"in % electin =l& a%%ect t,e re"lt % t,e electin>

2,


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t,e C**i""in ",all> n t,e +a"i" % a !eri%ie& 6etitin+0 an0intere"te& 6art0 an& a%ter &e ntice an& ,earin-> call %r t,e,l&in- r cntinatin % t,e electin nt ,el&> ""6en&e& r

=,ic, re"lte& in a %ailre t elect n a &ate rea"na+l0 cl"et t,e &ate % t,e electin nt ,el&> ""6en&e& r =,ic,re"lte& in a %ailre t elect +t nt later t,an t,irt0 &a0" a%tert,e ce""atin % t,e ca"e % "c, 6"t6ne*ent r""6en"in % t,e electin r %ailre t elect.

DISCUSSIONS

I. POSTPONEMENT OF ELECTION

A. Ca"e"

1. 0iolence2. Terrorism

3. :oss or destruction o% election parapernaliaMrecords

. 'orce maeure

#. !ter analogous causes

B. E%%ect


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C. Date % ne= electin

Te date o% te postponed election sould be reasonably close tote date o% te election not eld4 suspended4 or =ic resulted in a%ailure to elect.


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A?te %ailure or suspension o% te election =ould a%%ect te resulto% te election.

C. /e*e&0

C!+E:EC can call %or te olding or continuation o% te election noteld4 suspended4 or =ic resulted in a %ailure to elect. Te electionsould be eld not later tan 3, days a%ter te cessation o% tecause o% te postponement or suspension o% te election or %ailureto elect. Tis is decided by te C!+E:EC4 by a maority "ote o% itsmembers4 sitting en banc.

U/ISP/UDENCE

P/ESBITE/O> / !". COMELECG./. N. 13888> ne > $8


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8nder te circumstances4 petitioner and petitionerinter"enor aredeemed to a"e =ai"ed teir rigt to present %urter e"idence tosubstantiate teir petition. Since4 as te %ollo=ing portion o% te

assailed C!+E:EC resolution states4 bot petitioner and petitionerinter"enor %ailed to discarge te burden o% pro"ing teir allegations4te C!+E:EC did not commit gra"e abuse o% discretion.

Tus4 tere can be no oter recourse %or tis Commission tan to denyte petition. @eneral allegations4 =itout su%%icient e"identiary support4do not =arrant a declaration o% a %ailure o% elections. Election resultsare te e-pression o% te =ill o% te people =ose =el%are and interestsmust immediately be ser"ed by tose upon =om te people a"eplaced teir trust. $eriperally but not tri"ially4 elections need beconsummated =it dispatc because te losers or e"en tose ustlagging beind in te counting4 more o%ten tan not4 %ile all ;inds o%

protests and complaints and obections tat delay te election processand treaten to deny te people teir representation in go"ernment.

PASANDALAN !". COMELEC an& ASUMG./. N. 141$> l0 18> $$

'ACTS $asandalan and Asum =ere candidates %or mayor in te+unicipality o% :umbayanague4 :anao del Sur during te +ay 2,,1elections. !n +ay 234 2,,14 $asandalan %iled a petition be%ore teC!+E:EC see;ing to nulli%y te election results in a number o% precinctsituated in :umbayanague4 :anao del Sur. 7e contended tat atecnical e-amination o% se"eral o%%icial ballots %rom te contestedprecincts =ould so= tat only a %e= persons =rote te entries. Asumdenied $asandalans allegations. !n June 3,4 2,,14 Asum ad s=orninto o%%ice and assumed te position o% municipal mayor o% te:umbayanague4 :anao del Sur. !n !ctober 124 2,,14 te C!+E:ECissued a Resolution dismissing te petition %or lac; o% merit.


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election as te "oting continued normally. Tird4 Asum =as elected bya plurality o% "otes.

$asandalan %iled a petition %or re"ie= on certiorari o% te Resolution o%te C!+E:EC en banc dismissing is petition to declare a %ailure o%election.


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tere a %ailure to elect because o% %orce maeure4 "iolence4 terrorism4%raud or oter analogous causes during te preparation4 transmission4custody and can"ass o% te election returns. Te alleged terrorism =as

not o% suc scale and pre"alence to pre"ent te olding o% te electionor to cause its suspension. anar0 $> $1

Te propriety o% declaring =eter or not tere as been a total %ailureo% elections in te entire pro"ince is a %actual issue =ic te SupremeCourt =ill not del"e into considering tat te C!+E:EC4 troug itsdeputi9ed o%%icials in te %ield4 is in te best position to assess teactual conditions pre"ailing in tat area. y teir "ery nature and gi"ente public interest in"ol"ed in te determination o% te results o% anelection4 te contro"ersies arising %rom te can"ass must be resol"edspeedilyH oter=ise te =ill o% te electorate =ould be %rustrated.

BENITO !". COMELECG./. N. 11> anar0 1> $1


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due to %orce maeure4 "iolence or terrorismH and (2) te "otes not castterein are su%%icient to a%%ect te results o% te election. Te cause o%suc %ailure may arise be%ore or a%ter te casting o% "otes or on te day

o% te election

E"aluation o% e"identiary matters is beyond te pro"ince o% a =rit o%certiorari. Just as te C!+E:EC =as reluctant to treat petitioners claimas gospel trut4 so too do =e esitate to accord =eigt to tisrigmarole o% s=orn statementsH

Tere is no pro"ision in our election la= =ic re/uires tat a maorityo% registered "oters must cast teir "otes. All te la= re/uires is tat a=inning candidate must be elected by a plurality o% "alid "otes4regardless o% te actual number o% ballots cast.

SISON !". COMELEC SC/A 13

Te rule is4 =at conointly determines te nature o% a pleading are teallegations terein made in good %ait4 te stage o% te proceeding at=ic it is %iled4 and te primary obecti"e o% te party %iling te same.

A preproclamation contro"ersy is not te same as an action %orannulment o% election results or declaration o% %ailure o% elections4%ounded as tey are on di%%erent grounds.

Tere are tree (3) instances =ere a %ailure o% elections may bedeclared are (a) te election in any polling place as not been eld onte date %i-ed on account o% %orce maeure4 "iolence4 terrorism4 %raud4or oter analogous causesH (b) te election in any polling place adbeen suspended be%ore te our %i-ed by la= %or te closing o% te"oting on account o% %orce maeure4 "iolence4 terrorism4 %raud4 or oteranalogous causesH or (c) a%ter te "oting and during te preparationand transmission o% te election returns or in te custody or can"asstereo% suc election result in a %ailure to elect on account o% %orcemaeure4 "iolence4 terrorism 4 %raud4 or oter analogous causes.

Te scope o% preproclamation contro"ersy is only limited to te issuesenumerated under Section 23 o% te !mnibus Election Code4 andenumeration terein is restricti"e and e-clusi"e.

$etitioners citation o% Section 22 o% te !mnibus Election Code asbasis %or is rigt to present is e"idence is misplaced.

2


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$resentation o% e"idence be%ore te C!+E:EC is not at all indispensiblein order to satis%y te demands o% due process.

PANGANDAMAN !". COMELEC1 SC/A $8

Tere can ardly be any doubt tat te te-t and intent o% tisconstitutional pro"ision is to gi"e C!+E:EC all te necessary andincidental po=ers %or it to acie"e te obecti"e o% olding %ree4orderly4 onest4 peace%ul and credible elections.

$olitics is a practical matter4 and political /uestions must be dealt =itrealistically N not %rom te standpoint o% pure teoryH Commission onElections4 because o% its %act%inding %acilities4 its contacts =it politicalstrategists4 and its ;no=ledge deri"ed %rom actual e-perience indealing =it political contro"ersies4 is in a peculiarly ad"antageousposition to decide comple- political /uestions.

Te legal compass %rom =ic te C!+E:EC sould ta;e its bearings inacting upon election contro"ersies is te principle tat Kclean electionscontrol te appropriateness o% te remedy.


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'orces o% te $ilippines and te $ilippine ?ational $olice =o are notassigned to te a%%ected areas as members o% te oard o% Election Ma0 12> 12

8nder te present state o% our election la=s4 te C!+E:EC as been

granted precisely te po=er to annul elections. Section o% RepublicAct ?o. 1&&4 oter=ise ;no=n as4 KTe Syncroni9ed Elections :a= o%1**14K pro"ides tat te C!+E:EC sitting En anc by a maority "oteo% its members may decide4 among oters4 te declaration o% %ailure o%election and te calling o% special elections as pro"ided in Section & o%te !mnibus Election Code. Te C!+E:EC may e-ercise suc po=er

2*


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motu proprio or upon a "eri%ied petition. Te earing o% te case sallbe summary in nature4 and te C!+E:EC may delegate to its la=yerste po=er to ear te case and to recei"e e"idence.

'ACTS Tis case stemmed %rom elections eld in Sulu =ere :!!?@and pri"ate respondent Tan ran %or te position o% @o"ernor =ile pet.Tula=ie and p.r. Estino ran %or 0ice@o"ernor. $ro"incial oard o%Can"assers ($C) recommended to te C!+E:EC a recan"ass o% teelection returns o% $arang and Talipao. C!+E:EC4 accordingly4 relie"edall te regular members o% te +unicipal oard o% Can"assers (+C)and ordered suc recan"ass by senior la=yers %rom te C!+E:ECo%%ice in +anila. uring te recan"ass4 pri"ate respondents obectedto te inclusion in te can"ass o% te election returns o% $arang. Tereconstituted +C4 o=e"er4 merely noted said obections and%or=arded te same to respondent $C %or resolution. $C denied te

obections o% pri"ate respondents and still included te election returnso% $arang municipality. Te can"ass o% respondent $C so=edpetitioners to a"e o"er=elmingly =on in te municipality o% $arang.Te pri"ate respondents %iled petitions =it te C!+E:EC regardingte inclusion o% te /uestioned certi%icates o% can"ass and tat tere=as %ailure o% election in said municipality due to massi"e %raud.$etitioners4 li;e=ise %iled %or %ailure o% elections in # otermunicipalities. C!+E:EC ruled annulling te results o% te elections in$arang as =ell as olding in abeyance te proclamation o% te =inningcandidates %or @o"ernor and 0ice@o"ernor until %urter orders %romte Commission but dismissed oter petitions %or oter municipalities=ere it =as alleged tat tere =ere also badges o% %raud.

7E: C!+E:EC =as incorrect in annulling elections o% $arang4 Sulubut not ordering %or special elections in te same municipality.


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6ile te C!+E:EC is restricted4 in preproclamation cases4 to ane-amination o% te election returns on teir %ace and is =itouturisdiction to go beyond or beind tem and in"estigate election

irregularities4 te C!+E:EC is duty bound to in"estigate allegations o%%raud4 terrorism4 "iolence and oter analogous causes in actions %orannulment o% election results or %or declaration o% %ailure o% elections4as te !mnibus Election Code denominates te same.

Tus4 te C!+E:EC4 in te case o% actions %or annulment o% electionresults or declaration o% %ailure o% elections4 may conduct tecnicale-amination o% election documents and compare and analy9e "otersBsignatures and %ingerprints in order to determine =eter or not teelections ad indeed been %ree4 onest and clean. ?eedless to say4 apreproclamation contro"ersy is not te same as an action %orannulment o% election results or declaration o% %ailure o% elections.

HASSAN !". COMELECG./. N. 1$8> N!e*+er 1> 12

'ACTS $etitioner4 7adi ?or aser :. 7assan4 and $ri"ate Respondent4+angondaya $. 7assan uatan4 =ere candidates %or 0ice+ayor in:anao del Sur. 7o=e"er4 due to treats o% "iolence and terrorism in tearea4 tere =as a %ailure o% elections in si- (&) out o% t=enty%our (2)precincts.


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6re%era+l0 =,ere 6+lic *eetin-" are ,el& in eac, cit0 r*nici6alit0 a%%ecte&.

Sec. 8. Electin C&e t +e a!aila+le in 6llin- 6lace". # A6rinte& c60 % t,i" C&e in En-li", r in t,e natinal lan-a-e",all +e 6r!i&e& an& +e *a&e a!aila+le +0 t,e C**i""in ine!er0 6llin- 6lace> in r&er t,at it *a0 +e rea&il0 cn"lte&+0 an0 6er"n in nee& t,ere% n t,e re-i"tratin> re!i"in an&electin &a0".

Sec. . O%%icial *ail an& tele-ra* relati!e t electin". #Pa6er" cnnecte& =it, t,e electin an& reire& +0 t,i" C&et +e "ent +0 6+lic %%icer" in t,e 6er%r*ance % t,eirelectin &tie" ",all +e %ree % 6"ta-e an& "ent +0 re-i"tere&"6ecial &eli!er0 *ail. Tele-ra*" % t,e "a*e natre ",allli t,e Directr %t,e Brea % Telec**nicatin"> an& t,e *ana-er" %6ri!ate telec**nicatin c*6anie" t tran"*it i**e&iatel0an& in 6re%erence t all t,er c**nicatin" r tele-ra*"*e""a-e" re6rtin- electin re"lt" an& "c, t,er *e""a-e"r c**nicatin" =,ic, t,e C**i""in *a0 reire r *a0+e nece""ar0 t en"re %ree> ,ne"t an& r&erl0 electin".

Sec. 1. Electin e76en"e". # E7ce6t in +aran-a0 electin">"c, e76en"e" a" *a0 +e nece""ar0 an& rea"na+le incnnectin =it, t,e electin"> re%eren&a> 6le+i"cite" an& t,er"i*ilar e7erci"e" ",all +e 6ai& +0 t,e C**i""in. T,eC**i""in *a0 &irect t,at in t,e 6r!ince"> citie"> r*nici6alitie"> t,e electin e76en"e" c,ar-ea+le t t,eC**i""in +e a&!ance& +0 t,e 6r!ince> cit0 r *nici6alit0cncerne& "+ect t rei*+r"e*ent +0 t,e C**i""in 6n6re"entatin % t,e 6r6er +ill.

Fn&" nee&e& +0 t,e C**i""in t &e%ra0 t,e e76en"e" %rt,e ,l&in- % re-lar an& "6ecial electin"> re%eren&a an&

6le+i"cite" ",all +e 6r!i&e& in t,e re-lar a66r6riatin" %t,e C**i""in =,ic,> 6n ree"t> ",all i**e&iatel0 +erelea"e& t t,e C**i""in. In ca"e % &e%icienc0> t,e a*nt" 6r!i&e& ",all +e a-*ente& %r* t,e "6ecial acti!itie"%n&" in t,e -eneral a66r6riatin" act an& %r* t,"e"6eci%icall0 a66r6riate& %r t,e 6r6"e in "6ecial la=".

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Sec. 11. Failre t a""*e %%ice. # T,e %%ice % an0 %%icialelecte& =, %ail" r re%"e" t ta

nle"" "ai& %ailre i" %r a ca"e r ca"e" +e0n& ,i" cntrl.

Sec. 1$. Di"ali%icatin". # An0 6er"n =, ,a" +een &eclare&+0 c*6etent at,rit0 in"ane r inc*6etent> r ,a" +een"entence& +0 %inal &-*ent %r "+!er"in> in"rrectin>re+ellin r %r an0 %%en"e %r =,ic, ,e ,a" +een "entence& ta 6enalt0 % *re t,an ei-,teen *nt," r %r a cri*ein!l!in- *ral tr6it&e> ",all +e &i"ali%ie& t +e acan&i&ate an& t ,l& an0 %%ice> nle"" ,e ,a" +een -i!en6lenar0 6ar&n r -rante& a*ne"t0.

T,i" &i"ali%icatin" t +e a can&i&ate ,erein 6r!i&e& ",all+e &ee*e& re*!e& 6n t,e &eclaratin +0 c*6etentat,rit0 t,at "ai& in"anit0 r inc*6etence ,a& +eenre*!e& r a%ter t,e e76iratin % a 6eri& % %i!e 0ear" %r*,i" "er!ice % "entence> nle"" =it,in t,e "a*e 6eri& ,e a-ain+ec*e" &i"ali%ie&.

U/ISP/UDENCE

MAGNO !". COMELEC an& MONTESG./. N. 13> Oct+er > $$

'ACTS !n July 2#4 1**#4 +agno =as sentenced to su%%er teindeterminate penalty o% 3 monts and 11 days o% arresto mayor asminimum to 1 year mos. and 21 days o% prision correccional asma-imum %or eac o% te %our counts. +agno applied %or probation and=as discarged on +arc #4 1**.!n +arc 214 2,,14 +ontes %iled apetition %or dis/uali%ication o% +agno as mayoralty candidate o% San


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said insanity or incompetence ad been remo"ed or a%ter tee-piration o% a period o% %i"e years %rom is ser"ice o% sentence4 unless=itin te same period e again becomes dis/uali%ied. According to

C!+E:EC4 in as muc as +agno =as considered to a"e completed teser"ice o% is sentence on +arc #4 1**4 is #dis/uali%ication =ill endonly on +arc #4 2,,3. +agno %iled a motion %or reconsideration but=as denied. 7e ten ele"ated te case to te Supreme Court by =ay o%petition %or certiorari under Rule and argues tat direct bribery isnot a crime in"ol"ing moral turpitude. 7e also cited tat Sec. , o% RA1&, sould be applied in te present case and not te $ 1(oter=ise ;no=n as te !mnibus Election Code).


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2.


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A/TICLE II

ELECTION OF P/ESIDENT AND 'ICE#P/ESIDENTSec. 1. /e-lar electin %r Pre"i&ent an& 'ice#Pre"i&ent. #T,e re-lar electin %r Pre"i&ent an& 'ice#Pre"i&ent % t,eP,ili66ine" ",all +e ,el& n t,e %ir"t Mn&a0 % Ma0 Nineteen,n&re& ei-,t0 "e!en (183) an& n t,e "a*e &a0 e!er0 "i70ear" t,erea%ter. T,e Pre"i&ent#elect an& t,e 'ice#Pre"i&ent#elect ",all a""*e %%ice at t=el!e clc< nn n t,e t,irtiet,&a0 % ne ne7t %ll=in- t,e electin an& ",all en& at nn %t,e "a*e &ate> "i7 0ear" t,erea%ter =,en t,e ter* % ,i""cce""r ",all +e-in.

Sec. 1. S6ecial electin %r Pre"i&ent an& 'ice#Pre"i&ent. # Inca"e a !acanc0 ccr" %r t,e O%%ice % t,e Pre"i&ent an& 'ice#Pre"i&ent> t,e Bata"an- Pa*+an"a ",all> at ten clc< in t,e*rnin- % t,e t,ir& &a0 a%ter t,e !acanc0 ccr"> cn!ene inaccr&ance =it, it" rle" =it,t nee& % a call an& =it,in

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"e!en &a0" enact a la= callin- %r a "6ecial electin t elect aPre"i&ent an& a 'ice#Pre"i&ent t +e ,el& nt earlier t,an%rt0#%i!e &a0" nr later t,an "i7t0 &a0" %r* t,e ti*e % "c,

call. T,e +ill callin- "c, "6ecial electin ",all +e &ee*e&certi%ie& n&er 6ara-ra6, ($)> Sectin 1> Article 'III % t,eCn"tittin an& ",all +ec*e la= 6n it" a66r!al n t,ir&rea&in- +0 t,e Bata"an- Pa*+an"a. A66r6riatin" %r t,e"6ecial electin ",all +e c,ar-e& a-ain"t an0 crrenta66r6riatin" an& ",all +e e7e*6t %r* t,e reire*ent" %6ara-ra6, ()> Sectin 12 % Article 'III % t,e Cn"tittin.T,e cn!enin- % t,e Bata"an- Pa*+an"a cannt +e""6en&e& nr t,e "6ecial electin 6"t6ne&. N "6ecialelectin ",all +e calle& i% t,e !acanc0 ccr" =it,in "e!ent0&a0" +e%re t,e &ate % t,e 6re"i&ential electin % 183.

Sec. 14. Can!a"" % !te" %r Pre"i&ent an& 'ice#Pre"i&ent +0t,e 6r!incial r cit0 +ar& % can!a""er". # T,e 6r!incial>cit0> r &i"trict +ar&" % can!a""er" in Metr6litan Manila> a"t,e ca"e *a0 +e> ",all *eet nt later t,an "i7 clc< in t,ee!enin- n electin &a0 t can!a"" t,e electin retrn" t,at*a0 ,a!e alrea&0 +een recei!e& +0 t,e*> re"6ecti!el0. It ",all*eet cntin"l0 %r* &a0 t &a0 ntil t,e can!a"" i"c*6lete&> +t *a0 a&rn nl0 %r t,e 6r6"e % a=aitin-t,e t,er electin retrn". Eac, ti*e t,e +ar& a&rn"> it",all *a &l0 at,enticate& +0 t,e"i-natre" an& t,*+*ar cit0 r &i"trict +ar& % can!a""er"> %rni",in- t,eC**i""in in Manila +0 t,e %a"te"t *ean" % c**nicatin ac60 t,ere%> an& *a t,e +ar& ",all 6re6are acerti%icate % can!a"" ",=in- t,e !te" recei!e& +0 eac,can&i&ate %r t,e %%ice % t,e Pre"i&ent an& %r 'ice#Pre"i&ent> &l0 at,enticate& +0 t,e "i-natre" an&t,*+*ar cit0 r&i"trict +ar& % can!a""er". U6n t,e c*6letin % t,ecerti%icate % can!a""> t,e +ar& ",all certi%0 an& tran"*it t,e"ai& certi%icate % can!a"" t t,e S6ea cit0 an& &i"trict +ar&" % can!a""er" ",all6re6are t,e certi%icate % can!a"" %r t,e electin % Pre"i&entan& 'ice#Pre"i&ent> "66rte& +0 a "tate*ent % !te" +0

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6llin- 6lace> in int6licate +0 t,e "e % car+n 6a6er" r"c, t,er *ean" a" t,e C**i""in ",all 6re"cri+e t t,e en&t,at all %i!e c6ie" ",all +e le-i+l0 6r&ce& in ne

,an&=ritin-. T,e %i!e c6ie" % t,e certi%icate % can!a"" *"t+ear t,e "i-natre" an& t,*+*ar t,e0 ",all +e encl"e& in en!el6e" %rni",e& +0t,e C**i""in an& "eale&> an& i**e&iatel0 &i"tri+te& a"%ll="? t,e ri-inal c60 ",all +e encl"e& an& "eale& in t,een!el6e &irecte& t t,e S6ea in t,e

ca"e % t,e cit0 +ar& % can!a""er"@ an& ne c60 eac, t t,eat,rie& re6re"entati!e" % t,e rlin- 6art0 an& t,e&*inant 66"itin 6litical 6art0. Failre t c*6l0 =it, t,ereire*ent" % t,i" "ectin ",all cn"titte an electin%%en"e.

Sec. 12. Cntin- % !te" %r Pre"i&ent an& 'ice#Pre"i&ent +0t,e Bata"an- Pa*+an"a. # T,e certi%icate" % can!a""> &l0certi%ie& +0 t,e +ar& % can!a""er" % eac, 6r!ince> cit0 r&i"trict in Metr6litan Manila ",all +e tran"*itte& t t,eS6ea =, ",all> nt later t,ant,irt0 &a0" a%ter t,e &a0 % t,e electin> cn!ene t,e Bata"an-

Pa*+an"a in "e""in an& in it" 6re"ence 6en all t,ecerti%icate" % can!a""> an& t,e !te" ",all t,en +e cnte&.

Sec. 13. Crrectin % errr" in certi%icate an& "66rtin-"tate*ent alrea&0 tran"*itte& t t,e S6ea t,eir


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*a&e i% t,e *i""in- certi%icate" =ill nt a%%ect t,e re"lt" %t,e electin.

In ca"e t,e certi%icate" % can!a"" =,ic, =ere nt "+*itte&n accnt % *i""in- electin retrn" =ill a%%ect t,e re"lt" %t,e electin> n 6rcla*atin ",all +e *a&e. T,e S6ea i% t,e retrn" ,a!e +een l"t r &e"tr0e& 6n6rir at,rit0 %r* t,e C**i""in> t "e an0 at,entic c60% "ai& electin retrn" %r t,e 6r6"e % cn&ctin- t,ecan!a""> an& t,erea%ter i""e t,e certi%icate" % can!a"". T,ecerti%icate" % can!a"" ",all +e i**e&iatel0 tran"*itte& t t,eS6ea


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te same o%%ice at any time. 'or te "ice president4 te second

paragrap o% te same section states tat Dno "icepresident sall

ser"e %or more tan t=o (2) successi"e terms.

ali%icatin"

Section &34 Article


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&. a resident of the Philippines for at least 1% years immediately

preceding such election.'

Tis is to ensure close touc by te $resident to te country o%

=ic e is to be te igest o%%icial and %amiliarity =it its

conditions and problems4 te better %or im to discarge is

duties e%%ecti"ely.

Article 0


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Sec. $. C*6"itin % t,e Bata"an- Pa*+an"a. # T,eBata"an- Pa*+an"a ",all +e c*6"e& % nt *re t,an t=,n&re& Me*+er" electe& %r* t,e &i%%erent 6r!ince" % t,e

P,ili66ine" =it, t,eir c*6nent citie"> ,i-,l0 r+anie& citie"an& &i"trict" % Metr6litan Manila> t,"e electe& r "electe&%r* !ari" "ectr" a" 6r!i&e& ,erein> an& t,"e c,"en +0t,e Pre"i&ent %r* t,e *e*+er" % t,e Ca+inet.

Sec. $. A66rtin*ent % re6re"entati!e". # Until a ne=a66rtin*ent ",all ,a!e +een *a&e> t,e Me*+er" % t,eBata"an- Pa*+an"a ",all +e a66rtine& in accr&ance =it,t,e Or&inance a66en&e& t t,e Cn"tittin.

Nte? T,e Cn-re"" ,a" t,e 6=er" t &eci&e =,et,ert,ere i" a reire*ent t a66rtin a ne= *e*+er % t,eH"e % /e6re"entati!e a" *a0 +e 6r!i&e& +0 la=.

An0 6r!ince t,at *a0 ,erea%ter +e create& r an0 c*6nentcit0 t,at *a0 ,erea%ter +e &eclare& +0 r 6r"ant t la= a" a,i-,l0 r+anie& cit0 ",all +e entitle& in t,e i**e&iatel0%ll=in- electin t at lea"t ne Me*+er r "c, n*+er %Me*+er" a" it *a0 +e entitle& t n t,e +a"i" % t,e n*+er %t,e in,a+itant" an& n t,e "a*e ni%r* an& 6r-re""i!e rati"e& in t,e la"t 6rece&in- a66rtin*ent. T,e n*+er %Me*+er" a66rtine& t t,e 6r!ince t % =,ic, t,e ne=6r!ince =a" create& r =,ere t,e ne= ,i-,l0 r+anie& cit0 i"-e-ra6,icall0 lcate& ",all +e crre"6n&in-l0 a&"te& +0t,e C**i""in> +t "c, a&"t*ent ",all nt +e *a&e =it,inne ,n&re& t=ent0 &a0" +e%re t,e electin.

Sectin $4. 'tin- +0 6r!ince an& it" c*6nent citie"> +0,i-,l0 r+anie& cit0 r +0 &i"trict in Metr6litan Manila. # Allcan&i&ate" ",all +e !te& at lar-e +0 t,e re-i"tere& !ter" %t,eir re"6ecti!e cn"titencie". T,e can&i&ate" crre"6n&in-t t,e n*+er % Me*+er r Me*+er" t +e electe& in acn"titenc0 =, recei!e t,e ,i-,e"t n*+er % !te" ",all +e&eclare& electe&.

Sectin $2. Sectral re6re"entati!e". # T,ere ",all +e t,ree"ectr" t +e re6re"ente& in t,e Bata"an- Pa*+an"a> na*el0?(1) 0t,@ ($) a-ricltral la+r@ () in&"trial la+r =,"ere6re"entati!e" ",all +e electe& in t,e *anner ,erein6r!i&e&. Eac, "ectr ",all +e entitle& t %r re6re"entati!e">t= % =,* ",all c*e %r* Ln> ne %r* 'i"a0a"> an&


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ne %r* Min&ana? Pr!i&e&> T,at t,e 0t, "ectr ",all +eentitle& t t= a&&itinal "ectral re6re"entati!e" =, ",all+e electe& %r* an0 6art % t,e cntr0.

Sectin $3. Sc6e % t,e "ectr". # T,e a-ricltral la+r "ectrc!er" all 6er"n" =, 6er"nall0 an& 6,0"icall0 till t,e lan&a" t,eir 6rinci6al cc6atin. It incl&e" a-ricltral tenant"an& le""ee"> rral =r =ner#clti!atr"> "ettler" an& "*all %i",er*en.

T,e in&"trial la+r "ectr incl&e" all nn#a-ricltral=r t,e *"t re6re"entati!e an& -enerall0rec-nie& r-aniatin" r a--r6*ent" % *e*+er" % t,ea-ricltral la+r> in&"trial la+r> an& 0t, "ectr"> a"atte"te& t +0 t,e Mini"ter" % A-rarian /e%r* an& %A-ricltre an& F&> t,e Mini"ter" % La+r an& E*6l0*ent>an& t,e Mini"ter" % Lcal G!ern*ent an& % E&catin>Cltre an& S6rt"> re"6ecti!el0> ",all> in accr&ance =it, t,e6rce&re" % "ai& r-aniatin" r a--r6*ent" % *e*+er"% t,e "ectr> "+*it t t,e Pre"i&ent t,eir re"6ecti!en*inee" %r eac, "lt alltte& %r eac, "ectr. T,e Pre"i&ent",all a66int %r* a*n- t,e n*inee" "+*itte& +0 t,ea%re*entine& r-aniatin" r a--r6*ent" t,ere6re"entati!e" % eac, "ectr.

In rec-niin- t,e *"t re6re"entati!e an& -enerall0rec-nie& r-aniatin" r a--r6*ent"> t,e Mini"ter" %A-rarian /e%r* an& % A-ricltre an& F&> t,e Mini"ter %La+r an& E*6l0*ent> an& t,e Mini"ter" % Lcal G!ern*entan& E&catin> Cltre an& S6rt" ",all cn"i&er?

a. T,e e7tent % *e*+er",i6 an& acti!it0 % t,er-aniatin r a--r6*ent =,ic, ",l& +enatinal@

+. T,e re"6n"i!ene"" % t,e r-aniatin ra--r6*ent t t,e le-iti*ate a"6iratin" % it""ectr@

#


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c. T,e *ilitanc0 an& cn"i"tenc0 % t,e r-aniatin ra--r6*ent in e"6"in- t,e ca"e an& 6r*tin-t,e =el%are % t,e "ectr cn"i"tent =it, t,at % t,e

=,le cntr0@

&. T,e +"er!ance +0 "c, r-aniatin r a--r6*ent% t,e rle % la=@ an&

e. Ot,er anal-" %actr".

T,e Pre"i&ent % t,e P,ili66ine" ",all> in =ritin-> nti%0 t,eSecretar0#General % t,e Bata"an- Pa*+an"a % t,ea66int*ent *a&e +0 ,i* % an0 "ectral re6re"entati!e.

E7ce6t a" ,erein t,er=i"e 6r!i&e&> "ectral re6re"entati!e"

",all ,a!e t,e "a*e %nctin"> re"6n"i+ilitie"> ri-,t">6ri!ile-e"> ali%icatin" an& &i"ali%icatin" a" t,ere6re"entati!e" %r* t,e 6r!ince" an& t,eir c*6nent citie">,i-,l0 r+anie& citie" r &i"trict" % Metr6litan Manila.

DISCUSSIONS

Sections 21 to 2 o% .$. 1 =ere repealed by te enactment o% te1* Constitution o% te $ilippines4 te pertinent pro"isions o% =icare ereby partly /uoted4 "i9

*+-/0 2--- 3+*45-6+7 P+62-5-6458

5ection 1. he first elections of Members of the ongress underthis onstitution shall be held on the second Monday of May,19;.

he first local elections shall be held on a date to be determinedby the President, which may be simultaneous with the election

of the Members of the ongress. -t shall include the election ofall Members of the city or municipal councils in the MetropolitanManila area.

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5ection ". he 5enators, Members of the )ouse of+epresentatives, and the local officials first elected under thisonstitution shall serve until noon of


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SENATE

C*6"itin Ter* % O%%ice

19; onstitution *rt 2- provides:

5ection ". he 5enate shall be composed of twenty=four5enators who shall be elected at large by the (ualified voters ofthe Philippines, as may be provided by law.

5ection $. he term of office of the 5enators shall be six yearsand shall commence, unless otherwise provided by law, at noonon the thirtieth day of


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1. ?atural O orn 'ilipino Citi9en2. 3# years old on te day o% election

3. :iterate able to read and =rite

. Residence not less tan 2 years

#. Registered 0oter

HOUSE OF /EP/ESENTATI'ES

Ter* % O%%ice

Te term o% te members o% te 7ouse o% representati"es as pro"idedby te 1* Constitution states

5ection ;. he Members of the )ouse of +epresentatives shallbe elected for a term of three years which shall begin, unlessotherwise provided by law, at noon on the thirtieth day of


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Metropolitan Manila area in accordance with the number oftheir respective inhabitants, and on the basis of a uniformand progressive ratio, and those who, as provided by law,

shall be elected through a party=list system of registerednational, regional, and sectoral parties or organi!ations.

". he party=list representatives shall constitute twenty percentum of the total number of representatives includingthose under the party list. or three consecutive terms afterthe ratification of this onstitution, one=half of the seatsallocated to party=list representatives shall be filled, as

provided by law, by selection or election from the labor,peasant, urban poor, indigenous cultural communities,women, youth, and such other sectors as may be providedby law, except the religious sector.

#. 0ach legislative district shall comprise, as far as practicable,contiguous, compact, and ad?acent territory. 0ach city with a

population of at least two hundred fifty thousand, or eachprovince, shall have at least one representative.

$. @ithin three years following the return of every census, theongress shall maAe a reapportionment of legislativedistricts based on the standards provided in this section.

A. Te istrict Representati"es O elected directly and personally %romte territorial unit e is see;ing to represent

omposition: not more than "&% members

Tis is in accordance to te 13 di"ided districts all o"er te territoryo% te $ilippines.


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omposition: constitutes "%B of the total membership of the body

Tis re/uirement prescribes a ceiling and is not considered a

mandatory re/uirement. Te number o% partylist seats isdetermined using te ereunder %ormula

o% district representati"es - .2,

.,

ali%icatin"

C.P 1 provides:

5ec. D$. Eualifications for Members of the Catasang Pambansa. =4o person shall be elected Member of the Catasang Pambansa

as provincial, city or district representative unless he is anatural=born citi!en of the Philippines and, on the day of theelection, is at least twenty=five years of age, able to read andwrite, a registered voter in the constituency in which he shall beelected, and a resident thereof for a period of not less than sixmonths immediately preceding the day of the election.

1. ?aturalborn citi9en2. At least 2# years o% age on te day o% election

3. Able to read and =rite

. A registered "oter in te district in =ic e sall beelected

#. Resident tereo% not less tan si- monts preceedingte day o% election

#1


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Section 2& to 2 o% te !mnibus Election Code =ic pro"ides %or teSectoral Representati"es are no= repealed by te $artylist Systemunder Republic Act ?o. *1.

8nder R.A. *14 particularly Section 114 in connection =it te 1*Constitution4 t=enty percent (2,U) o% te members o% te 7ouse o%Representati"es sall be composed o% partylist representati"es. Teallocations o% seats %or te partylist representati"es are pro"ided %orunder par. (a) and (b) o% Section 114 tus

a. he parties, organi!ations, and coalitions shall be ranAedfrom the highest to the lowest based on the number of votesthey garnered during the elections.

b. he parties, organi!ations, and coalitions receiving at leasttwo percent 3"B8 of the total votes cast for the party=list

system shall be entitled to one seat each: Provided, hatthose garnering more than two percent 3"B8 of the votesshall be entitled to additional seats in proportion to theirtotal number of votes: Provided, finally, hat each party,organi!ation, or coalition shall be entitled to not more thanthree 3#8 seats.

To illustrate4 supposing tat tere are t=enty registered partylist inC!+E:EC and te total number o% "otes cast %or te entire partylistare 1,,4,,, and te partylist are ran;ed4 according to te number o%"otes garnered4 as %ollo=s

$artylist0otes

@arnered $ercentageA 1,,, 1U 1&1,, 1&.1,U

C 12,,, 12U

11,,, 11U

E ,,, U' ##,, #.#,U@ 33#, 3.3#U7 31,, 3.1,U< 3,,, 3UJ 2,, 2.,U5 2&,, 2.&,U: 2#,, 2.#,U

#2


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+ 23#, 2.3#U? 23,, 2.3,U! 22,, 2.2,U

$ 2,,, 2U> 1,, 1.,UR ,, ,.,US #,, ,.#,UT 3,, ,.3,U

Applying paragrap (b) o% Section 114 $artylist A4 4 C4 4 ad E areentitled to 3 seats eac %or getting more tan si- percent o% te total"otes cast (one seat %or e"ery t=o percent =ic sall in no case

e-ceed tree seats). $artylist ' is entitled to t=o seats4 =ile $artylist@4 74


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automatically one partylist seat %or e"ery %our e-istinglegislati"e districts.

2. @arnering t=o percent o% te total "otes cast in te partylist

elections guarantees a partylist organi9ation one seat. Teguaranteed seats sall be distributed in a %irst round o% seatallocation to parties recei"ing at least t=o percent o% te totalpartylist "otes.

3. Te additional seats4 tat is4 te remaining seats a%ter allocationo% te guaranteed seats4 sall be distributed to te partylistorgani9ations including tose tat recei"ed less tan t=opercent o% te total "otes. Te continued operation o% te t=opercent tresold as it applies to te allocation o% te additionalseats is no= unconstitutional because tis tresoldmatematically and pysically pre"ents te %illing up o% te

a"ailable partylist seats. Te additional seats sall bedistributed to te parties in a second round o% seat allocationaccording to te t=ostep procedure laid do=n in te SupremeCourts ecision o% 21 April 2,,* as clari%ied in tis Resolution.

. Te treeseat cap is constitutional. Te treeseat cap isintended by te :egislature to pre"ent any party %romdominating te partylist system. Tere is no "iolation o% teConstitution because te 1* Constitution does not re/uireabsolute proportionality %or te partylist system. Te =ellsettled rule is tat courts =ill not /uestion te =isdom o% te:egislature as long as it is not "iolati"e o% te Constitution.

'ETE/ANS FEDE/ATION PA/T: !". COMELECG./. N. 12381> Oct+er 2> $

Te parameters o% te $artylist system and te %ormula %ordetermining te number o% additional seats tat a /uali%ied party isentitled to

irst, the twenty percent allocation = the combined number of allparty=list congressmen shall not exceed twenty percent of the

total membership of the )ouse of +epresentatives, includingthose elected under the party list.

5econd, the two percent threshold = only those parties garneringa minimum of two percent of the total valid votes cast for the

#


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party=list system are (ualified' to have a seat in the )ouse of+epresentativesF

hird, the three=seat limit = each (ualified party, regardless ofthe number of votes it actually obtained, is entitled to amaximum of three seatsF that is, one (ualifying' and twoadditional seats.

ourth, proportional representation = the additional seats whicha (ualified party is entitled to shall be computed in proportionto their total number of votes.'

IMPO/TANT NOTES ABOUT THE PA/T:#LIST S:STEM

/e-i"tratin Prce&re?

1. 'iling o% a "eri%ied petition not later tan ninety (*,) be%ore teelection4 along =it te %ollo=ing

a. Te partylist constitution4 byla=s4 plat%orm orprogram o% go"ernmentH

b. :ist o% o%%icersH

c. Coalition agreement4 i% anyH

d. !ters as may be re/uired by C!+E:EC.

2. Te C!+E:EC sall publis te petition in at least t=o (2)national ne=spaper o% general circulation

A%ter due notice and earing4 C!+E:EC sall resol"e tepetition =itin %i%teen (1#) days %rom te date it =assubmitted %or decision4 =ic sall in no case be later tansi-ty (&,) days be%ore te electionH

C,aracteri"tic"

1. Only in House. !nly a"ailable in te 7ouse o% Representati"es2. 20 % Allocation. $rescribed ceiling not considered mandatory

##


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-. Cultural Communities

-i. $ro%essionals

-ii. 7andicapped

-iii. Elderly M Senior Citi9ens

b. Sectral Or-aniatin" O groups bound togeter bysimilar attributes or caracteristics or employmentinterests or concerns

c. Plitical Partie" O /uali%ied "oters pursuing te sameideology4 political ideas and principles %or te general

conduct o% te go"ernment. +ay eiter be (a) nationalparty or (b) regional party

d. Calitin". 'or political and M or election purposes.

Grn&" %r Cancellatin/e%"al % /e-i"tratin?

a. $artylist is a religious sect or denomination orassociation organi9ed %or religious purposesH

b.


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regional4 or sectoral parties4 organi9ations or coalitions=o =ere granted registrationH

2. Eac registered partylist sall submit to C!+E:EC notlater tan %orty%i"e (#) days be%ore election a list onnames4 not less tan %i"e (#)4 %rom =ic te partylistrepresentati"es sall be cosenH

3. !nly tose =o possess te %ollo=ing /uali%icationssall be a partylist nominees

a. ?atural born citi9en o% te $ilippinesH

b. A registered "oterH

c. A resident %or at least one (1) yearH

d. Able to read and =riteH

e. A bona %ide member o% te partylist =om erepresents %or at least ninety (*,) days be%oreelectionH and

%. ?ot less tan t=enty%i"e (2#) years o% age.

U/ISP/UDENCE

PHILIPPINE GUA/DIANS B/OTHE/HOOD> INC. (PGBI)> et al. !".COMELEC

G./. N. 14$> A6ril $> $1

To reiterate4 (a) Section &() o% R.A. *1 pro"ides %or t=o separategrounds %or delistingH tese grounds cannot be mi-ed or combined tosupport delistingH and (b) te dis/uali%ication %or %ailure to garner 2Upartylist "otes in t=o preceding elections sould no= be understood4in ligt o% te anat ruling4 to mean %ailure to /uali%y %or a partylistseat in t=o preceding elections %or te constituency in =ic it asregistered. Tis4 =e declare4 is o= Section &() o% R.A. *1 sould be

understood and applied. 6e do so under our autority to state =atte la= is4 and as an e-ception to te application o% te principle o%stare decisis.

An- LADLAD LGBT PA/T: !". COMELECG./. 148$> A6ril 8> $1

#


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6e are not blind to te %act tat4 troug te years4 omose-ualconduct4 and peraps omose-uals temsel"es4 a"e borne te brunto% societal disappro"al.


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ANG BAGONG BA:ANI#OF9 LABO/ PA/T: !". COMELECG./. N. 1348> ne $2> $1

Te Supreme Court issued te guidelines in determining =eter

partylist groups a"e complied =it te re/uirements o% te la=4 tus

irst, the political party, sector, organi!ation or coalition mustrepresent the marginali!ed and underrepresented groupsidentified in 5ection & of +* ;9$1. -n other words, it must show== through its constitution, articles of incorporation, bylaws,

history, platform of government and tracA record == that itrepresents and seeAs to uplift marginali!ed andunderrepresented sectors. 2erily, ma?ority of its membershipshould belong to the marginali!ed and underrepresented. *nd itmust demonstrate that in a conflict of interests, it has chosen oris liAely to choose the interest of such sectors.

5econd, while even ma?or political parties are expressly allowedby +* ;9$1 and the onstitution to participate in the party=listsystem, they must comply with the declared statutory policy ofenabling ilipino citi!ens belonging to marginali!ed andunderrepresented sectors x x x to be elected to the )ouse of

+epresentatives.' -n other words, while they are not dis(ualifiedmerely on the ground that they are political parties, they mustshow, however, that they represent the interests of themarginali!ed and underrepresented.

hird, in view of the ob?ections directed against the registrationof *ng Cuhay )ayaang 7umabong, which is allegedly a religiousgroup, the ourt notes the express constitutional provision thatthe religious sector may not be represented in the party=listsystem. urthermore, the onstitution provides that religiousdenominations and sects shall not be registered.'

ourth, a party or an organi!ation must not be dis(ualified under5ection D of +* ;9$1.

&,


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ifth, the party or organi!ation must not be an ad?unct of, or apro?ect organi!ed or an entity funded or assisted by, thegovernment.

5ixth, the party must not only comply with the re(uirements ofthe lawF its nominees must liAewise do so.

5eventh, not only the candidate party or organi!ation mustrepresent marginali!ed and underrepresented sectorsF so alsomust its nominees.

A/TICLE I'

ELECTION OF LOCAL OFFICIALS

Sectin $. /e-lar electin" % lcal %%icial". # T,e electin %6r!incial> cit0 an& *nici6al %%icial" =,"e 6"itin" are6r!i&e& %r +0 t,e Lcal G!ern*ent C&e ",all +e ,el&t,r-,t t,e P,ili66ine" in t,e *anner ,erein 6re"cri+e& nt,e %ir"t Mn&a0 % Ma0> Nineteen ,n&re& an& ei-,t0#"i7 an&n t,e "a*e &a0 e!er0 "i7 0ear" t,erea%ter.

T,e %%icial" electe& ",all a""*e %%ice n t,e t,irtiet, &a0 %ne ne7t %ll=in- t,e electin an& ",all ,l& %%ice %r "i70ear" an& ntil t,eir "cce""r" ",all ,a!e +een electe& an&ali%ie&.

All lcal inc*+ent %%icial" =,"e tenre % %%ice ",all e76iren Marc, $> 182 ",all ,l& %%ice ntil ne > 182 r ntilt,eir "cce""r" ",all ,a!e +een electe& an& ali%ie&?Pr!i&e&> T,at t,e0 cannt +e ""6en&e& r re*!e& =it,t"t ca"e.

DISCUSSIONS

&1


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UALIFICATIONS

A. asic >uali%ications

a. A citi9en o% te $ilippinesH

b. A registered "oterH

c. A resident in te district4 city4 or municipality =ere eintends to run as candidate %or at least one (1) yearH

d. Able to read and =rite 'ilipino or any oter locallanguage or dialectH

. Additional >uali%ication

a. Candidates %or @o"ernor4 0ice@o"ernor4 +embers o%te Sangguniang $anlala=igan ($ro"incial oard+ember)4 +ayor4 0ice+ayor4 or members o% teSangguniang $anlungsod o% igly urbani9ed cities mustbe at least t=entytree (23) years o% age

b. Candidates %or +ayor or 0ice +ayor o% independentcomponent cities4 component cities o% municipalities mustbe at least t=entyone (21) years o% ageH

c. Candidates %or members o% te Sangguniang$anlunsod (City Couselor) or Sangguniang ayan(+unicipal Counselor) must be at least eigteen (1)years o% ageH

35ection #9, paragraph 3a8, 3b8, 3c8, and 3d8 of the /ocalGovernment ode8

CIT: MUNICIPALITIES BA/ANGA:


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unit tat sall go"ern te minute part o% te society =ic areconsidered te pro"inces4 cities4 and barangays. As %irmly /uoted %romits state policy te Lcal G!ern*ent C&e % t,e P,ili66ine" %

11pro"ides in Sectin ($) (a)?

D-t is hereby declared the policy of the 5tate that the territorialand political subdivisions of the 5tate shall en?oy genuine andmeaningful local autonomy to enable them to attain their fullestdevelopment as self=reliant communities and maAe them moreeffective partners in the attainment of national goals. owardthis end, the 5tate shall provide for a more responsive andaccountable local government structure instituted through asystem of decentrali!ation whereby local government units shallbe given more powers, authority, responsibilities, and resources.he process of decentrali!ation shall proceed from the national

government to the local government units'

'rom tis it is mani%est tat good go"ernance =as =itin reac o%e"ery 'ilipino people. Tere%ore it is also important to ma-imi9e tisarea o% te go"ernment by putting te rigt person %or teaccomplisment o% tese pertinent goals o% te society. Tis captersall discuss te di%%erent brances in te local go"ernment as =ell aste "aluable positions it entails.

TH/EE A/EAS IN THE LOCAL GO'E/NMENT

1. CIT:

A cit0is a relati"ely large and permanent urban settlement. A cit0(lun)sod or siyudad in 'ilipino and Tagalog) is a tier o% local

go"ernment in te $ilippines. All $ilippine cities are c,artere&citie"4 =ose e-istence as corporate and administrati"e entities isgo"erned by teir o=n speci%ic carters in addition to te :ocal@o"ernment Code o% 1**14 =ic speci%ies te administrati"estructure and political po=ers o% subnational go"ernment entities.

&
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_settlementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_charterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_settlementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_charter


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Cities are entitled to one congressional districtand representati"eper 2#,4,,, population count4 and are legally pro"ided teir o=npolice %orce and allo=ed to use a common seal. As corporate

entities4 cities a"e te po=er to ta;e4 purcase4 recei"e4 old4lease4 con"ey4 and dispose o% real and personal property %or itsgeneral interests4 condemn pri"ate property %or public use (eminentdomain)4 contract and be contracted =it4 sue and e-ercise all tepo=ers con%erred to it by Congress. !nly an Act o% Congress cancreate or amend a city carter4 and =it tis city carter Congresscon%ers to a city certain po=ers tat regular municipalitiesor e"enoter cities may not a"e. espite te di%%erences in te po=ersaccorded to eac city4 all cities regardless o% status are gi"enspecial treatment in terms o% being gi"en a bigger sare o% teinternal re"enue allotment (


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%urter subdi"ided into component cities and municipalities. Te?ational Capital Region4 as =ell as independent cities4 areautonomous %rom any pro"incial go"ernment. Eac pro"ince is

administered by an elected go"ernor=o o"ersees "arious localgo"ernment entities.

Te pro"inces are grouped into se"enteen regions based ongeograpical4 cultural4 and etnological caracteristics. 'ourteen o%tese regions are designated =it numbers corresponding to teirgeograpic location in order %rom nort to sout. Te ?ationalCapital Region4 Cordillera Administrati"e Region4 and AutonomousRegion in +uslim +indanaodo not a"e numerical designations.

Eac pro"ince is member to te :eague o% $ro"inces o% te$ilippines4 an organi9ation =ic aims to address issues a%%ecting

pro"incial and metropolitan go"ernment administrations.

I. T,e San--nian- Panlala=i-an

(Englis Provincial Coard) is te legislature o% all pro"inces inte $ilippines.


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te president o% te pro"incial capter o% te :igang mga arangay

te president o% te pro"incial %ederation o% Lout

Councils (Sangguniang 5abataan)

te president o% te pro"incial %ederation o%members o% Sangguniang $anlungsod and Sangguniangayanmembers %rom component cities and municipalities

II. T,e San--nian- Ba0an


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Tere are also t=o e-o%%icio councilors N te municipalcapter presidents o% te :iga ng mga arangay and$ederasyon ng Sangguniang 5abataan.

Te :ocal @o"ernment Code pro"ides %or an additional treesectoral representati"es representing =omen4 laborers4 andany o% te urban poor4 indigenous cultural communities4disabled persons or anoter sector tat maybe identi%ied byte Sangguniang ayanH o=e"er4 tis pro"ision still as tobe implemented.

Ter*> ali%icatin an& Electin

Elected or regular members o% te Sangguniang ayan must atleast be 1 years old on election dayH te %irstpasttepost"otingsystem is used to elect tese members. Tey are elected %or atreeyear term and may ser"e up to tree consecuti"e terms.Elections are eld simultaneously =it te general elections elde"ery tree years since 1**2. Te term begins at noon o% June 3,%ollo=ing election day4 and ends at noon o% June 3, o% te tirdyear.

Similar to oter local o%%icials in te $ilippines4 recall elections maybe initiated by at least 2# percent o% registered "oters in te

municipality against any regular Sangguniang ayan membersould tey lose con%indence =it any o% tem.

. BA/ANGA:

A barangay ('ilipino baranggay4 VbaraXYZaW )4 also ;no=n by its%ormer Spanis adopted name4 te barrio4 is te smallestadministrati"e di"ision in te $ilippinesand is te nati"e 'ilipino

term %or a "illage4 districtor =ard. arangays are %urter subdi"idedinto smaller areas called $uro;s (0nglish: Ione). A sitio is aterritorial encla"e inside a barangay4 especially in rural areas.+unicipalities and cities are composed o% barangays.


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o% ecember 314 2,,& tere are a total o% 14**# barangaystrougout te $ilippines.

UALIFICATIONS

Te local go"ernment code pro"ides %or te general /uali%ications o%te electi"e o%%icials it states

50. #9. Eualifications.

a. *n elective local official must be a citi!en of thePhilippinesF a registered voter in the barangay,

municipality, city, or province or, in the case of a memberof the sangguniang panlalawigan, sangguniangpanlungsod, or sanggunian bayan, the district where heintends to be electedF a resident therein for at least one318 year immediately preceding the day of the electionFand able to read and write ilipino or any other locallanguage or dialect.

b. andidates for the position of governor, vice= governor ormember of the sangguniang panlalawigan, or Mayor, vice=mayor or member of the sangguniang panlungsod ofhighly urbani!ed cities must be at least twenty=three 3"#8

years of age on election day.

c. andidates for the position of Mayor or vice=mayor ofindependent component cities, component cities, ormunicipalities must be at least twenty=one 3"18 years ofage on election day.

d. andidates for the position of member of thesangguniang panlungsod or sangguniang bayan must beat least eighteen 318 years of age on election day.

e. andidates for the position of punong barangay ormember of the sangguniang barangay must be at least

eighteen 318 years of age on election day.

%. andidates for the sangguniang Aabataan must be atleast fifteen 31&8 years of age but not more than twenty=one 3"18 years of age on election day.

,


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Jis(ualifications:

1. Tose sentence by %inal udgment %or o%%enses in"ol"ing

moral turpitude or tose punisable by one (1) year ormore o% imprisonmentH

2. Tose remo"ed as a result o% an administrati"e caseH

3. Tose con"icted by %inal udgment by "iolating te oat o%allegianceH

. ual citi9ensH

#. 'ugiti"es %rom usticeH

&. Tose =o a"e permanent residents in a %oreign countryH

35ection $% of the /ocal Government ode8

1


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2

Province City Baranggay

Governor

Vice-

Governor

Mayor Vice-Mayor Captain Councilors SK

citizenshi

p

natural -born

filipino

citizen

natural -born

filipino

citizen

natural -born

filipino

citizen

natural -born

filipino

citizen

natural -born

filipino

citizen

natural -born

filipino

citizen

natural -born

filipino

citizen

age

23 years

old on

election

day

23 years

old on

election

day

21 years

old on

election

day

21 years

old on

election

day

18 years

old on

election

day

18 years

old on

election

day

at least15 y.o not

more than

21 years

old

residence

resident

of the

placewhere he

intends to

run for atleast 1

year

preceding

the day

of

election

resident

of the

placewhere he

intends to

run for atleast 1

year

preceding

the day

of

election

resident

of the

placewhere he

intends to

run for atleast 1

year

preceding

the day

of

election

resident

of the

placewhere he

intends to

run for atleast 1

year

preceding

the day

of

election

resident

of the

placewhere he

intends to

run for atleast 1

year

preceding

the day

of

election

resident ofthe placewhere he

intends to

run for at

least 1 year

preceding

the day of

election

resident

of theplacewhere he

intends to

run for at

least 1

year

preceding

the day of

election

suffrageregistered

voter

registered

voter

registered

voter

registered

voter

registered

voter

registered

voter

registered

voter

when 18

years oldand

above

literacy

able to

read and

write

able to

read and

write

able to

read and

write

able to

read and

write

able to

read and

write

able to

read and

write

able to

read and

write


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A/TICLE '

ELECTION OF MEMBE/S OF THE /EGIONAL ASSEMBL: OFTHE AUTONOMOUS /EGIONS

Sectin 1. T,e San--nian- Pa*6< % t,e atn*"re-in". # /e-in I5 an& /e-in 5II in "t,ern P,ili66ine"",all eac, ,a!e a San--nian- Pa*6< t +e c*6"e& %t=ent0#"e!en *e*+er" an& ",all incl&e "e!enteenre6re"entati!e" electe& %r* t,e &i%%erent 6r!ince" an& citie"% eac, re-in> an& a "ectral re6re"entati!e eac, %r* a*n-t,e 0t,> a-ricltral =r


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0t,> a-ricltral =r Cltre an& S6rt" (0t,)> Mini"ter" % A-rarian

/e%r* an& % A-ricltre an& F& (a-ricltral =r ri-,t"> 6ri!ile-e"> ali%icatin" an&&i"ali%icatin" a" t,e electi!e 6r!incial re6re"entati!e" tt,e San--nian- Pa*6


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DISCUSSIONS

Sections 31 to 3& o% te !mnibus Election Code are repealed by te1* Constitution4 speci%ically Sec. 1# to 21 o% Article 4 =icpro"ides

Article (:ocal @o"ernment) O Autonomous Regions

5ection 1&. here shall be created autonomous regions inMuslim Mindanao and in the ordilleras consisting of provinces,cities, municipalities, and geographical areas sharing commonand distinctive historical and cultural heritage, economic andsocial structures, and other relevant characteristics within theframeworA of this onstitution and the national sovereignty aswell as territorial integrity of the +epublic of the Philippines .

5ection 1D. he President shall exercise general supervisionover autonomous regions to ensure that the laws are faithfullyexecuted.

5ection 1;. *ll powers, functions, and responsibilities notgranted by this onstitution or by law to the autonomousregions shall be vested in the 4ational Government.

5ection 1. he ongress shall enact an organic act for eachautonomous region with the assistance and participation of theregional consultative commission composed of representativesappointed by the President from a list of nominees frommultisectoral bodies. he organic act shall define the basicstructure of government from the region consisting of theexecutive department and legislative assembly, both of whichshall be elective and representative of the constituent politicalunits. he organic acts shall liAewise provide for special courtswith personal, family, and property law ?urisdiction consistentwith the provisions of this onstitution and national laws.

he creation of the autonomous region shall be effective whenapproved by ma?ority of the votes cast by the constituent unitsin a plebiscite called for the purpose, provided that only

provinces, cities, and geographic areas voting favorably in suchplebiscite shall be included in the autonomous region.

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5ection 19. he first ongress elected under this onstitutionshall, within eighteen months from the time of organi!ation ofboth )ouses, pass the organic acts for the autonomous regions

in Muslim Mindanao and the ordilleras .

5ection "%. @ithin its territorial ?urisdiction and sub?ect to theprovisions of this onstitution and national laws, the organic actof autonomous regions shall provide for legislative powers over:

1. *dministrative organi!ationF". reation of sources of revenuesF

#. *ncestral domain and natural resourcesF

$. Personal, family, and property relationsF

&. +egional urban and rural planning developmentF

D. 0conomic, social, and tourism developmentF

;. 0ducational policiesF

. Preservation and development of the cultural heritageFand

9. 5uch other matters as may be authori!ed by law forthe promotion of the general welfare of the people ofthe region.

5ection "1. he preservation of peace and order within theregions shall be the responsibility of the local police agencieswhich shall be organi!ed, maintained, supervised, and utili!ed inaccordance with applicable laws. he defense and security ofthe regions shall be the responsibility of the 4ationalGovernment.


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A/TICLE 'I

ELECTION OF LOCAL OFFICIALS

Sectin 3. /e-lar electin % +aran-a0 %%icial". # T,eelectin %r +aran-a0 %%icial" ",all +e ,el& t,r-,t t,eP,ili66ine" in t,e *anner 6re"cri+e& n t,e "ecn& Mn&a0 %Ma0 Nineteen ,n&re& an& ei-,t0#ei-,t an& n t,e "a*e &a0e!er0 "i7 0ear" t,erea%ter.

T,e %%icial" electe& ",all a""*e %%ice n t,e t,irtiet, &a0 %ne ne7t %ll=in- t,e electin an& ",all ,l& %%ice %r "i70ear" an& ntil t,eir "cce""r" ",all ,a!e +een electe& an&ali%ie&.


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DISCUSSIONS

'irst4 =e a"e to determine i% an aspiring candidate %or a barangayo%%ice is /uali%ied or not.

ali%icatin" %r Pnn- Baran-a0> Me*+er % t,eSan--nian- Baran-a0 an& San--nian- a+ataan?

a. A citi9en o% te $ilippinesHb. A registered "oterH

c. A resident in te barangay =ere e intends to run ascandidate %or at least one (1) yearH

d. Able to read and =rite 'ilipino or any oter locallanguage or dialectH

e. $unong arangay and +ember o% te Sangguniangarangay must be at least eigteen (1) years o% age onelection dayH

%. Sangguniang 5abataan must be at least %i%teen (1#)years o% age but not more tan t=entyone (21) years o% age

on election day

Sec. 3 o% te omnibus Election Code is repealed by te enactment o%Republic Act &&*4 =ic limits te term o% barangay o%%icials %rom si-(&) years to %i"e (#) years4 =o sall assume o%%ice on te %irst day o%June4 instead on te tirtiet under Section 3. ?o barangay o%%icialo=e"er4 sall ser"e %or more tan tree (3) consecuti"e terms.

Sectin 8. Cn&ct % electin". # T,e +aran-a0 electin ",all+e nn#6arti"an an& ",all +e cn&cte& in an e76e&iti" an&ine76en"i!e *anner.

N 6er"n =, %ile" a certi%icate % can&i&ac0 ",all re6re"entr all= ,i*"el% t +e re6re"ente& a" a can&i&ate % an06litical 6art0 r an0 t,er r-aniatin@ an& n 6litical 6art0>6litical -r6> 6litical c**ittee> ci!ic> reli-i">6r%e""inal> r t,er r-aniatin r r-anie& -r6 %=,ate!er natre ",all inter!ene in ,i" n*inatin r in t,e


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%ilin- % ,i" certi%icate % can&i&ac0 r -i!e ai& r "66rt>&irectl0 r in&irectl0> *aterial r t,er=i"e %a!ra+le t ra-ain"t ,i" ca*6ai-n %r electin? Pr!i&e&> T,at t,i" 6r!i"in

",all nt a66l0 t t,e *e*+er" % t,e %a*il0 % a can&i&ate=it,in t,e %rt, ci!il &e-ree % cn"an-init0 r a%%init0 nr tt,e 6er"nal ca*6ai-n "ta%% % t,e can&i&ate =,ic, ",all nt+e *re t,an ne %r e!er0 ne ,n&re& re-i"tere& !ter" in,i" +aran-a0? Pr!i&e&> ,=e!er> T,at =it,t 6re&ice tan0 lia+ilit0 t,at *a0 +e incrre&> n 6er*it t ,l& a 6+lic*eetin- ",all +e &enie& n t,e -rn& t,at t,e 6r!i"in" %t,i" 6ara-ra6, *a0 r =ill +e !ilate&.

Nt,in- in t,i" "ectin> ,=e!er> ",all +e cn"tre& a" in an0*anner a%%ectin- r cn"tittin- an i*6air*ent % t,e %ree&*% in&i!i&al" t "66rt r 66"e an0 can&i&ate %r an0

+aran-a0 %%ice.

DISCUSSIONS

Sec. 3 pro"ides %or te rule tat a candidate %or barangay o%%icial sallnot be a%%iliated or is a member o% any political party4 etc. nor sall acandidate recei"e any aid or support4 material or oter=ise %or or

against is campaign.

Te reason %or te abo"e pro"ision is to promote %air and e/ualelection and opportunity to assume o%%ice.

U/ISP/UDENCE

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r in t,eca"e % ,i" a+"ence r nn#a!aila+ilit0> a can&i&ate *a0 %ile ,i"certi%icate =it, t,e electin re-i"trar % t,e cit0 r *nici6alit0cncerne&.

T,e "ecretar0 % t,e "an--nian- +aran-a0 r t,e electinre-i"trar> a" t,e ca"e *a0 +e> ",all 6re6are a cn"li&ate& li"t

all t,e can&i&ate" an& ",all 6"t "ai& li"t in t,e +aran-a0 ,allan& in t,er cn"6ic" 6lace" in t,e +aran-a0 at lea"t ten&a0" +e%re t,e electin.

An0 electi!e r a66inti!e *nici6al> cit0> 6r!incial rnatinal %%icial r e*6l0ee> r t,"e in t,e ci!il r *ilitar0

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"er!ice> incl&in- t,"e in -!ern*ent#=ne& r cntrlle&cr6ratin"> ",all +e cn"i&ere& at*aticall0 re"i-ne& 6nt,e %ilin- % certi%icate % can&i&ac0 %r a +aran-a0 %%ice.

DISCUSSIONS

Prce&re %r %ilin- % Certi%icate % Can&i&ac0?

1. 'iling =it te Secretary o% teSangguniang arangay or te Election Registrar o% te City o%+unicipality concerned a certi%icate o% candidacy4 in triplicate%orm4 stating te barangay o%%ice %or =ic e is a candidateH

2. Te CoC sall be %iled any day a%ter tecommencement o% te election period but not later tan teday be%ore te beginning o% campaign periodH

3. Te Secretary o% te Sangguniangarangay sall prepare a list o% all candidates and sall postte same in te barangay all or oter conspicuous place ten(1,) days be%ore electionH

Sectin . Bar& % Electin Teller". # (1) T,e C**i""in

",all cn"titte nt later t,an ten &a0" +e%re t,e electin a+ar& % electin teller" in e!er0 +aran-a0 6llin- 6lace> t +ec*6"e& % a 6+lic ele*entar0 "c,l teac,er a" c,air*an>an& t= *e*+er" =, are re-i"tere& !ter" % t,e 6llin-6lace cncerne&> +t =, are nt inc*+ent +aran-a0 %%icial"nr relate& t an0 can&i&ate %r an0 6"itin in t,at +aran-a0=it,in t,e %rt, ci!il &e-ree % a%%init0 r cn"an-init0.

In ca"e n 6+lic ele*entar0 "c,l teac,er" are a!aila+le> t,eC**i""in ",all &e"i-nate an0 re-i"tere& !ter in t,e 6llin-6lace =, i" nt an inc*+ent +aran-a0 %%icial nr relate& tan0 can&i&ate %r an0 6"itin in t,at +aran-a0 =it,in t,e

%rt, ci!il &e-ree % a%%init0 r cn"an-init0.

($) T,e +ar& % electin teller" ",all "6er!i"e an& cn&ctt,e electin in t,eir re"6ecti!e 6llin- 6lace"> cnt t,e !te"an& t,erea%ter 6re6are a re6rt in tri6licate n a %r*6re"cri+e& +0 t,e C**i""in. T,e ri-inal % t,i" re6rt ",all

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+e &eli!ere& i**e&iatel0 t t,e +aran-a0 +ar& % can!a""er".T,e "ecn& c60 ",all +e &eli!ere& t t,e electin re-i"traran& t,e t,ir& c60 ",all +e &eli!ere& t t,e "ecretar0 % t,e

"an--nian- +aran-a0 =, ",all t,e +ar& % electin teller"",all &eli!er t,e li"t % !ter" t t,e electin re-i"trar %rc"t&0 an& "a%e


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Sections , to 2 pro"ides %or te composition o% te oard o% ElectionTellers as =ell as its po=ers and %unctions.

C*6"itin % t,e Bar& % Electin Teller"

Cairman Any public elementary scool teacerT=o members Any registered "oter not a candidate4 an incumbent

barangay o%%icial or a relati"e o% te latter =it te%ourt ci"il degree

P=er" an& Fnctin"% t,e Bar& % Electin Teller"

1. To conduct te registration o% barangay "otersH2. 8pon complaint4 to ear and decide cases relating

to te /uali%ication o% a "oterH

3. $osting o% te %inal list o% registered and deli"ery o%a copy tereo% te Election RegistrarH

. esignate any public scool or any public buildingin te barangay as polling place or places4 in case tebarangay as more tan one election precinctH

#. To act as te arangay oard o% Can"assers souldte barangay a"e only one polling placeH

&. Super"ise and conduct te election in teirrespecti"e polling placesH

. Counting o% "otesH

. Autentication o% te barangay ballotsH

*. $repare a "ote report4 in triplicate on a %ormH

1,. eli"ery o% te report immediately to tea. !riginal copy O arangay oard o%

Can"assersH

b. Second copy O Election RegistrarH

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c. Tird copy O Secretary o% te Sangguniangarangay

Sectin . O%%icial +aran-a0 +allt". # T,e %%icial +aran-a0+allt" ",all +e 6r!i&e& +0 t,e cit0 r *nici6alit0 cncerne&% a "ie an& clr t +e 6re"cri+e& +0 t,e C**i""in.

Sc, %%icial +allt" ",all> +e%re t,e0 are ,an&e& t t,e !terat t,e 6llin- 6lace> +e at,enticate& in t,e 6re"ence % t,e!ter> +0 t,e at,rie& re6re"entati!e" % t,e can&i&ate" an&t,e c,air*an an& *e*+er" % t,e +ar& % electin teller" =,",all a%%i7 t,eir "i-natre" at t,e +ac< t,ere%. An0 +allt=,ic, i" nt at,enticate& ",all +e &ee*e& "6ri".

Sectin . Ballt +7e". # T,e C**i""in ",all 6r!i&e t,e+allt +7e" %r eac, +aran-a0 6llin- 6lace> +t eac,can&i&ate *a0 +e 6er*itte& t 6r!i&e a 6a&lc< %r "ai&+allt +7.

Sectin 4. P"t6ne*ent r %ailre % electin. # 9,en %r an0"eri" ca"e "c, a" !ilence> terrri"*> l"" r &e"trctin% electin 6ara6,ernalia r recr&"> %rce *aere> an& t,eranal-" ca"e" % "c, natre t,at t,e ,l&in- % a %ree>r&erl0 an& ,ne"t electin ",l& +ec*e i*6""i+le in an0

+aran-a0> t,e C**i""in> 6n a !eri%ie& 6etitin % anintere"te& 6art0 an& a%ter &e ntice an& ,earin- at =,ic, t,eintere"te& 6artie" are -i!en eal 66rtnit0 t +e ,ear&>",all 6"t6ne t,e electin t,erein %r "c, ti*e a" it *a0&ee* nece""ar0.

I%> n accnt % %rce *aere> !ilence> terrri"*> %ra& rt,er anal-" ca"e"> t,e electin in an0 +aran-a0 ,a" nt+een ,el& n t,e &ate ,erein %i7e& r ,a" +een ""6en&e&+e%re t,e ,r %i7e& +0 la= %r t,e cl"in- % t,e !tin-t,erein an& "c, %ailre r ""6en"in % electin =l& a%%ectt,e re"lt % t,e electin> t,e C**i""in> n t,e +a"i" % a

!eri%ie& 6etitin % an intere"te& 6art0> an& a%ter &e nticean& ,earin-> at =,ic, t,e intere"te& 6artie" are -i!en eal66rtnit0 t +e ,ear& ",all call %r t,e ,l&in- rcntinatin % t,e electin =it,in t,irt0 &a0" a%ter it ",all,a!e !eri%ie& an& %n& t,at t,e ca"e r ca"e" %r =,ic, t,eelectin ,a" +een 6"t6ne& r ""6en&e& ,a!e cea"e& t


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e7i"t r 6n 6etitin % at lea"t t,irt0 6ercent % t,ere-i"tere& !ter" in t,e +aran-a0 cncerne&.

9,en t,e cn&itin" in t,e"e area" =arrant> 6n !eri%icatin+0 t,e C**i""in> r 6n 6etitin % at lea"t t,irt0 6ercent% t,e re-i"tere& !ter" in t,e +aran-a0 cncerne&> it ",allr&er t,e ,l&in- % t,e +aran-a0 electin =,ic, =a"6"t6ne& r ""6en&e&.

DISCUSSIONS

Section # list do=n te grounds and te procedure %or tepostponement and or declaration o% %ailure o% election in barangayle"el.

Grn&" %r 6"t6ne*ent%ailre % electin

a. 0iolenceHb. TerrorismH

c. :oss or destruction o% election parapernalia orrecordsH

d. 'orce maeureH

e. 'raudH and

%. !ter analogous causes.

Prce&re

a. A "eri%ied petition is %iled by any interested partybe%ore te C!+E:EC stating te grounds %or tepostponementH

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b. Te C!+E:EC sall publis te said petition in ane=spaper o% general circulation or a local ne=spaper o% tecity or municipality concernedH

c. t +ec*6"e& % t,e "enir 6+lic ele*entar0 "c,l teac,er int,e +aran-a0 a" c,air*an> an& t= t,er 6+lic ele*entar0"c,l teac,er"> a" *e*+er".

In ca"e t,e n*+er % 6+lic ele*entar0 "c,l teac,er" i"ina&eate> t,e C**i""in ",all &e"i-nate t,e c,air*an an&*e*+er" % t,e +aran-a0 +ar& % can!a""er" %r* a*n- t,e+ar& % electin teller".

($) T,e +aran-a0 +ar& % can!a""er" ",all *eet i**e&iatel0in a +il&in- =,ere a 6llin- 6lace i" %n& an& =,ic, i" *"tcentrall0 lcate& in t,e +aran-a0 an& a%ter can!a""in- t,ere"lt" %r* t,e !ari" 6llin- 6lace" =it,in t,e +aran-a0>6rclai* t,e =inner". T,e +ar& % can!a""er" ",allacc*6li", t,e certi%icate % 6rcla*atin in tri6licate n a%r* t +e 6re"cri+e& +0 t,e C**i""in. T,e ri-inal % t,e

certi%icate ",all +e "ent t t,e electin re-i"trar cncerne&>t,e "ecn& c60 ",all +e &eli!ere& t t,e "ecretar0 % t,e"an--nian- +a0an r "an--nian- 6an-ln"&> a" t,e ca"e*a0 +e> an& t,e t,ir& c60 ",all +e


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() In a +aran-a0 =,ere t,ere i" nl0 ne 6llin- 6lace> t,e+aran-a0 +ar& % electin

2 reviewer election edited

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