20-gprs edge qos
DESCRIPTION
GSPR_EDGE QoSTRANSCRIPT
GPRS/EGPRS Quality of ServiceQoS, General
QoS in BSS will cater for a differentiation of packet data
to the users, dependent on the QoS profile for the user.
The QoS feature in BSS involves:
QoS negotiation with SGSN (PFM procedures R99),
Radio timeslot allocation (PDCH reservation)
Scheduling of packet data on the radio timeslots (Scheduling).
GSM Radio Network Features
In the R99 GSM standard, a new QoS handling is introduced. A new QoS profile is defined which is aligned with the UMTS defined QoS. In the old release of QoS, BSS was not involved in the QoS negotiation. This made it hard to make an efficient QoS since it is the BSS that controls the scarce radio resources. In order to involve the BSS in the QoS negotiation with an MS, new procedures between the BSS and the SGSN are introduced, the Packet Flow Management (PFM) procedures. See GSM 3GPP TS 08.18 and 23.060.
With the R99 GSM standard, it is possible for the MS to have several activated PDP contexts using the same IP address. In the R97 GSM standard it was only possible to have several activated PDP contexts with different IP addresses. In general the terminals only support one IP address, meaning that a R99 MS may run several applications at the same time using different level of Quality of Service.
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QoS, General
R99 QoS - Packet Flow Management (PFM) supported
R99 QoS Streaming - Packet Flow Management (PFM) supported
R97/98 QoS and R99 QoS may be enabled separately or together.
The QoS Streaming requires that R99 QoS is activated.
GSM Radio Network Features
In order to involve the BSS in the QoS negotiation with an MS, new procedures between the BSS and the SGSN, the Packet Flow Management (PFM) procedures as well as PFM support for the MS, are introduced. See GSM 3GPP TS 08.18 and 23.060 of R99. The PFM functionality is optional both for SGSNs of R99 onwards and for MSs of R99 onwards.
When the SGSN do not support the PFM procedures or if the MS is without PFM support, the QoS attributes as defined in the R97/98 GSM standard will be used by the BSS. These attributes can be mapped (QOSMAPPING=ON) onto the R99 QoS classes. Similar functionality as with the R99 QoS may then be used in the BSS. If QOSMAPPING =OFF no differention will be made by BSS if SGSN or MS not support R99.
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PROFILES
GSM Radio Network Features
The QoS profile, as defined in the R99 GSM standard 3GPP 23.107, consists of four traffic classes with a set of attributes giving the level of QoS. The traffic classes available in the standard are the Conversational, Streaming, Interactive and Background classes.
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R99 GSM Standard
Four traffic classes defined
QoS in the BSS will differentiate between the traffic classes Streaming, Interactive and Background. The traffic class Conversational will not be supported but will be treated as the Interactive class
Traffic class
Conversational class
conversational RT
Streaming class
streaming RT
Interactive class
GSM Radio Network Features
The Background class is used by applications where the data is not required to arrive within a certain time, e.g. e-mail and file transfers.
The Interactive class is used by applications where the end-user is requesting data on line and thus is expecting data to arrive quite quickly, e.g. web-browsing. It is possible to differentiate between the users in the Interactive class by means of the Traffic Handling Priority (THP) which is an associated attribute. There are three levels of priority available within the Interactive class, THP-1 is the highest priority whereas THP-3 is the lowest.
The Streaming and the Conversational classes would be used by real-time applications, e.g. video or speech.
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R99 QoS profile for different traffic classes
GSM Radio Network Features
SDU – Service Data Unit, a SDU format defined with exact sizes and the payload bits statically structured per size. Each bit of the SDU payload belongs to a defined subflow.
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Sheet1
X
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GSM Radio Network Features
The R97/98 QoS profile that is negotiated between the MS and the SGSN at PDP context activation consists of five attributes. However, only two of these attributes, Peak Throughput and Precedence Class, are sent from the SGSN to the BSS at download of data.
The BSS may use the Precedence class and Peak throughput for differentiation between users. In order to get an alignment between MSs with PFM support and MSs without PFM support, the R97/98 QoS attributes are mapped in the BSS onto the R99 QoS attributes. All MSs will then be differentiated according to the same attributes and the service perception will be the same for all users having the same level of priority regardless of PFM support.
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NEGOTIATION
Packet Flow management
GSM Radio Network Features
At activation of a PDP context, the MS requests a certain level of Quality of Service. The requested QoS will be checked towards the subscription of the MS. The SGSN will then start the PFM procedures by creating a Packet Flow Context (PFC) towards the BSS where an Aggregate BSS QoS Profile (ABQP) is negotiated. The ABQP is then valid for all the LLC PDUs that are transmitted for this PDP context.
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QoS Negotiation R99
SGSN creates a Packet Flow Context (PFC) depending on the QoS profile required . Each PFC is identified by a Packet Flow Identifier (PFI).
SGSN & BSS negotiates an Aggregate BSS QoS Profile (ABQP)
BSS will use ABQP for scheduling and at reservation
The BSS make use of the following attributes:
Traffic Class [Conversational, Streaming, Interactive, Background]
Guaranteed Bit Rate, GBR
Maximum Bit Rate, MBR, [12 – 480 kbps]
GSM Radio Network Features
Mapping of R97/98 attributes onto R99 attributes
R97/98 QoS attribute Peak throughput is mapped onto the R99 QoS attribute Maximum bitrate
QOSMAPPING
GSM Radio Network Features
The attributes Precedence class and Peak throughput are sent in every DL-UNIT-DATA message from the SGSN to the BSS. For every MS a fictive ABQP, where the mapped attributes are stored as Interactive class or Background class, is created when the first DL-UNIT-DATA message arrives for this MS. This ABQP is used in the same way as an ABQP for an MS with PFM support at Scheduling and PDCH reservation. This means that an MS without PFM support will be treated as an Interactive class or Background class user. Also, the QoS parameters used for the R99 QoS will be valid for the R97/98 QoS.
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Predefined ABQP Parameters
PDP contexts with similar or different QoS
GSM Radio Network Features
The MS may activate several PDP contexts with similar or different QoS profiles. PDP contexts with similar QoS profiles (for one MS) are grouped into one PFC by the SGSN. The ABQP then refers to all the QoS profiles of the PDP contexts in the same PFC. For PDP contexts of different QoS, separate PFCs are created. Each PFC is identified by a Packet Flow Identifier (PFI)
With the R99 GSM standard, it is possible for the MS to have several activated PDP contexts using the same IP address. In the R97 GSM standard it was only possible to have several activated PDP contexts with different IP addresses. In general the terminals only support one IP address, meaning that a R99 MS may run several applications at the same time using different level of Quality of Service.
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PDCH RESERVATION
GSM Radio Network Features
PDCH reservation is the algorithm that determines which channels (PDCHs) a TBF shall use.
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PDCH reservation for Streaming
Dependent on the value of the attribute Transfer Delay either a TBF reservation algorithm for Media Streaming or EIT Streaming is selected.
GSM Radio Network Features
However, at PDCH reservation for TBF to be used by any kind of Streaming, following is valid when MS is in a Dual Transfer Mode:
DTM multislot class steers the value range for the GBR that can be supported.
The traffic class is not considered hence PDCHs may be chosen that are already reserved as Effective Streaming PDCHs by another Media Streaming TBF. Those PDCHs can not be used as Effective Streaming PDCHs for the MS in Dual Transfer Mode hence the supported GBR may be limited or even in a worst case the attempt to provide support for Media Streaming may fail completely.
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PDCH reservation – Media Streaming
Marked Streaming PDCH - PDCH reserved especially for Streaming session and can only be used by one Streaming session
DL - BSS calculates the number of needed Marked Streaming PDCH based on:
- BPDCHBR, GPDCHBR and EPDCHBR
- Requested GBR
UL - BSS reserves the UL Streaming TBF according to the algorithm used for Interactive/Background UL TBF reservation, i.e. no consideration of the 'requested GBR'.
GSM Radio Network Features
For a Streaming session in DL a GBR is negotiated between SGSN and BSS,. In order for BSS to support this negotiated GBR, a minimum number of PDCHs needs to be reserved especially for this Streaming session these PDCHs are named Marked Streaming PDCH and can only be used by one Streaming session (Note that since MS Multislot class is considered at PDCH reservation, the MS might be reserved on more PDCHs than needed to support the negotiated GBR, these extra PDCHs are named Streaming PDCH). On the Marked Streaming PDCHs the Streaming session has absolute priority for RLC data transmission BPDCHBR, GPDCHBR and EPDCHBR. Example:
'requested GBR' for one Streaming session = 40 kbits/s
BPDCHBR = 12 kbits/s -> 4 B-PDCHs needed as Marked Streaming PDCHs to serve 'requested GBR'
GPDCHBR = 14 kbits/s -> 3 G-PDCHs needed as Marked Streaming PDCHs to serve 'requested GBR'
EPDCHBR = 20 kbits/s -> 2 E-PDCHs needed as Marked Streaming PDCHs to serve 'requested GBR'
The setting of these parameters defines what kind of service an operator want to provide its customers.
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EIT - Ericsson Instant Talk
EIT offers half-duplex Push-To-Talk voice communication
One-to-one or
Ericsson Instant Talk is a Voice-over-IP application that offers easy-to-use half-duplex Push-To-Talk voice communication between users in a one-to-one and one-to-many fashion. The solution is implemented on Ericsson's IP multimedia subsystem (IPMM) based on the IMS standard.
The Instant Talk user is, from a BSS point of view, either a GPRS or EGPRS user. However, the delay requirements for Instant Talk are more stringent than for Streaming of e.g. video clips but more relaxed than for normal speech. To optimize the perceived quality of an Instant Talk user it is important to keep transfer delays to a minimum while still providing the capacity for many users in the same cell.
The feature Instant Talk Performance significantly improves capacity in BSS for Instant Talk users as well as providing an improved quality perception of the Instant Talk service. This is possible when the service is provided over a QoS Streaming bearer as it allows BSS to detect an Instant Talk user and optimize the handling of such user.
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Instant Talk identification in BSS
According to agreements a PoC (Push to talk over Cellular) user is recommended to be identified by:
QoS class Streaming
GBR below certain limit
When an Instant Talk/PoC user is detected the following is done:
A delay sensitive LQC and LA algorithm is used
Multiplexing of Instant Talk QoS Streaming TBFs
Optimized TBF reservation and scheduling
GSM Radio Network Features
The Instant Talk users are identified by the BSS if the Quality of Service (QoS) class is Streaming and that the transfer delay and Guaranteed Bitrate (GBR) attributes are below a certain limit. Note that other types of users and applications, with the same QoS profile also will be treated as Instant Talk users and also get access to the improved functionality when the feature is activated. Note also that normal QoS Streaming users will have precedence over Instant Talk Streaming users.
When an Instant Talk user is detected the following modifications are performed:
A delay sensitive Link Quality Control (LQC) algorithm specially adopted for Instant Talk is used. This is achieved by optimizing Block Error Rate (and not throughput).
Multiplexing of Instant Talk Streaming TBFs (Temporary Block Flows). This allows several Instant Talk users to share the same PDCH while still having absolute priority over other QoS classes.
An optimized TBF reservation scheme is used that allows a more balanced reservation strategy. The aim is to provide the same bitrate in uplink and downlink .
Optimized scheduling scheme when TBFs are in delayed release mode. The operator can allow an Instant Talk user to keep a TBF alive longer after each data transfer thus reducing delay if and when the user again starts to send/receive data.
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PDCH reservation – EIT Streaming
PDCH reservation for EIT Streaming aims at reserving maximum number of timeslots in both directions
Example: A GPRS MS multislot class 10 can reserve 4+1 (DL+UL) timeslots or 3+2 timeslots
The algorithm will reserve timeslots according to the 3+2 alternative
GSM Radio Network Features
PDCH reservation shall follow the so called balanced strategy. This strategy aims to reserve only as many timeslots in one direction as allows to reserve simultaneously maximum number of timeslots in opposite direction while at the same time maximizing the total number possible reserved timeslots in both directions, uplink and downlink.
EIT Streaming TBFs can be multiplexed in both directions with each other as well as with TBF currently carrying any possible traffic class.
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SCHEDULING
GSM Radio Network Features
Scheduling is the algorithm that determines in which order Radio Blocks should be transmitted on the radio resources, both in downlink and in uplink.
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Scheduling, general
The data from several users are scheduled in the following order:
Signalling (GMM/SM)
Interactive
Background
THP 1 value range 1-10 (Example: R99 Default)
THP 2 value range 1-10
THP 3 value range 1 (Example: R99 Best Effort, SMS)
Relative weight within the Background class
GSM Radio Network Features
When several users share the same radio resources i.e. the same PDCHs, the scheduling can differentiate between the users to give them different amount of access time to the PDCHs. Whenever there is GMM/SM signalling to be sent from any of the users, it will be sent before other data. If there is Streaming data to be sent from any of the users, it will be sent before Interactive/Background data. Data from a user running a Background application will only be scheduled when there is no Streaming or Interactive data to be sent on those radio resources.
In the DL direction, when several PFCs share one TBF, four different packet queues; one for GMM/SM Signalling, one for Streaming, one for the Interactive class and one for the Background class, will be created for the TBF. GMM/SM Signalling will always have precedence over data radio blocks, meaning that whenever there is signalling to be sent no data is transmitted from the other queues. Streaming has absolute priority over the other traffic classes meaning that whenever there is Streaming to be sent no data is transmitted from the other queues. Data from the Background queue will only be scheduled when the Signalling, Streaming and Interactive queues are empty.
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Scheduling of Media Streaming Class Users
From a BSS perspective there are 3 possible states of a Streaming session.
State A: Media Streaming reservation of PDCHs is present, however no Streaming data has arrived from the SGSN yet.
State B: Media Streaming reservation of PDCHs is present and there is Streaming data in the BSS to transmit to the MS.
State C: Media Streaming reservation of PDCHs is present, however there is currently no Streaming data in the BSS to be transmitted to the MS.
GSM Radio Network Features
State A is after BSS has sent a 'negotiated GBR' to SGSN until Streaming data arrives from SGSN.
State B is when BSS has data to transmit to the MS.
State C is after BSS has sent all current Streaming data to the MS.
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Scheduling of Media Streaming Class Users
State A
State C
Marked Streaming
GSM Radio Network Features
State A is after BSS has sent a 'negotiated GBR' to SGSN until Streaming data arrives from SGSN. Since BSS reserves PDCHs for the Streaming session before the actual Streaming data arrives, a time needs to be defined for how long to the Streaming reservation should be kept. This time is defined by the parameter TSTREAMSTART. If no Streaming data arrives before the expiry of TSTREAMSTART , the Marked Streaming PDCH will be treated as any other PDCH regarding preemption and scheduling. The state is changed when either TSTREAMSTART expires or Streaming data arrives from SGSN (Streaming session enters State B).
State B is when BSS has data to transmit to the MS. During this state the MS is scheduled with Streaming data. On the PDCHs that are Marked Streaming PDCH, the Streaming TBF that needs this PDCH to fulfil 'requested GBR' has absolute priority for RLC Data scheduling over other TBFs reserved on this PDCH, i.e. no consideration to QoS weight is taken.
State C is after BSS has sent all current Streaming data to the MS. Since there is no control signalling that indicates if a Streaming session is finalized or not, a time needs to be defined for how long to keep the Streaming reservation between consecutive Streaming PDUs from the SGSN. This time is defined by TSTREAMPENDING. If no Streaming data arrives before the expiry of TSTREAMPENDING , the Marked Streaming PDCH will be treated as any other PDCH regarding preemption and scheduling. The state is changed when either TSTREAMPENDING expires or Streaming data arrives from SGSN (Streaming session enters State B).
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Scheduling of EIT Streaming Class Users
From a BSS perspective there are 2 possible states of a EIT Streaming TBF:
State A: PDCHs reservation for EIT Streaming TBF is present and there is EIT Streaming data in the BSS or MS to transmit.
State B: PDCHs reservation for EIT Streaming TBF is present, however there is currently no Streaming data in the BSS or MS to transmit.
GSM Radio Network Features
State A is when BSS or MS has Streaming data to transmit. For scheduling purposes all reserved PDCHs are considered as Effective Streaming PDCHs, the EIT Streaming TBF that has reserved these PDCHs has absolute priority for scheduling over other non-Streaming TBFs reserved on same PDCHs.
State B is when BSS or MS has no more Streaming data to send. Since there is no control signalling that indicates if a EIT Streaming TBF is finalized or not, a time needs to be defined for how long to keep the EIT Streaming TBF reservation between consecutive Streaming PDUs from the Streaming source. This time is defined by TEITPENDING. If no Streaming data arrives before the expiry of TEITPENDING, all reserved PDCHs will be treated as any other PDCHs regarding preemption and scheduling. The state is changed when either TEITPENDING expires or Streaming data arrives from SGSN or MS (EIT Streaming TBF enters State A).
For uplink EIT Streaming TBFs following is vaild:
During the initial period of TEITPENDING that is defined by MSEITRESPTIME after transition into state B, i.e. when the uplink TBF is in inactive mode as MS has no real data to send, BSS schedules USFs with an interval defined by EITSCHEDFREQH. MS can start to transmit real Streaming data at any occasion given by the appearance of associated USF. In the remaining period of time, until TEITPENDING expires, USFs are scheduled with an interval defined by EITSCHEDFREQL.
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Scheduling of the Interactive Class Users
W PFC,DL/ULis the QoS weight for this PFC in the specified direction.
RELTHP PFC is the relative importance of this PFC.
K is the THPMBRFACTOR / 10, giving to what extent MBR should be taken into account in the weight calculation.
MBR PFC,DL/UL is the Maximum Bitrate for the PFC in the specified direction as given by the ABQP.
NDLis the normalizer used for the DL calculations and it is set to
NULis the normalizer used for the UL calculations and it is set to
W PFC,DL = RELTHP PFC · ((1-k ) + k · MBR PFC,DL / NDL)
W PFC,UL = RELTHP PFC · ((1-k ) + k · MBR PFC,UL / NUL)
GSM Radio Network Features
W PFC,DL/UL is the QoS weight for this PFC in the specified direction.
RELTHP PFC is the relative importance of this PFC. The relative importance is dependent on the THP as given in the ABQP i.e. if
THP PFC = 1, then RELTHP PFC = QOSTHP1
THP PFC = 2, then RELTHP PFC = QOSTHP2
THP PFC = 3, then RELTHP PFC = 1
k is the THPMBRFACTOR / 10, giving to what extent MBR should be taken into account in the weight calculation.
MBR PFC,DL/UL is the Maximum Bitrate for the PFC in the specified direction as given by the ABQP.
NDL is the normalizer used for the DL calculations and it is set to:
60 if the TBF is using EGPRS modulated channels
20 if the TBF is using GPRS CS-1 to CS-4 modulated channels
12 if the TBF is using GPRS CS-1 to CS-2 modulated channels
NUL is the normalizer used for the UL calculations and it is set to:
12 if the TBF is using EGPRS modulated channels
12 if the TBF is using GPRS CS-1 to CS-4 modulated channels
12 if the TBF is using GPRS CS-1 to CS-2 modulated channels
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Scheduling example for two interactive users
QOSTHP1 is set to 3 and THPMBRFACTOR is set to 5 giving a k of 0,5. The normalizer NDL will be set to 20 for MS A since it's using GPRS CS-1 to CS-4 modulation and for MS B it will be set to 60
W PFC-A,DL = 3 · ((1 - 0,5) + 0,5 · 80 / 20) = 7,5
GSM Radio Network Features
Consider a cell configured with 4 PDCHs supporting EGPRS. There are two mobiles in the cell, MS A which is a GPRS MS and MS B which is an EGPRS MS. The mobiles are 4-slot mobiles and they are going to do data transfer in the DL direction.
Since the QoS weight is the same, the two users will be scheduled equally on the PDCHs. However since the MS B is using EGPRS, it will get a throughput that is roughly three times as high as MS A assuming good radio conditions for both the users.
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Sheet1
Main controlling parameters
BPDCHBR is used to set the minimum estimated bitrate per B-PDCH to be used for data transfer of the traffic class Streaming.
GPDCHBR is used to set the minimum estimated bitrate per G-PDCH to be used for data transfer of the traffic class Streaming.
EPDCHBR is used to define the minimum estimated bitrate per E-PDCH to be used for data transfer of the traffic class Streaming.
PCUQOS is used to switch QoS on or off. The parameter is set per BSC (+ SGSN supporting QoS of R99).
PCUEIT is used to switch support for EIT Streaming on or off.
GSM Radio Network Features
Main controlling parameters
EITHIGHCS is used to define the highest possible coding scheme that can be chosen by the Link Adaptation algorithm for GPRS when data is transferred over a EIT Streaming TBF. It is set per BSC.
EITSCHEDFREQH is used while MSEITRESPTIME is running to define the time between two consecutive USFs scheduled for an MS over a uplink EIT Streaming TBF when the TBF is in inactive mode, e.g. no real data is to be sent. The parameter is valid for uplink EIT Streaming TBFs only and is set per BSC.
EITSCHEDFREQL is used after MSEITRESPTIME is expired to define the time between two consecutive USFs scheduled for an MS over a uplink EIT Streaming TBF when the TBF is in inactive mode, e.g. no real data is to be sent. The parameter is valid for uplink EIT Streaming TBFs only and is set per BSC.
GSM Radio Network Features
Main controlling parameters
EITADMCTRL is used to switch support for Admission Control for EIT on or off. The parameter is set per BSC and can have the following values:
0, the support for Admission Control for EIT is switched OFF.
1, the support for Admission Control for EIT is switched is switched ON.
EITEMAXUSEDL The parameter EITEMAXUSEDL defines the maximum usage for downlink EIT (Ericsson Instant Talk) TBFs (Temporary Block Flow) for E -TBF mode
EITEMAXUSEUL The parameter EITEMAXUSEUL defines the maximum usage for downlink EIT (Ericsson Instant Talk) TBFs (Temporary Block Flow) for E -TBF mode
EITGMAXUSEDL The parameter EITGMAXUSEDL defines the maximum usage for downlink EIT (Ericsson Instant Talk) TBFs (Temporary Block Flow) for B -TBF mode
EITGMAXUSEUL The parameter EITGMAXUSEUL defines the maximum usage for downlink EIT (Ericsson Instant Talk) TBFs (Temporary Block Flow) for B -TBF mode
Main controlling parameters
QOSMAPPING is used to switch the R97/98 QoS feature on or off. Also the mapping of attributes onto different priority levels may be chosen. The parameter is set per BSC.
QOSCONVPRIO is used to define how BSS shall handle a request for the traffic class Conversational:
QOSCONVPRIO=1 -> Interactive THP1
QOSCONVPRIO=2 -> Interactive THP2
QOSCONVPRIO=3 -> Interactive THP3
GSM Radio Network Features
Main controlling parameters
MSEITRESPTIME is used to define the initial sub-period of TEITPENDING. During this time the probability for receiving data over an uplink EIT Streaming TBF is considered to be high, hence EITSCHEDFREQH is applied. The parameter is valid for uplink EIT Streaming TBFs only and is set per BSC.
PCUEIT is used to switch support for EIT Streaming on or off. The parameter is set per BSC and can have the following values:
0, the support for EIT Streaming is switched OFF.
1, the support for EIT Streaming is switched is switched ON.
TEITPENDING is used to define the maximum time that a EIT Streaming TBF reservation should be kept between 2 consecutive bursts of EIT Streaming data received from SGSN or MS. The parameter is set per BSC.
GSM Radio Network Features
Main controlling parameters
QOSSTREAMPRIO is used to define how BSS shall handle a request for the traffic class Streaming when a single Effective Streaming PDCH could not be reserved.
QOSSTREAMPRIO=0 -> Background
QOSSTREAMPRIO=4 -> Terminate the Streaming PFC
QOSTHP1 is used to determine the relative importance of the THP-1 users compared to the THP-3 users. The parameter is set per BSC.
GSM Radio Network Features
Main controlling parameters
QOSTHP2 is used to determine the relative importance of the THP-2 users compared to the THP-3 users. The parameter is set per BSC.
STREAMSUP is used to define if the QoS traffic class Streaming is to be supported. The parameter is set per cell.
THPMBRFACTOR decides to what extent the MBR should be taken into account at scheduling of the Interactive users. The parameter is set per BSC.
GSM Radio Network Features
Main controlling parameters
TSTREAMSTART is used to define the maximum time that a Streaming reservation should be kept after the Streaming PFC was created. If no Streaming data arrives before the expiry of TSTREAMSTART, the Effective Streaming PDCHwill be treated as any other PDCH regarding preemption and scheduling. The parameter is set per BSC.
TSTREAMPENDING is used to define the maximum time that a Streaming reservation should be kept between 2 consecutive packets of Streaming data from SGSN. If no Streaming data arrives before the expiry of TSTREAMPENDING, the Effective Streaming PDCH will be treated as any other PDCH regarding preemption and scheduling. The parameter is set per BSC.
GSM Radio Network Features
Parameters for QoS
Traffic
Class
InteractiveTraffic
Class
Interactive
THP1THP1
MBR
DL
QoS in BSS will cater for a differentiation of packet data
to the users, dependent on the QoS profile for the user.
The QoS feature in BSS involves:
QoS negotiation with SGSN (PFM procedures R99),
Radio timeslot allocation (PDCH reservation)
Scheduling of packet data on the radio timeslots (Scheduling).
GSM Radio Network Features
In the R99 GSM standard, a new QoS handling is introduced. A new QoS profile is defined which is aligned with the UMTS defined QoS. In the old release of QoS, BSS was not involved in the QoS negotiation. This made it hard to make an efficient QoS since it is the BSS that controls the scarce radio resources. In order to involve the BSS in the QoS negotiation with an MS, new procedures between the BSS and the SGSN are introduced, the Packet Flow Management (PFM) procedures. See GSM 3GPP TS 08.18 and 23.060.
With the R99 GSM standard, it is possible for the MS to have several activated PDP contexts using the same IP address. In the R97 GSM standard it was only possible to have several activated PDP contexts with different IP addresses. In general the terminals only support one IP address, meaning that a R99 MS may run several applications at the same time using different level of Quality of Service.
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QoS, General
R99 QoS - Packet Flow Management (PFM) supported
R99 QoS Streaming - Packet Flow Management (PFM) supported
R97/98 QoS and R99 QoS may be enabled separately or together.
The QoS Streaming requires that R99 QoS is activated.
GSM Radio Network Features
In order to involve the BSS in the QoS negotiation with an MS, new procedures between the BSS and the SGSN, the Packet Flow Management (PFM) procedures as well as PFM support for the MS, are introduced. See GSM 3GPP TS 08.18 and 23.060 of R99. The PFM functionality is optional both for SGSNs of R99 onwards and for MSs of R99 onwards.
When the SGSN do not support the PFM procedures or if the MS is without PFM support, the QoS attributes as defined in the R97/98 GSM standard will be used by the BSS. These attributes can be mapped (QOSMAPPING=ON) onto the R99 QoS classes. Similar functionality as with the R99 QoS may then be used in the BSS. If QOSMAPPING =OFF no differention will be made by BSS if SGSN or MS not support R99.
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PROFILES
GSM Radio Network Features
The QoS profile, as defined in the R99 GSM standard 3GPP 23.107, consists of four traffic classes with a set of attributes giving the level of QoS. The traffic classes available in the standard are the Conversational, Streaming, Interactive and Background classes.
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R99 GSM Standard
Four traffic classes defined
QoS in the BSS will differentiate between the traffic classes Streaming, Interactive and Background. The traffic class Conversational will not be supported but will be treated as the Interactive class
Traffic class
Conversational class
conversational RT
Streaming class
streaming RT
Interactive class
GSM Radio Network Features
The Background class is used by applications where the data is not required to arrive within a certain time, e.g. e-mail and file transfers.
The Interactive class is used by applications where the end-user is requesting data on line and thus is expecting data to arrive quite quickly, e.g. web-browsing. It is possible to differentiate between the users in the Interactive class by means of the Traffic Handling Priority (THP) which is an associated attribute. There are three levels of priority available within the Interactive class, THP-1 is the highest priority whereas THP-3 is the lowest.
The Streaming and the Conversational classes would be used by real-time applications, e.g. video or speech.
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R99 QoS profile for different traffic classes
GSM Radio Network Features
SDU – Service Data Unit, a SDU format defined with exact sizes and the payload bits statically structured per size. Each bit of the SDU payload belongs to a defined subflow.
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Sheet1
X
X
X
X
X
X
GSM Radio Network Features
The R97/98 QoS profile that is negotiated between the MS and the SGSN at PDP context activation consists of five attributes. However, only two of these attributes, Peak Throughput and Precedence Class, are sent from the SGSN to the BSS at download of data.
The BSS may use the Precedence class and Peak throughput for differentiation between users. In order to get an alignment between MSs with PFM support and MSs without PFM support, the R97/98 QoS attributes are mapped in the BSS onto the R99 QoS attributes. All MSs will then be differentiated according to the same attributes and the service perception will be the same for all users having the same level of priority regardless of PFM support.
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NEGOTIATION
Packet Flow management
GSM Radio Network Features
At activation of a PDP context, the MS requests a certain level of Quality of Service. The requested QoS will be checked towards the subscription of the MS. The SGSN will then start the PFM procedures by creating a Packet Flow Context (PFC) towards the BSS where an Aggregate BSS QoS Profile (ABQP) is negotiated. The ABQP is then valid for all the LLC PDUs that are transmitted for this PDP context.
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QoS Negotiation R99
SGSN creates a Packet Flow Context (PFC) depending on the QoS profile required . Each PFC is identified by a Packet Flow Identifier (PFI).
SGSN & BSS negotiates an Aggregate BSS QoS Profile (ABQP)
BSS will use ABQP for scheduling and at reservation
The BSS make use of the following attributes:
Traffic Class [Conversational, Streaming, Interactive, Background]
Guaranteed Bit Rate, GBR
Maximum Bit Rate, MBR, [12 – 480 kbps]
GSM Radio Network Features
Mapping of R97/98 attributes onto R99 attributes
R97/98 QoS attribute Peak throughput is mapped onto the R99 QoS attribute Maximum bitrate
QOSMAPPING
GSM Radio Network Features
The attributes Precedence class and Peak throughput are sent in every DL-UNIT-DATA message from the SGSN to the BSS. For every MS a fictive ABQP, where the mapped attributes are stored as Interactive class or Background class, is created when the first DL-UNIT-DATA message arrives for this MS. This ABQP is used in the same way as an ABQP for an MS with PFM support at Scheduling and PDCH reservation. This means that an MS without PFM support will be treated as an Interactive class or Background class user. Also, the QoS parameters used for the R99 QoS will be valid for the R97/98 QoS.
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Predefined ABQP Parameters
PDP contexts with similar or different QoS
GSM Radio Network Features
The MS may activate several PDP contexts with similar or different QoS profiles. PDP contexts with similar QoS profiles (for one MS) are grouped into one PFC by the SGSN. The ABQP then refers to all the QoS profiles of the PDP contexts in the same PFC. For PDP contexts of different QoS, separate PFCs are created. Each PFC is identified by a Packet Flow Identifier (PFI)
With the R99 GSM standard, it is possible for the MS to have several activated PDP contexts using the same IP address. In the R97 GSM standard it was only possible to have several activated PDP contexts with different IP addresses. In general the terminals only support one IP address, meaning that a R99 MS may run several applications at the same time using different level of Quality of Service.
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PDCH RESERVATION
GSM Radio Network Features
PDCH reservation is the algorithm that determines which channels (PDCHs) a TBF shall use.
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PDCH reservation for Streaming
Dependent on the value of the attribute Transfer Delay either a TBF reservation algorithm for Media Streaming or EIT Streaming is selected.
GSM Radio Network Features
However, at PDCH reservation for TBF to be used by any kind of Streaming, following is valid when MS is in a Dual Transfer Mode:
DTM multislot class steers the value range for the GBR that can be supported.
The traffic class is not considered hence PDCHs may be chosen that are already reserved as Effective Streaming PDCHs by another Media Streaming TBF. Those PDCHs can not be used as Effective Streaming PDCHs for the MS in Dual Transfer Mode hence the supported GBR may be limited or even in a worst case the attempt to provide support for Media Streaming may fail completely.
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PDCH reservation – Media Streaming
Marked Streaming PDCH - PDCH reserved especially for Streaming session and can only be used by one Streaming session
DL - BSS calculates the number of needed Marked Streaming PDCH based on:
- BPDCHBR, GPDCHBR and EPDCHBR
- Requested GBR
UL - BSS reserves the UL Streaming TBF according to the algorithm used for Interactive/Background UL TBF reservation, i.e. no consideration of the 'requested GBR'.
GSM Radio Network Features
For a Streaming session in DL a GBR is negotiated between SGSN and BSS,. In order for BSS to support this negotiated GBR, a minimum number of PDCHs needs to be reserved especially for this Streaming session these PDCHs are named Marked Streaming PDCH and can only be used by one Streaming session (Note that since MS Multislot class is considered at PDCH reservation, the MS might be reserved on more PDCHs than needed to support the negotiated GBR, these extra PDCHs are named Streaming PDCH). On the Marked Streaming PDCHs the Streaming session has absolute priority for RLC data transmission BPDCHBR, GPDCHBR and EPDCHBR. Example:
'requested GBR' for one Streaming session = 40 kbits/s
BPDCHBR = 12 kbits/s -> 4 B-PDCHs needed as Marked Streaming PDCHs to serve 'requested GBR'
GPDCHBR = 14 kbits/s -> 3 G-PDCHs needed as Marked Streaming PDCHs to serve 'requested GBR'
EPDCHBR = 20 kbits/s -> 2 E-PDCHs needed as Marked Streaming PDCHs to serve 'requested GBR'
The setting of these parameters defines what kind of service an operator want to provide its customers.
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EIT - Ericsson Instant Talk
EIT offers half-duplex Push-To-Talk voice communication
One-to-one or
Ericsson Instant Talk is a Voice-over-IP application that offers easy-to-use half-duplex Push-To-Talk voice communication between users in a one-to-one and one-to-many fashion. The solution is implemented on Ericsson's IP multimedia subsystem (IPMM) based on the IMS standard.
The Instant Talk user is, from a BSS point of view, either a GPRS or EGPRS user. However, the delay requirements for Instant Talk are more stringent than for Streaming of e.g. video clips but more relaxed than for normal speech. To optimize the perceived quality of an Instant Talk user it is important to keep transfer delays to a minimum while still providing the capacity for many users in the same cell.
The feature Instant Talk Performance significantly improves capacity in BSS for Instant Talk users as well as providing an improved quality perception of the Instant Talk service. This is possible when the service is provided over a QoS Streaming bearer as it allows BSS to detect an Instant Talk user and optimize the handling of such user.
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Instant Talk identification in BSS
According to agreements a PoC (Push to talk over Cellular) user is recommended to be identified by:
QoS class Streaming
GBR below certain limit
When an Instant Talk/PoC user is detected the following is done:
A delay sensitive LQC and LA algorithm is used
Multiplexing of Instant Talk QoS Streaming TBFs
Optimized TBF reservation and scheduling
GSM Radio Network Features
The Instant Talk users are identified by the BSS if the Quality of Service (QoS) class is Streaming and that the transfer delay and Guaranteed Bitrate (GBR) attributes are below a certain limit. Note that other types of users and applications, with the same QoS profile also will be treated as Instant Talk users and also get access to the improved functionality when the feature is activated. Note also that normal QoS Streaming users will have precedence over Instant Talk Streaming users.
When an Instant Talk user is detected the following modifications are performed:
A delay sensitive Link Quality Control (LQC) algorithm specially adopted for Instant Talk is used. This is achieved by optimizing Block Error Rate (and not throughput).
Multiplexing of Instant Talk Streaming TBFs (Temporary Block Flows). This allows several Instant Talk users to share the same PDCH while still having absolute priority over other QoS classes.
An optimized TBF reservation scheme is used that allows a more balanced reservation strategy. The aim is to provide the same bitrate in uplink and downlink .
Optimized scheduling scheme when TBFs are in delayed release mode. The operator can allow an Instant Talk user to keep a TBF alive longer after each data transfer thus reducing delay if and when the user again starts to send/receive data.
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PDCH reservation – EIT Streaming
PDCH reservation for EIT Streaming aims at reserving maximum number of timeslots in both directions
Example: A GPRS MS multislot class 10 can reserve 4+1 (DL+UL) timeslots or 3+2 timeslots
The algorithm will reserve timeslots according to the 3+2 alternative
GSM Radio Network Features
PDCH reservation shall follow the so called balanced strategy. This strategy aims to reserve only as many timeslots in one direction as allows to reserve simultaneously maximum number of timeslots in opposite direction while at the same time maximizing the total number possible reserved timeslots in both directions, uplink and downlink.
EIT Streaming TBFs can be multiplexed in both directions with each other as well as with TBF currently carrying any possible traffic class.
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SCHEDULING
GSM Radio Network Features
Scheduling is the algorithm that determines in which order Radio Blocks should be transmitted on the radio resources, both in downlink and in uplink.
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Scheduling, general
The data from several users are scheduled in the following order:
Signalling (GMM/SM)
Interactive
Background
THP 1 value range 1-10 (Example: R99 Default)
THP 2 value range 1-10
THP 3 value range 1 (Example: R99 Best Effort, SMS)
Relative weight within the Background class
GSM Radio Network Features
When several users share the same radio resources i.e. the same PDCHs, the scheduling can differentiate between the users to give them different amount of access time to the PDCHs. Whenever there is GMM/SM signalling to be sent from any of the users, it will be sent before other data. If there is Streaming data to be sent from any of the users, it will be sent before Interactive/Background data. Data from a user running a Background application will only be scheduled when there is no Streaming or Interactive data to be sent on those radio resources.
In the DL direction, when several PFCs share one TBF, four different packet queues; one for GMM/SM Signalling, one for Streaming, one for the Interactive class and one for the Background class, will be created for the TBF. GMM/SM Signalling will always have precedence over data radio blocks, meaning that whenever there is signalling to be sent no data is transmitted from the other queues. Streaming has absolute priority over the other traffic classes meaning that whenever there is Streaming to be sent no data is transmitted from the other queues. Data from the Background queue will only be scheduled when the Signalling, Streaming and Interactive queues are empty.
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Scheduling of Media Streaming Class Users
From a BSS perspective there are 3 possible states of a Streaming session.
State A: Media Streaming reservation of PDCHs is present, however no Streaming data has arrived from the SGSN yet.
State B: Media Streaming reservation of PDCHs is present and there is Streaming data in the BSS to transmit to the MS.
State C: Media Streaming reservation of PDCHs is present, however there is currently no Streaming data in the BSS to be transmitted to the MS.
GSM Radio Network Features
State A is after BSS has sent a 'negotiated GBR' to SGSN until Streaming data arrives from SGSN.
State B is when BSS has data to transmit to the MS.
State C is after BSS has sent all current Streaming data to the MS.
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Scheduling of Media Streaming Class Users
State A
State C
Marked Streaming
GSM Radio Network Features
State A is after BSS has sent a 'negotiated GBR' to SGSN until Streaming data arrives from SGSN. Since BSS reserves PDCHs for the Streaming session before the actual Streaming data arrives, a time needs to be defined for how long to the Streaming reservation should be kept. This time is defined by the parameter TSTREAMSTART. If no Streaming data arrives before the expiry of TSTREAMSTART , the Marked Streaming PDCH will be treated as any other PDCH regarding preemption and scheduling. The state is changed when either TSTREAMSTART expires or Streaming data arrives from SGSN (Streaming session enters State B).
State B is when BSS has data to transmit to the MS. During this state the MS is scheduled with Streaming data. On the PDCHs that are Marked Streaming PDCH, the Streaming TBF that needs this PDCH to fulfil 'requested GBR' has absolute priority for RLC Data scheduling over other TBFs reserved on this PDCH, i.e. no consideration to QoS weight is taken.
State C is after BSS has sent all current Streaming data to the MS. Since there is no control signalling that indicates if a Streaming session is finalized or not, a time needs to be defined for how long to keep the Streaming reservation between consecutive Streaming PDUs from the SGSN. This time is defined by TSTREAMPENDING. If no Streaming data arrives before the expiry of TSTREAMPENDING , the Marked Streaming PDCH will be treated as any other PDCH regarding preemption and scheduling. The state is changed when either TSTREAMPENDING expires or Streaming data arrives from SGSN (Streaming session enters State B).
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Scheduling of EIT Streaming Class Users
From a BSS perspective there are 2 possible states of a EIT Streaming TBF:
State A: PDCHs reservation for EIT Streaming TBF is present and there is EIT Streaming data in the BSS or MS to transmit.
State B: PDCHs reservation for EIT Streaming TBF is present, however there is currently no Streaming data in the BSS or MS to transmit.
GSM Radio Network Features
State A is when BSS or MS has Streaming data to transmit. For scheduling purposes all reserved PDCHs are considered as Effective Streaming PDCHs, the EIT Streaming TBF that has reserved these PDCHs has absolute priority for scheduling over other non-Streaming TBFs reserved on same PDCHs.
State B is when BSS or MS has no more Streaming data to send. Since there is no control signalling that indicates if a EIT Streaming TBF is finalized or not, a time needs to be defined for how long to keep the EIT Streaming TBF reservation between consecutive Streaming PDUs from the Streaming source. This time is defined by TEITPENDING. If no Streaming data arrives before the expiry of TEITPENDING, all reserved PDCHs will be treated as any other PDCHs regarding preemption and scheduling. The state is changed when either TEITPENDING expires or Streaming data arrives from SGSN or MS (EIT Streaming TBF enters State A).
For uplink EIT Streaming TBFs following is vaild:
During the initial period of TEITPENDING that is defined by MSEITRESPTIME after transition into state B, i.e. when the uplink TBF is in inactive mode as MS has no real data to send, BSS schedules USFs with an interval defined by EITSCHEDFREQH. MS can start to transmit real Streaming data at any occasion given by the appearance of associated USF. In the remaining period of time, until TEITPENDING expires, USFs are scheduled with an interval defined by EITSCHEDFREQL.
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Scheduling of the Interactive Class Users
W PFC,DL/ULis the QoS weight for this PFC in the specified direction.
RELTHP PFC is the relative importance of this PFC.
K is the THPMBRFACTOR / 10, giving to what extent MBR should be taken into account in the weight calculation.
MBR PFC,DL/UL is the Maximum Bitrate for the PFC in the specified direction as given by the ABQP.
NDLis the normalizer used for the DL calculations and it is set to
NULis the normalizer used for the UL calculations and it is set to
W PFC,DL = RELTHP PFC · ((1-k ) + k · MBR PFC,DL / NDL)
W PFC,UL = RELTHP PFC · ((1-k ) + k · MBR PFC,UL / NUL)
GSM Radio Network Features
W PFC,DL/UL is the QoS weight for this PFC in the specified direction.
RELTHP PFC is the relative importance of this PFC. The relative importance is dependent on the THP as given in the ABQP i.e. if
THP PFC = 1, then RELTHP PFC = QOSTHP1
THP PFC = 2, then RELTHP PFC = QOSTHP2
THP PFC = 3, then RELTHP PFC = 1
k is the THPMBRFACTOR / 10, giving to what extent MBR should be taken into account in the weight calculation.
MBR PFC,DL/UL is the Maximum Bitrate for the PFC in the specified direction as given by the ABQP.
NDL is the normalizer used for the DL calculations and it is set to:
60 if the TBF is using EGPRS modulated channels
20 if the TBF is using GPRS CS-1 to CS-4 modulated channels
12 if the TBF is using GPRS CS-1 to CS-2 modulated channels
NUL is the normalizer used for the UL calculations and it is set to:
12 if the TBF is using EGPRS modulated channels
12 if the TBF is using GPRS CS-1 to CS-4 modulated channels
12 if the TBF is using GPRS CS-1 to CS-2 modulated channels
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Scheduling example for two interactive users
QOSTHP1 is set to 3 and THPMBRFACTOR is set to 5 giving a k of 0,5. The normalizer NDL will be set to 20 for MS A since it's using GPRS CS-1 to CS-4 modulation and for MS B it will be set to 60
W PFC-A,DL = 3 · ((1 - 0,5) + 0,5 · 80 / 20) = 7,5
GSM Radio Network Features
Consider a cell configured with 4 PDCHs supporting EGPRS. There are two mobiles in the cell, MS A which is a GPRS MS and MS B which is an EGPRS MS. The mobiles are 4-slot mobiles and they are going to do data transfer in the DL direction.
Since the QoS weight is the same, the two users will be scheduled equally on the PDCHs. However since the MS B is using EGPRS, it will get a throughput that is roughly three times as high as MS A assuming good radio conditions for both the users.
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Sheet1
Main controlling parameters
BPDCHBR is used to set the minimum estimated bitrate per B-PDCH to be used for data transfer of the traffic class Streaming.
GPDCHBR is used to set the minimum estimated bitrate per G-PDCH to be used for data transfer of the traffic class Streaming.
EPDCHBR is used to define the minimum estimated bitrate per E-PDCH to be used for data transfer of the traffic class Streaming.
PCUQOS is used to switch QoS on or off. The parameter is set per BSC (+ SGSN supporting QoS of R99).
PCUEIT is used to switch support for EIT Streaming on or off.
GSM Radio Network Features
Main controlling parameters
EITHIGHCS is used to define the highest possible coding scheme that can be chosen by the Link Adaptation algorithm for GPRS when data is transferred over a EIT Streaming TBF. It is set per BSC.
EITSCHEDFREQH is used while MSEITRESPTIME is running to define the time between two consecutive USFs scheduled for an MS over a uplink EIT Streaming TBF when the TBF is in inactive mode, e.g. no real data is to be sent. The parameter is valid for uplink EIT Streaming TBFs only and is set per BSC.
EITSCHEDFREQL is used after MSEITRESPTIME is expired to define the time between two consecutive USFs scheduled for an MS over a uplink EIT Streaming TBF when the TBF is in inactive mode, e.g. no real data is to be sent. The parameter is valid for uplink EIT Streaming TBFs only and is set per BSC.
GSM Radio Network Features
Main controlling parameters
EITADMCTRL is used to switch support for Admission Control for EIT on or off. The parameter is set per BSC and can have the following values:
0, the support for Admission Control for EIT is switched OFF.
1, the support for Admission Control for EIT is switched is switched ON.
EITEMAXUSEDL The parameter EITEMAXUSEDL defines the maximum usage for downlink EIT (Ericsson Instant Talk) TBFs (Temporary Block Flow) for E -TBF mode
EITEMAXUSEUL The parameter EITEMAXUSEUL defines the maximum usage for downlink EIT (Ericsson Instant Talk) TBFs (Temporary Block Flow) for E -TBF mode
EITGMAXUSEDL The parameter EITGMAXUSEDL defines the maximum usage for downlink EIT (Ericsson Instant Talk) TBFs (Temporary Block Flow) for B -TBF mode
EITGMAXUSEUL The parameter EITGMAXUSEUL defines the maximum usage for downlink EIT (Ericsson Instant Talk) TBFs (Temporary Block Flow) for B -TBF mode
Main controlling parameters
QOSMAPPING is used to switch the R97/98 QoS feature on or off. Also the mapping of attributes onto different priority levels may be chosen. The parameter is set per BSC.
QOSCONVPRIO is used to define how BSS shall handle a request for the traffic class Conversational:
QOSCONVPRIO=1 -> Interactive THP1
QOSCONVPRIO=2 -> Interactive THP2
QOSCONVPRIO=3 -> Interactive THP3
GSM Radio Network Features
Main controlling parameters
MSEITRESPTIME is used to define the initial sub-period of TEITPENDING. During this time the probability for receiving data over an uplink EIT Streaming TBF is considered to be high, hence EITSCHEDFREQH is applied. The parameter is valid for uplink EIT Streaming TBFs only and is set per BSC.
PCUEIT is used to switch support for EIT Streaming on or off. The parameter is set per BSC and can have the following values:
0, the support for EIT Streaming is switched OFF.
1, the support for EIT Streaming is switched is switched ON.
TEITPENDING is used to define the maximum time that a EIT Streaming TBF reservation should be kept between 2 consecutive bursts of EIT Streaming data received from SGSN or MS. The parameter is set per BSC.
GSM Radio Network Features
Main controlling parameters
QOSSTREAMPRIO is used to define how BSS shall handle a request for the traffic class Streaming when a single Effective Streaming PDCH could not be reserved.
QOSSTREAMPRIO=0 -> Background
QOSSTREAMPRIO=4 -> Terminate the Streaming PFC
QOSTHP1 is used to determine the relative importance of the THP-1 users compared to the THP-3 users. The parameter is set per BSC.
GSM Radio Network Features
Main controlling parameters
QOSTHP2 is used to determine the relative importance of the THP-2 users compared to the THP-3 users. The parameter is set per BSC.
STREAMSUP is used to define if the QoS traffic class Streaming is to be supported. The parameter is set per cell.
THPMBRFACTOR decides to what extent the MBR should be taken into account at scheduling of the Interactive users. The parameter is set per BSC.
GSM Radio Network Features
Main controlling parameters
TSTREAMSTART is used to define the maximum time that a Streaming reservation should be kept after the Streaming PFC was created. If no Streaming data arrives before the expiry of TSTREAMSTART, the Effective Streaming PDCHwill be treated as any other PDCH regarding preemption and scheduling. The parameter is set per BSC.
TSTREAMPENDING is used to define the maximum time that a Streaming reservation should be kept between 2 consecutive packets of Streaming data from SGSN. If no Streaming data arrives before the expiry of TSTREAMPENDING, the Effective Streaming PDCH will be treated as any other PDCH regarding preemption and scheduling. The parameter is set per BSC.
GSM Radio Network Features
Parameters for QoS
Traffic
Class
InteractiveTraffic
Class
Interactive
THP1THP1
MBR
DL